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1.
The curl of the wind stress over the Gulf of Mexico, during the winter and again in the summer, is similar to that over the central North Atlantic Ocean. An anticyclonic gyre is nearly always found in the western gulf, and we suggest that there is a typical western boundary current, similar in many important respects to the Gulf Stream. The flow appears to be strongest in winter and summer, in phase with the wind curl forcing, and there is evidence that this response is at least partially baroclinic. The deep baroclinic gyre persists when the wind curl vanishes. The winter transport is roughly half that of the Florida Current. 相似文献
2.
Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Wind Divergence, and Convection over Tropical Oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Large-scale convection over the warm tropical oceans provides an important portion of the driving energy for the general circulation of the atmosphere. Analysis of regional associations between ocean temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection produced two important results. First, over broad regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in excess of 27.5 degrees C are required for large-scale deep convection to occur. However, SSTs above that temperature are not a sufficient condition for convection and further increases in SST appear to have little effect on the intensity of convection. Second, when SSTs are above 27.5 degrees C, surface wind divergence is closely associated with the presence or absence of deep convection. Although this result could have been expected, it was also found that areas of persistent divergent surface flow coincide with regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed even when SSTs are above 27.5 degrees C. Thus changes in atmospheric stability caused by remotely forced changes in subsidence aloft may play a major role in regulating convection over warm tropical oceans. 相似文献
3.
Upwelling in the Costa Rica Dome is seasonal and the result of the localized cyclonic wind stress curl. Fluctuations in the wind stress curl in the fall release the upwelled region as a Rossby wave. Similar low-latitude domes are hypothesized to be ubiquitous to those oceans where a localized cyclonic wind stress curl is associated with an Intertropical Convergence Zone. 相似文献
4.
Direct observations of the dynamic balance between time-dependent winds and deep ocean currents are described for the eastern North Pacific Ocean at 42 degrees N, 152 degrees W. Currents from 150 to 4000 meters below the surface at frequencies from 0.01 to 0.1 cycle per day are significantly correlated with the wind stress curl derived from U.S. Navy operational wind fields. The horizontal currents are depth-independent below 300 meters, and they flow parallel to the potential vorticity gradient derived from the earth's rotation and the large-scale bottom topography. These characteristics are expected for such periodic motions with horizontal scales larger than 500 kilometers and represent a generalized Sverdrup balance between the atmospheric forcing and the oceanic response. 相似文献
5.
Vallis GK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,232(4747):243-245
Most of the principal qualitative features of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation phenomenon can be explained by a simple but physically motivated theory. These features are the occurrence of sea-surface warmings in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the associated trade wind reversal; the aperiodicity of these events; the preferred onset time with respect to the seasonal cycle; and the much weaker events in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The theory, in its simplest form, is a conceptual model for the interaction of just three variables, namely near-surface temperatures in the east and west equatorial ocean and a wind-driven current advecting the temperature field. For a large range of parameters, the model is naturally chaotic and aperiodically produces El Ni?o-like events. For a smaller basin, representing a smaller ocean, the events are proportionally less intense. 相似文献
6.
Short-wavelength anomalies in sea surface topography, caused by the gravitational effects of major ocean bottom topographic features, have been detected by the radar altimeter aboard Skylab. Some features, such as deep ocean trenches, seamounts, and escarpments, displace the ocean surface by as much as 15 meters over 100-kilometer wavelengths. This experiment demonstrates the potential of satellite altimetry for determining the ocean geoid and for mapping major features of the ocean bottom. 相似文献
7.
Using the new Argo array of profiling floats that gives unprecedented space-time coverage of the upper 2000 meters of the global ocean, we present definitive evidence of a deep tropical ocean component of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). The surface wind stress anomalies associated with the MJO force eastward-propagating oceanic equatorial Kelvin waves that extend downward to 1500 meters. The amplitude of the deep ocean anomalies is up to six times the amplitude of the observed annual cycle. This deep ocean sink of energy input from the wind is potentially important for understanding phenomena such as El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and for interpreting deep ocean measurements made from ships. 相似文献
8.
Atmospheric blocking and Atlantic multidecadal ocean variability 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Atmospheric blocking over the northern North Atlantic, which involves isolation of large regions of air from the westerly circulation for 5 days or more, influences fundamentally the ocean circulation and upper ocean properties by affecting wind patterns. Winters with clusters of more frequent blocking between Greenland and western Europe correspond to a warmer, more saline subpolar ocean. The correspondence between blocked westerly winds and warm ocean holds in recent decadal episodes (especially 1996 to 2010). It also describes much longer time scale Atlantic multidecadal ocean variability (AMV), including the extreme pre-greenhouse-gas northern warming of the 1930s to 1960s. The space-time structure of the wind forcing associated with a blocked regime leads to weaker ocean gyres and weaker heat exchange, both of which contribute to the warm phase of AMV. 相似文献
9.
有效浪高(Significant Wave Heights,SWH)是描述海浪的重要属性,SWH预测对于保障近岸工程设计以及海上作业安全具有重要意义。近年来,深度学习方法被用来对SWH预测,但是目前存在的方法无法有效捕捉SWH的长时间相关性,同时忽略了海洋多要素之间的局部关联。为此,本文提出了一种结合海洋多要素局部和全局特征的SWH预测模型(Multi-elements Local and Global Correlation for Wave height Prediction, MLG-SWH)。首先,以有效浪高、风速、周期等多要素作为输入,设计了局部-全局编码(Local-Global Embedding,LGE)模块提取海洋多要素的局部关联以及时间信息;然后,采用编-解码器作为基础网络结构提取多要素海浪序列特征,在编-解码器中设计了因果空洞卷积自注意力模块有效捕捉海洋多要素序列的全局长时间相关性,并在解码器中利用生成推理方式避免单步迭代预测产生的误差累积;最后,选取北大西洋海浪浪高变化特点不同的两个站点数据进行实验。相较于经典时间序列预测模型以及主流深度学习方法,所提MLG-SWH模型在24、48小时预测的均方误差(MSE)以及平均绝对误差(MAE)均为得最低,并在长时序预测方面具有较大的优势。 相似文献
10.
通过AVHRR资料和Quick-SCAT资料分析了我国东部海域特殊的海气相互作用特点,并对我国东部黑潮海域的海表风速和海表温度时间分布特征和关系进行了分析。结果表明,我国东部海域黑潮海区海表温度与海表风速之间存在特殊的正相关关系,黑潮海域海表温度与海表风速的冷暖分布均呈现一一对应关系,即大风速区位于暖脊上,而小风速区出现在冷槽上空。这种正相关关系是影响我国东部海域海气相互作用的重要因素,且这种正相关关系随着季节和年份的不同有所变化,在冬、春季节表现最为明显,且春季强于冬季。 相似文献
11.
Gas-exchange processes control the uptake and release of various gases in natural systems such as oceans, rivers, and lakes. Not much is known about the effect of wind speed on gas exchange in such systems. In the experiment described here, sulfur hexafluoride was dissolved in lake water, and the rate of escape of the gas with wind speed (at wind speeds up to 6 meters per second) was determined over a 1-month period. A sharp change in the wind speed dependence of the gas-exchange coefficient was found at wind speeds of about 2.4 meters per second, in agreement with the results of wind-tunnel studies. However, the gas-exchange coefficients at wind speeds above 3 meters per second were smaller than those observed in wind tunnels and are in agreement with earlier lake and ocean results. 相似文献
12.
Finney BR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,196(4296):1277-1285
Sailing trials with two reconstructed Polynesian double canoes indicate that these craft can make good a course to windward up to approximately 75 degrees off the wind on long ocean voyages. This windward performance would have enabled Polynesians to exert a degree of control over their movements that would have been denied them had they only been able to sail or drift before wind and current. Indeed, without this windward sailing capacity there probably never would have been a Polynesian people today, for in a sense they are a product of their maritime technology. Had there been no great voyaging canoes, the settlement of Polynesia might have had to await the relatively late entry into the Pacific of the European navigators. But the Pacific was the scene of early innovation in weatherly sailing canoes, and as the European navigators "discovered" island after island, they were surprised to find that neolithic seafarers had preceded them into this vast ocean realm. 相似文献
13.
Lozier MS Leadbetter S Williams RG Roussenov V Reed MS Moore NJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5864):800-803
The total heat gained by the North Atlantic Ocean over the past 50 years is equivalent to a basinwide increase in the flux of heat across the ocean surface of 0.4 +/- 0.05 watts per square meter. We show, however, that this basin has not warmed uniformly: Although the tropics and subtropics have warmed, the subpolar ocean has cooled. These regional differences require local surface heat flux changes (+/-4 watts per square meter) much larger than the basinwide average. Model investigations show that these regional differences can be explained by large-scale, decadal variability in wind and buoyancy forcing as measured by the North Atlantic Oscillation index. Whether the overall heat gain is due to anthropogenic warming is difficult to confirm because strong natural variability in this ocean basin is potentially masking such input at the present time. 相似文献
14.
Oceanographic Engineering of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Oceanographers have long sought to verify the theoretical Ekman transport relation, which predicts that a steady wind stress acting together with the Coriolis force will produce a transport of water to the right of the wind. In situ measurements of wind and ocean currents provide a detailed view of this phenomenon. By separating the wind-driven current from the measured total current and by averaging over a long record, it is found that the observed transport is consistent with theoretical Ekman transport to within about 10 percent. In this case the wind-driven transport is strongly surface trapped, with 95 percent occurring in the upper 25 meters as a result of fair summer weather. 相似文献
15.
番茄黄化曲叶病毒病 (TYLCD)是由烟粉虱作为唯一传播途径传播的具有暴发性、毁灭性病毒病害。在陕西渭南、西安、咸阳、延安发生严重,平均发病株率 78.2%,产量平均降低32.5%。以越夏茬栽培为害造成损失最大,发病株率平均94.8%,产量平均降低74.0%。通过多年试验示范,总结提出番茄黄化曲叶病毒病防治策略。集成适合陕西省不同种植茬口防控技术体系,即早春茬番茄采取调整播期,越夏茬番茄采取选、阻、诱、遮、避技术组合,秋延茬采取选、阻、诱、避技术组合,越冬茬采取阻、诱、避技术组合,均能有效控制不同茬口番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的为害,实现了番茄黄化曲叶病毒病可防可控的目标。 相似文献
16.
Shanks AL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,235(4793):1198-1200
Internal waves generated by tidal currents concentrated and transported an oil spill (liquid asphalt) onshore. Plankton net samples were collected in front of and behind a set of internal waves as well as in the convergence and divergence zones over the waves. Tar "balls" were most abundant (greater than 30-fold) in the samples from the convergence zone. Comparison of the abundance of tar balls in front of and behind the set of waves suggests that the internal waves "caught" about 68% of the asphalt encountered and concentrated and swept shoreward tar balls from almost 8 kilometers of ocean. 相似文献
17.
A 12-day series of 1749 profiles of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation above the equatorial undercurrent at 140 degrees west showed that, in the upper 110 meters of the ocean, the dissipation radically decreased during the solar heating period each day. Daily averages were linearly related to the local wind power. When integrated over the depth range of 10 to 110 meters, the dissipation was 10.6 ergs per square centimeter per second or 0.92 +/- 0.10 percent of the wind power, a proportion not substantially different from those found in mid-latitude surface mixed layers. These results suggest that much of the energy dissipated above the equatorial undercurrent may be extracted directly from the local wind. 相似文献
18.
利用多普勒天气雷达资料,对赣州市2006年7月25~26日的"格美"台风登陆连续性暴雨过程进行了动力分析,结果表明:台风在整个过程一直维持一支低空急流,是暴雨水汽输送的动力机制;"逆风区"、风速辐合、中小尺度气旋以及低层辐合高层辐散对赣州局部地区大暴雨的形成具有重要作用。 相似文献
19.
A theory for el nino and the southern oscillation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A coupled atmosphere-ocean model is presented for El Ni?o and the Southern Oscillation that reproduces its major features, including its recurrence at irregular intervals. The interannual El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation cycle is maintained by deterministic interactions in the tropical Pacific region. Ocean dynamics alter sea-surface temperature, changing the atmospheric heating; the resulting changes in surface wind alter the ocean dynamics. Annually varying mean conditions largely determine the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of El Ni?o events. 相似文献
20.
为了检验FVCOM海洋模式模拟台风浪的效果,分别以CCMP风场和WRF模式模拟风场构建驱动台风浪的海面风场模型,基于FVCOM海洋模式,以2010年的"凡比亚"台风为例进行台风浪数值模拟,并用站点浮标资料进行了模拟结果检验。结果表明,FVCOM海洋模式模拟的水位、有效波高结果与实际观测结果的整体误差较小,模拟效果较好;受到风场与地形的影响,最大增水与减水的区域分别位于台风中心的左侧沿岸和右侧沿岸;风场与表面流场的模拟结果也符合台风过程中的风生流分布特征,即风场与表面流场方向、大小存在一致性。此外,对比分析2种不同海面风场模型下的台风浪模拟结果发现,二者均能较好地模拟此次台风过程,但存在一定的差异,增加WRF模式模拟风场作为强迫驱动风场模拟的有效波高更接近观测值。 相似文献