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1.
西安市地表灰尘中重金属污染水平与健康风险评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在西安市三环内采集58个地表灰尘样品,分析了其中重金属含量,利用单因子污染指数法和污染负荷指数法对西安市地表灰尘中重金属污染进行了评价,应用美国环境保护部(US EPA)人体暴露风险评价模型对人群暴露地表灰尘中重金属的健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,地表灰尘中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、As、Co和Mn的平均含量分别为231.0、145.4、59.4、213.0、48.7、9.8、12.6和417.0 mg kg~(-1),其中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni的含量是陕西省土壤元素背景值的1.7~6.8倍。地表灰尘中Zn、Cr和Pb达到了重度污染,Cu处于中度污染,Ni、Co、As和Mn为轻度或无污染。人群暴露地表灰尘中重金属的主要途径是手-口直接摄入,且儿童大于成人。西安市及其不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属的非致癌风险均低于风险阈值,8种重金属不存在明显非致癌危害。Cr、Co、As和Ni的致癌风险在可接受范围内。 相似文献
2.
利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪对宝鸡市王家崖水库表层沉积物中的As,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Mn,Pb,V和Zn共9种重金属元素含量进行了测定,分析了这几种元素含量的分布特征,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属生态危害程度进行了评价。测定结果表明,9种重金属的含量平均值均高于陕西省土壤背景值,是陕西省土壤背景值的1.5～1.9倍,其中Cu的累积程度最高,Zn的累积程度最低;各重金属元素具有相似的水平分布特征,高值区位于水库中游,低值区位于水库上游。潜在生态风险评价表明,研究区重金属元素综合生态风险程度属于中度,采样点位5（中游）综合生态风险最高,采样点位8（上游）综合生态风险最低;各元素生态危害程度大小顺序为：As〉Cu〉Ni〉Co〉Pb〉V〉Mn〉Cr〉Zn,其中As具有中度生态危害,其余各元素均为轻度生态危害。 相似文献
3.
博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤重金属的污染风险评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对新疆博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤中8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)地球化学特征进行分析。采用污染负荷指数(PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER)对农田土壤重金属污染与环境风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb和Zn呈现重度污染,As、Cd、Cr和Ni轻度污染,Cu轻微污染,Mn无污染。土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量处于轻微风险水平。Cd是污染程度与生态风险等级最高的重金属元素;(2)湿地边缘带农田土壤PLI平均值为1.43,呈现轻度污染,RI平均值为20.62,呈现轻微生态风险状态,IER的平均值为–4.53,呈现无警态势。湿地边缘带PLI、RI与IER空间分布格局基本一致;(3)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb与Zn来源主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn与Ni来源主要受到土壤地球化学作用的控制,As与Cd受自然因素和人为因素共同影响。 相似文献
4.
《农业环境与发展》2021,(5)
基于225个样点分析了贵州省不同地区(自然背景区、农业种植区和矿区)表层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的含量、分布及累积特征,采用地积累指数(I_(geo))对土壤重金属污染水平进行评价,并根据潜在生态风险指数(RI)及人体健康风险评估模型评估了不同分区土壤重金属暴露的生态风险和人体健康风险水平。结果表明:贵州省不同分区表层土壤中重金属含量差异较大,与贵州省土壤背景值相比,农业种植区土壤Hg、Zn、Cd和As累积特征明显;矿区土壤Hg、Zn、Cd、Pb和As累积特征较显著,平均含量分别是贵州省土壤背景值的52.55、23.22、16.32、14.48倍和4.85倍。I_(geo)值显示自然背景区土壤重金属处于无污染水平,而农业种植区各重金属主要处于无污染或无-中污染水平,矿区污染程度较突出,重金属Hg、Zn、Cd、Pb达到中污染水平,特别是在黔西北和铜仁等矿产资源分布区。综合生态风险评价结果表明,矿区土壤中重金属生态风险水平远高于农业种植区和自然背景区,矿产资源集中分布区土壤重金属生态风险较高,部分样点达到高生态风险水平。单一重金属潜在生态风险评价结果显示,农业种植区和矿区土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb和As为主要风险因子,Cr和Cu处于低风险状态。人体健康风险评估结果显示,矿区的人体健康风险高于农业种植区,农业种植区和矿区土壤对成人的非致癌风险在可接受范围内,但致癌风险不可忽视,对儿童的非致癌风险与致癌风险均高于成人。 相似文献
5.
【目的】为了解大同市城区公园表层土壤中重金属污染特征、健康风险和污染来源。【方法】于2021年4月在大同市7个公园共采集54个0～10 cm表层土壤样品,测定铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）含量,利用地累积污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型评价土壤重金属污染程度,并采用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型解析重金属污染来源及其贡献率。【结果】大同市公园表层土壤中9种重金属含量均高于山西省A层土壤背景值。其中,所调查的公园土壤中As、Cd和Pb含量分别是土壤背景值的2.27、18.93和2.77倍。文瀛湖公园表层土壤重金属污染最严重,其次是御河公园,Cd是主要污染因子。Mn对成人和儿童造成的非致癌健康风险最大,其次是As和Cr;经呼吸吸入途径造成的非致癌健康风险高于经口摄入途径和皮肤接触途径。【结论】大同市各公园表层土壤中重金属对成人造成的非致癌健康风险指数均在可接受范围内,而对儿童造成的非致癌健康风险指数均远大于1.0,存在非致癌风险。Co对成人和儿童造成的致癌健康风险指数均大于1×10-4,存在致癌风险。... 相似文献
6.
宝鸡市某工业园区灰尘重金属含量、形态及生态风险分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)和原子荧光分光光度法(AFS)分析了宝鸡市某工业园区灰尘中重金属的含量。结果表明,宝鸡市某工业园区灰尘中As,Co,Cr,Cu,Hg,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为23.3,16.4,1 591.8,178.2,0.243,346.5,40.2,1 586.2和1 918.8mg/kg,其中,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb和Zn累积比较明显;铅锌冶炼厂周边灰尘中As,Cu,Hg,Pb和Zn的含量高于电厂。采用修正BCR法(欧洲共同体标准物质局)和原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)研究了灰尘中重金属的形态特征。结果表明,灰尘中Cu主要以残渣态和可氧化态的形式存在,Pb主要以可还原态的形式存在,Zn主要以乙酸可提取态的形式存在,Mn和Co主要以乙酸可提取态和残渣态存在,Ni和Cr主要以残渣态存在。灰尘中Pb,Zn,Co,Mn和Cu有55%~85%可以发生移动,易被生物利用,危害较大。潜在生态风险评价表明,灰尘中重金属的污染及潜在生态风险达到严重水平,铅锌冶炼厂周边灰尘中重金属的污染和潜在生态风险高于电厂。 相似文献
7.
淮南城区小学校园石楠叶面尘重金属污染特征及健康风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
叶面尘能够反映一定区域及时间内近地面大气颗粒物污染情况,可以模拟儿童在特定区域的灰尘暴露情况。以典型煤矿资源型城市淮南城区小学校园中石楠叶面尘及地表灰尘为研究对象,对比分析了其重金属含量、污染特征及来源的差异,并对叶面尘中重金属含量进行健康风险评价。结果表明:叶面尘重金属污染程度为ZnPbAsCuNiCoCr,其中Zn和Pb为中度污染,As和Cu为轻度-中度污染;地表灰尘中重金属污染程度为ZnPbCrCuNiCoAs,其中Zn为中度—强度污染,Pb为中度污染,Cr和Cu为轻度—中度污染。校园地表灰尘中重金属含量一般高于叶面尘。叶面尘主要来源于工业、交通排放、煤炭燃烧,还可能来自于二次扬尘和土壤母质。地表灰尘的来源主要为交通排放,其次是建筑物及公共设施磨损和土壤母质。手-口摄入是儿童灰尘重金属暴露的主要途径,重金属非致癌风险大小为PbAsCrCuZnCoNi,均不构成健康威胁,As、Co、Cr和Ni致癌风险均低于风险阈值,不存在致癌风险。 相似文献
8.
通过采集蔬菜和对应土壤样品进行室内分析测试,研究了芜湖市三山区蔬菜和土壤中重金属的含量分布、富集特征及其经食入途径对人体的健康风险评估。结果表明,与食品中污染物限量值相比较,蔬菜中As、Zn、Cu、Pb和Cr含量均未超标。不同品种蔬菜中重金属含量不同,花菜和青菜中As、Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Ni、Co和Mn的含量相对于其他蔬菜中的同种重金属含量要高。除Cu、Cr外,其他重金属在根茎类蔬菜中的含量最低,除Pb外,其他重金属在花果类中的含量最高。各元素平均富集系数大小为：Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Cr〉Ni〉Pb〉As〉Co〉Fe。叶菜类对As、Pb的富集系数最大,花果类对其他重金属的富集明显。三山区蔬菜对重金属的富集系数总体偏低,主要是受土壤pH值偏高、周围良好的大气环境质量的影响。三山区蔬菜中重金属所致的健康风险主要来自化学致癌物Cr,而花果类蔬菜中Cr含量最高,因此该区应加强土壤Cr的防治,居民应减少花果类蔬菜的种植和摄入,保障其饮食安全。 相似文献
9.
新乡市大棚菜田土壤重金属积累特征及污染评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用微波消解-ICP-AES技术,测定不同种植年限大棚菜田土壤样品中As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu等重金属的含量,研究不同种植年限与大棚菜田土壤重金属累积的相关性以及大棚菜田土壤重金属累积特征,并利用地积累指数法进行污染评价。结果表明:大棚菜田土壤重金属Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn和Cu的含量与种植年限具有极显著相关性;大棚菜田土壤中重金属Cd和Cr的含量与种植年限不相关。重金属元素间相关性分析表明,Zn与Pb、Cd、Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu,Pb与Cd、Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu,Cd与Ni、Mn、Cr,Ni与Mn、Cr、Cu,Mn与Cr、Cu具有污染同源性,Cu与Cd、Cr不具有污染同源性。地积累指数法污染评价结果显示Cd的污染等级达到了6级,已构成了极严重污染;Zn和Cu的污染等级达到2级,已构成了中度污染;Pb、Mn的污染等级达到1级,已经构成了轻~中度污染;As、Ni、Cr均未构成污染。 相似文献
10.
山东省沂源县土壤重金属来源分布及风险评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为建设高标准农田及保证食品安全,对土壤重金属污染状况进行精确评估极为关键。选取山东省山地丘陵区典型区域—沂源县为研究区,系统采集427个表层土壤样品(0~20 cm),测定了As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Hg和Zn共10种重金属含量;采用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法,揭示了土壤重金属的主要来源;进一步分析得出研究区重金属的空间分布以及与成土母质、工业排放和农业生产污染之间的关系。研究表明:1)沂源县表层土壤中10种重金属元素的平均含量值均高于土壤背景值但未超过国家二级土壤元素限定值,存在一定程度的重金属富集。2)经主成分分析和单因素方差分析后将研究区重金属的来源主要分为3类:As、Co、Cu和Mn主要来源于成土母质,属自然源因子;Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb受到母质和工农业污染双重控制,属于混合来源;Cr和Ni主要是成土母质影响下的自然来源。3)自然来源重金属含量的高值区主要与石灰岩成土母质类型分布相一致,Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量的高值区与工业区分布基本一致。4)通过潜在生态风险评价,沂源县表层土壤目前处于中度潜在生态风险等级,其中Hg和Cd潜在生态风险最强,达到中度生态危害,其他元素具有轻微的潜在生态危害。研究中通过多元统计-地统计模拟分析法有效的揭示了土壤重金属污染源汇特征,可作为评估该区土壤污染现状和对土壤重金属污染进行风险评价的重要依据。 相似文献
11.
Leila Shekari Maryam Mozafariyan Mirza Hasanuzzaman Farshad Sadeghi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(6):761-772
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl2)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na2SeO3)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions. 相似文献
12.
M. Kaplan 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):237-244
Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used. 相似文献
13.
Sandro Froehner Karina Scurupa Machado Elisa Stefen Marcelo Nolasco 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,219(1-4):591-599
The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO2 and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic. 相似文献
14.
红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。 相似文献
15.
自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1948-1959
Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management. 相似文献
17.
Ohnishi H Iwanaga S Kawazoe K Ishizawa K Orino S Tomita S Tsuchiya K Kanematsu Y Harada N Mori K Tsuchihashi T Ishikawa Y Tamaki T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):10092-10098
This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions. 相似文献
18.
19.
Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance. 相似文献
20.
Vélez G Fernández MA Muñoz J Williams PA English RJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(1):265-269
The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration. 相似文献