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1.
对城市污泥和稻草秸秆混合物料进行好氧堆肥试验,研究不同通风量堆肥过程氧气浓度的变化特征和差异性,分析了耗氧速率与温度和含水率之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)温度的变化经历4个时期:升温期、高温期、降温期和稳定期,最高温度达到74.20℃;含水率先升高,后降低,然后趋于稳定;(2)不同时期氧气浓度逐渐下降,高温期下降最明显;(3)氧气浓度在高温期与稳定期之间差异性达到极显著水平(P0.01);(4)各处理耗氧速率最大值的大小顺序为:3号箱2号箱1号箱4号箱,耗氧速率下降为0.11%/min,可以作为堆肥的腐熟评价指标,3号箱耗氧速率和温度与含水率的相关性达到极显著水平(P0.01)。当通风量为1.00 m~3/h时,堆肥历时共16 d,高温期最长(6 d),氧气浓度超过17%,耗氧速率最大(0.75%/min),最适合污泥好氧堆肥发酵。 相似文献
2.
以鸭粪为主要材料,添加芦苇皮、水草等不同调理剂进行高温堆肥试验,研究了不同配比条件下堆肥体系的温度、pH、C／N、种子发芽指数（GI）的动态变化及其对废弃物堆肥品质的影响。结果表明,鸭粪与芦苇皮混合堆肥效果最好,堆体升温快,4d达到50℃,高温维持时间为15d,最高温度达70℃,堆肥30d后,油菜种子发芽指数高达90．48％;鸭粪与水草混合堆肥效果较差,高温维持阶段仅8d,最高温度为57℃;纯鸭粪单独堆肥效果最差,16d达到50℃,高温维持时间为6d,最高温度仅为53℃,到堆肥结束44d,油菜种子发芽指数刚达到80．67％。4种混合配料堆肥产品全氮、全磷、全钾含量都有所增加,其中鸭粪与芦苇皮配比增加率最大,分别为15．90％、11．53％和29．94％。综合以上结果,说明添加秸秆类有机质含量较高的调理剂可加快堆肥的腐熟进程,同时减少营养元素的流失,利于养分的保存,保证了堆肥产品的品质。 相似文献
3.
适量通风显著降低鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中氮素损失 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
4.
为了探究生物强化技术在污泥堆肥处理中的优势,以接种量分别为0.2%和0.4%的复合生物菌剂研究对污泥堆肥的作用效果,分析了温度、有机质含量、铵态氮、硝态氮、重金属含量、蛔虫卵死亡率和种子发芽指数(GI)的动态变化,结果表明:接种复合生物菌剂处理较对照组(CK)对堆肥指标有一定的影响,能够提高堆体升温速率及延长高温持续时间、加速有机质的降解、促进铵态氮与硝态氮的转化、降低重金属含量、提高蛔虫卵死亡率、提高种子发芽指数,其中复合生物菌剂接种量为0.4%时作用效果较为明显,有利于污泥堆肥。 相似文献
5.
不同通风量对猪粪好氧堆肥效果的影响 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
该文以玉米秸和稻壳混合作为调理剂进行猪粪好氧堆肥,研究不同通风量对堆肥效果的影响。试验设3个处理,通风量分别为0.5、0.3和0m3/min,通风时间根据堆体温度调整,测定了堆体温度和堆料水分、pH值、有机质含量、总氮含量和C/N。结果表明,通风能有效保证堆料升温和高温期的维持,而且能够抑制堆肥过程中堆料pH值的上升,有利于有机质的降解和C/N的降低,通风量为0.3m3/min时,综合效果较理想。结果提示,以玉米秸和稻壳混合作为调理剂,初始C/N为30︰1,含水率为62%左右时,适当通风能够满足猪粪腐熟的需要。 相似文献
6.
为解决厨余垃圾等有机废弃物处理难的问题，该研究以厨余垃圾、绿化废弃物和茶叶渣为主要原料，通过控制通风方式和菌种类型在堆肥成套设备内开展中试好氧堆肥，选取温度、含水率、碳氮比（C/N）、总养分、有机质含量、种子发芽指数和卫生学特性等指标评估共堆肥系统的技术可行性和经济可行性。结果表明：选择间歇式通风方式并按质量分数1‰投加复配菌剂，堆肥在65 ℃以上高温持续7 d；经10 d发酵，物料含水率和C/N分别从63.5%和31.5降至30.1%和9.6；堆肥产物的总养分（9.8%，质量分数，下同）和有机质含量（43%）均远高于NY/T 525-2021农业行业标准（总养分≥4%，有机质含量≥30%）；堆肥产物腐熟度和卫生学特性状况良好，种子发芽指数达88.3%，粪大肠菌群数<3 个/g，产物中未发现蛔虫卵。该共堆肥系统的废物平均处置成本低至（248.67±19.89）元/t。研究结果可为实现厨余垃圾、绿化废弃物和茶叶渣的低成本、规模化处理，有效解决厨余等有机废弃物环境污染问题提供参考依据。 相似文献
7.
促腐剂在鸡粪堆肥发酵中的应用研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
选用鸡粪和小麦秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,研究促腐剂在鸡粪堆肥发酵中的应用。结果表明,接种促腐剂可迅速提高堆肥初期的发酵温度,最高温度超过70℃,但发酵后期降温快,高温加快了堆肥的发酵。发酵20d种子发芽指数达到80%以上;发酵30d含氮量比对照高4.3%,含水量降低3个百分点。综合堆温、C/N、种子发芽指数各项腐熟度指标,接种促腐剂可使鸡粪堆肥腐熟时间比对照提前5d以上。接种促腐剂可降低物料对种子发芽指数的影响,显著缩短发酵时间,加快堆肥物料的水分挥发,使堆肥中的无机营养成分含量相对增加,从而提高鸡粪堆肥的质量。 相似文献
8.
绿化植物废弃物和污泥的堆肥特性研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
绿化植物废弃物和污泥不同比例的堆肥实验显示其质量比为5∶4时堆肥升温快,高温持续时间最长;全碳和全氮含量在堆肥14 d后都有明显的降低;NO3--N的含量变化不大;NH4+-N的含量降低;堆肥的富里酸(FA)快速降低,胡敏酸(HA)先略有降低,然后快速增加;而种子发芽指数在14 d后均超过了0.8;最终腐殖质化参数(HI)为2.71,腐殖化速率(HR)为14.87%,CFA/CO=10.8;重金属的含量符合相关堆肥标准要求。绿化植物废弃物的高木质素含量决定了C/N、T值(终点C/N)/(初始C/N)、NH4+-N/NO3--N不宜作为其腐熟评价指标,但温度、NO3--N和NH4+-N、腐殖化参数、种子发芽指数可作为绿化植物废弃物和污泥混合堆肥的腐熟评价指标。绿化植物废弃物和污泥混合堆肥效果取决于污泥的添加量,含水量高的污泥用量过多会影响堆肥效果。绿化植物废弃物和污泥综合利用对控制堆肥质量,提高废弃物综合利用,促进城市节能减排有重要意义。 相似文献
9.
堆肥废气余热回用对寒区好氧堆肥的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
黑龙江地处高寒地区,好氧堆肥存在自然升温、高温维持困难、增温设备能耗高、堆肥周期长等问题。该研究在传统好氧堆肥设备中增设板翅余热换热系统,利用堆肥废气热能预热通风空气,系统研究不同环境温度时堆肥废气余热回用对好氧堆肥增温效果及堆肥品质的影响。结果表明：通风量、通风频率分别为16 L/min、每间隔2 h 通风20 min时更有利于堆体升温;回收堆体排出废气的余热预热通风空气能够显著提升好氧堆肥堆体的温度（P<0.05）,环境温度分别为11.4～13.4 ℃和7.1～8.6 ℃时,堆体最高温度可分别达到63.8和62.4 ℃,50 ℃以上可分别维持7.15和5.61 d,而且在含水率、有机质、C/N、pH值、电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）等堆肥效果方面也更具优势,有机质含量可分别降到53.28%和55.06%。该余热回收系统实际可行,且当环境温度为7.1～8.6 ℃及以下时,好氧堆肥必须采取余热回用措施才能维持正常的堆体温度,达到无害化标准要求。研究结果可为北方高寒地区好氧堆肥技术的应用及推广提供支撑。 相似文献
10.
为了促进当地农业有机废弃物资源的循环利用,以牛粪、鸡粪、食用菌渣为堆肥原料并协调碳氮比为30∶1,添加不同的微生物菌剂进行堆肥,研究堆肥过程中的温度、pH值、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数的变化趋势,比较不同菌剂处理在堆肥前后养分含量的差异。结果表明,枯草芽孢菌剂和EM菌剂处理堆肥初期升温快,发酵基和速腐剂处理堆肥初期升温相对缓慢;枯草芽孢菌剂处理高温阶段温度基本上维持在70℃上下,堆肥前后氮素损失率最大为33.18%,发芽指数最低,而EM菌剂处理的高温阶段温度维持在55~68℃,氮素损失率最小为10.73%,发芽指数在堆肥21 d为51.55%,达到了基本腐熟,堆肥35 d为84.27%,达到了完全腐熟,堆肥腐熟快于其他处理。因此,在利用牛粪等有机废弃物进行高温好氧堆肥过程中,需要选择具有多种微生物能够相互协调作用并适应高温堆肥的菌剂,并且菌剂用量适宜,以达到减少氮素损失,提高堆肥的效果。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
20.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献