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1.
The muscular architecture and the distribution of nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like (VIP-like) immunoreactivity were examined in the gastroduodenal junction of the chicken. Both the outer and the inner muscle layers (tunica muscularis) and the muscularis mucosae were examined. The inner muscle layer was divided into two parts, namely its inner and outer parts. The outer muscle layer was not present in the pyloric part but was found in the proventriculus and the duodenum. The muscle strands of the outer muscle layer ran longitudinally but were absent at the isthmus and the pylorus. Most of the outer part of the inner muscle layer was located in or close to the pyloric part. The muscle strands in the outer part connected the pyloric part with other regions, namely the craniodorsal muscle, the tendinous centres and the isthmus. The inner part of the inner muscle layer was widely distributed in the stomach. In the pyloric part, the muscle strands of this layer followed a circular or spiral course. The muscularis mucosae was not present in the caudodorsal and cranioventral muscles of the gizzard. In addition, VIP-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were predominantly distributed in the inner part of inner muscle layer of the pyloric part. These results suggest that the ventriculopyloric orifice and the pyloric part itself constrict with a sphincter-like action.Abbreviations VIP vasoactive intestinal polypeptide  相似文献   

2.
The rock pigeon (RP) and the laughing dove (LD) are common and widely distributed species in African countries, including Egypt. The present work was carried out to characterize the comparative features of the glandular stomach (proventriculus) in these two birds, which share diets and habitats. In both species, the proventriculus is an elongated spindle obliquely situated in the cranial two‐thirds of the body cavity. The length and weight of the proventriculus in the RP were about one and half times greater than that of the LD. Histologically, the proventricular wall generally consisted of the mucosa (thickest), submucosa, muscular and serosa layers. The proventricular glands occupied most of the wall of the proventriculus within the lamina propria of the mucosa. The glands are tubuloalveolar in type, consist of variable shaped lobules and are more condensed in LD than in RP. At the proventricular‐gizzard junction (PGJ), the proventricular glands were observed external to the tubular glands of the gizzard in the RP, whereas in LD, these glands end abruptly and are separated from the tubular glands of the gizzard by a short distance. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the proventricular lumen in RP revealed that the openings of the proventricular glands have an irregular outline surrounded by concentrically arranged mucosal folds that resemble a rosette shape. In the LD, these openings have a regular outline surrounded by thinner, widely spaced mucosal folds. To our knowledge, these results identified the structure of the proventriculus in RP and LD for the first time.  相似文献   

3.
The histological and histochemical structures of the proventriculus of starling (Sturnus vulgaris) were examined using haematoxylin and eosin and special staining, that is periodic acid schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome, Alcian blue, Orcein and Reticulin. All three cranial, middle and caudal parts of the proventriculus were also studied. The study results showed that the wall of the proventriculus consisted of mucosal, submucosal, muscular and serosal tunics. The mucosal tunic presented folds and sulci on its luminal surface. In the first third of the proventriculus, the tunica mucosa characterized by presence of folds lined by stratified squamous epithelium and presence of simple tubular glands in the lamina propria. In the middle and caudal thirds of the proventriculus, the surface was covered by a columnar epithelium, and the branched tubular glands were extended through the lamina propria. From the base of the branched tubular glands, the deep proventricular glands were observed that were compound tubuloalveolar lobules. The surface epithelium of the tunica mucosa and the cells lining the proventricular glands showed a positive reaction to PAS and Alcian blue stainings. In addition, the epithelial cells of the tubular and branched tubular glands showed Masson's trichrome-positive reaction. The submucosal tunic was thin in the proventricular wall. The tunica muscularis was formed by a thin inner layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres and a thick outer layer of circular fibres. The serosa consisted of loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels and covered by mesothelium.  相似文献   

4.
Adrenergic and acetylcholinesterase-positive (AChE-positive) innervation of the mammary gland in the sexually immature and mature pigs was studied using histochemical methods. Upon examining the adrenergic and cholinergic innervation, the adrenergic innervation was found to be much more developed. The majority of both sub-populations of the nerve fibres studied was localized in the subcutaneous tissue of the mammary gland. Adrenergic and AChE-positive nerve fibres also supplied structures of the nipple (subcutaneous tissue, blood vessels, smooth muscles fibres) and glandular tissue (blood vessels, lactiferous ducts). The glandular tissue contained the smallest number of adrenergic and AChE-positive nerve fibres. No distinct differences were observed in the adrenergic and AChE-positive innervation of the porcine mammary gland between the juvenile and non-pregnant adult animals.  相似文献   

5.
本文用ＨＲＰ法研究了鸡胃的副交感节前神经元和感觉神经元的定位，结果如下：１．将ＨＲＰ注入腺胃左侧壁后，标记的感觉神经元位于双侧颈静脉神经节和运神经节，以颈静脉神经节占优势（６３．２％）；标记的运动神经元位于双侧走神经背侧运动核的大细胞亚核后部、中间小细胞亚核和腹侧小细胞亚核前部，在多形细胞亚核及疑核内也出现少数标记细胞。２．将ＨＲＰ注入肌胃左侧壁后，标记感觉神经元位于双侧大细胞亚核、多形细胞亚核和  相似文献   

6.
The cranial chamber (proventriculus) and caudal chamber (ventriculus) of the stomach of the Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) were examined by means of light microscopy. Both chambers presented folds of the tunica mucosa lined by a simple prismatic epithelium that was positive for neutral mucin. Simple tubular glands occupied the lamina propria of both chambers; in the ventriculus of older birds, they showed a coiled base. These ventricular glands were lined by simple cuboidal cells represented by the chief cells and a few large basal cells. The luminal and tubular koilin rodlets and folds of the ventriculus were positive to periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain. The proventricular glands were situated between the inner and outer layers of the lamina muscularis mucosae. Cells lining the tubulo-alveolar units of the proventricular glands showed a dentate appearance. Vacuoles were not observed, and the cells were negative for Alcian-PAS stain. The tunica submucosa was very thin in the proventricular wall. In the ventriculus, it was not separated from the lamina propria owing to the absence of any lamina muscularis mucosae. The tunica muscularis of the proventriculus was formed by a thick inner layer of circular smooth muscle fibres and a thin outer layer of longitudinal fibres. In addition to these layers, oblique muscle fibres formed the most internal layer of the tunica muscularis in the ventriculus.  相似文献   

7.
Using the thiocholine method and histological techniques the myenteric plexuses of pigeon and hen were studied. Investigations revealed the presence of a nervous network in the wall of the small intestine of both animals. It consists of many nerve fibres crossing each other and creating meshes in a variety of shapes. The density of the network was different according to the species and to the parts of intestine. The myenteric plexus from the pigeon's duodenum is thicker (3.7-fold) than in the remaining part of the small intestine; in the hen this is approximately 2.2-fold thicker. The meshes of the duodenum in both species are smaller than in the jejunum and ileum. The results of histological investigations showed different localization of myenteric plexuses; in pigeon in the space between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, and in hen within the circular muscle.  相似文献   

8.
Catarrhal proventriculitis due to infection by an unidentified organism was diagnosed in 79 of 534 pet birds examined histologically. It was more prevalent in domestic birds (70 cases) than in imported ones (9 cases). A high incidence of the disease was encountered in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and it was occasionally found in finches (Poephila gouldiae gouldiae), parakeets (Psittacula Krameri manillensis), Amazona parrots (Amazona aestiva aestiva) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). The agent was a large filamentous rod, and was stained positively with Gram, GMS and PAS methods. Histologically, it induced a mild to moderate exudative or proliferative inflammation in the proventriculus. All the cases had an erosion in the gizzard. Ultrastructurally, the organism had a eukaryotic nucleus and three cell-wall layers. Concurrent infections were very common, including adenoviruses (37 cases), giardiasis (31 cases), candidiasis (13 cases), papovaviruses (11 cases) and knemidocoptic mites (11 cases).  相似文献   

9.
Using an immunohistochemical technique, the presence and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was investigated in cryostat sections, both tangential and transverse, of the fetal pig's stomach. In all fetuses and in all gastric segments investigated, VIP-like immunoreactive (IR) nerve-cell bodies were seen in all intramural ganglia, and VIP-IR nerve fibres were found in all layers of the gastric wall except the tunica serosa. Consequently, VIP-IR nerve fibres were found to form a periglandular network, to accompany arterioles, to interconnect the intramural ganglia, to encircle both VIP-IR-negative and -positive neurons, and were found in all muscle layers. Despite the fact that VIP-IR seems to be restricted to the intramural nervous elements, some nonspecific-reacting VIP-IR glandular cells were noticed in the basal parts of the fundic, antral and pyloric gastric glands. The distribution pattern of VIP in the fetal pig resembles that of the adult pig. This suggests a possible functional role for VIP during fetal life and/or puts forward the suggestion that the stomach of a fetal pig from the second half of the gestation period is prepared, from then on, for postnatal function. High similarities with regard to the general distribution pattern of VIP in the stomach have also been noted between the fetal pig and humans, proving once more that the fetal pig can serve as a good animal model in several research areas. Finally, the morphological data provided here may, combined with the physiological significance of VIP, contribute to a better insight into the physiopathology of economically important gastro-intestinal disorders in the pig, such as gastric ulceration.  相似文献   

10.
The distribution of catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme-immunoreactive nerves and endocrine cells in the pancreas of the calf and cow was studied immunohistochemically using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). TH- and DBH-immunoreactive nerve fibres were abundant both within and around the islet of Langerhans. A few TH- and DBH-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen around the large islets characteristic of calf pancreas, but the majority of cells in the large islets, and some in islets of Langerhans, showed TH immunoreactivity. In the exocrine pancreas, both TH- and DBH-immunoreactive nerve fibres were distributed randomly among the acini, with the DBH-immunoreactive fibres being more numerous. Abundant TH- and DBH-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen in close association with blood vessels and in the connective tissue around the interlobular duct. Immunoreactivity for both enzymes was also observed in the nerve cell bodies and fibres of the intrapancreatic ganglia. The findings suggest an important role for catecholamines in the regulation of bovine pancreatic function.  相似文献   

11.
The distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was examined by immunohistochemistry. Seven distinct layers of the Mongolian gerbil MOB-stained with cresyl violet were identified. Serotonin-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies were not found in the MOB. The serotonin-IR nerve fibres had a specific laminar distribution and morphology in the gerbil MOB. Serotonin-IR nerve fibres were observed in the glomerular, external plexiform and granule cell layers of the MOB. These serotonin-IR nerve fibres showed varicosities that were larger than the thickness of the axon. The highest density of serotonin-IR nerve fibres was in glomeruli of the glomerular layer. The average fibre density in the glomerular layer was more than three to four times the density in the infraglomerular layers. Glomerular serotonin-IR fibres were much more intensively stained than infraglomerular serotonin-IR fibres. This result suggests that serotonin-IR nerve fibres of Mongolian gerbil MOB are extrinsic and may act to modulate the olfactory transmission.  相似文献   

12.
The ileocaecal junctions of 5 horses and 2 donkeys were examined by using antisera to the following peptides: somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Antisera to somatostatin, neurotensin and NPY demonstrated endocrine cells in the ileal- and caecal parts of the ileocaecal junction, while immunoreactivity for glucagon was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the ileal part only. Nerve cell bodies showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI were demonstrated in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were associated with small blood vessels in the submucosa of all the regions tested. Ramified nerve fibres in the submucosa immunoreactive to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI extended to the mucosa and to small blood vessels in the submucosa. Nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP and PHI extended to the circular smooth muscle layer of the ileocaecal junction.  相似文献   

13.
Galanin exerts tonic inhibition of nociceptive input to the central nervous system. Recently, this peptide was demonstrated in several neuronal and non-neuronal structures in bones and joints. In this study, the time of appearance and topographic localization of galanin-containing nerve fibres in bone were studied in rats from gestational day 16 (GD16) to postnatal day 21 (PD21). The tibia was chosen as a model of developing long bone and indirect immunofluorescence combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to identify galanin-immunoreactive (GAL-IR) nerve fibres. The earliest, sparse GAL-IR fibres were observed on GD21 in the perichondrium of both epiphyses and in the periosteum of the diaphysis. From PD1 onwards, GAL-IR fibres were also seen in the bone marrow cavity and in the region of the inter-condylar eminence of the knee joint. Intramedullary GAL-IR fibres in proximal and distal metaphyses appeared around PD1. Some of them accompanied blood vessels, although free fibres were also seen. GAL-IR fibres located in the cartilage canals of both epiphyses were observed from PD7, in the secondary ossification centres from PD10 and in the bone marrow of both epiphyses from PD14. The time course and localization of galanin-containing nerve fibres resemble the development of substance P- and CGRP-expressing nerve fibres, thus suggesting their sensory origin.  相似文献   

14.
Immunohistochemistry was applied to determine the distribution patterns of nerve fibres containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the prostate, seminal vesicle (SV) and bulbourethral glands (BU) of male sheep. In all organs studied, cholinergic innervation was more developed than noradrenergic innervation. Numerous VAChT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were found in the muscular layer and mucosa of the SV and BU as well as in the prostate. A similar abundance of noradrenergic nerve fibres (showing immunoreactivity both to TH and DbetaH) was also found in both layers of the SV and BU (but not in the prostate). In the prostate a moderate density of VIP-IR nerve fibres was present but only very scarce NPY-IR nerve fibres were shown. All the studied accessory sexual glands (ASG) of male sheep contained VIP-IR nerve fibres in a similar frequency. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that the vast majority of noradrenergic nerve fibres also contained NPY. None of the noradrenergic nerve fibres showed the presence of VAChT or VIP. The possible functional significance of these findings is discussed.  相似文献   

15.
The innervation of porcine testes was studied in intact animals and in boars undergoing active immunization against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by means of immunohistochemistry using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), vasoactive intestinal polypolypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Moreover, the distribution of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors in clusters of Leydig cells was also investigated. To identify these cells easily, either the NADPH-diaphorase histochemical technique or the Mayer counter-staining procedure was applied. Differences in the distribution pattern and relative density of particular subsets of intratesticular nerve fibres were observed in immunized boars as compared to those found in the intact animals. In the testes of non-treated animals, only single TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) nerve fibres were observed. However, many D beta H-IR nerve terminals surrounded blood vessels in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma. Very scarce VIP-IR nerves occurred only in the tunica albuginea, mainly in close vicinity to blood vessels. Immunoreactivity to NPY occurred in single nerve fibres. Immunoreactivity to SNAP-25 and PGP 9.5 was found in single nerve fibres distributed mainly in the tunica albuginea. The interstitial cells were heavily stained for LH-receptors and NADPH-diaphorase. In the testes of immunized animals, only single TH-IR nerve fibres, scattered mainly in the tunica albuginea, were observed. Some TH-IR nerve terminals were also encountered in the parenchyma of the organ, where they were always associated with blood vessels. D beta H-IR nerve fibres formed a dense network distributed throughout the testis in association with the capsule, vasculature and interstitium. Some fibres were observed to run between seminiferous tubules. VIP-IR nerve fibres were located in the neighbourhood of blood vessels in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma. Only single VIP-IR nerves were found between seminiferous tubules. Numerous NPY-IR nerve fibres occurred in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma of the organ. SNAP-25-IR and PGP 9.5-IR nerve terminals formed a dense network distributed throughout the testis and many fibres were observed between seminiferous tubules. Interstitial cells were very weakly stained for LH receptors or NADPH-diaphorase.  相似文献   

16.
Gizzard lesions were formed in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens inoculated with fowl adenovirus (FAV). The virus, serotype 1 FAV 99ZH strain (FAV-99ZH), was originally isolated from the gizzard mucosa of commercial broiler chickens exhibiting gizzard erosion with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Five-day-old and 53-day-old SPF white leghorn chickens were inoculated with FAV-99ZH by both oral and ocular routes and then examined at necropsy on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 postinoculation (PI). There were no clinical signs in any of the chickens after the inoculation. Focal gizzard lesions occurred macroscopically, however, in inoculated chickens at several experimental periods. FAV was recovered from tissue samples of the proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, and rectum by day 10 or 7 PI but was not recovered from liver samples of any of the chickens. These results indicate that FAV isolated from gizzard erosion is able to reproduce gizzard lesions as necrosis and erosion in SPF white leghorn chickens and that it may have a greater degree of tissue tropism in gizzards and other digestive organs than in the liver.  相似文献   

17.
Proventriculitis of broilers can be reproduced by oral inoculation of day-old chicks with a proventricular homogenate from affected 3-wk-old broilers. The objective of the following studies was to isolate from this homogenate viral and bacterial isolates that could produce proventriculitis. A monoclonal antibody to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was used to precipitate virus from the homogenate. A primary chicken digestive tract cell culture system was also used to isolate virus from a 0.2-microm filtrate of the homogenate, and a bacterium was also isolated from the homogenate. In trial 1, day-old birds were orally inoculated with either proventriculus homogenate or monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated IBDV (MAB-IBDV). At 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postinfection (PI), 12 birds from each treatment group were subjected to necropsy. In trial 2, day-old birds were orally inoculated with either infectious proventriculus homogenate, suspect virus isolated in cell culture and propagated in embryo livers and spleens, or a bacterial isolate. Twelve birds from each treatment were subjected to necropsy at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 PI. In trial 3, treatments were maintained in negative pressure isolation chambers, and an additional treatment included virus plus bacterial isolate. Twenty-four birds from each treatment were subjected to necropsy at day 21 PI. In trial 1, infectious homogenate decreased body weight and relative gizzard weights at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days PI. Proventriculus relative weight was increased at days 7, 14, and 21 PI, and proventriculus lesion scores were increased at days 14 and 21 PI. Bursa/spleen weight ratios were decreased at day 14, and feed conversion was increased at days 4 and 21. The MAB-IBDV treatment decreased proventriculus and gizzard relative weights at day 4 PI, increased proventriculus lesion scores and bursa/spleen weight ratios at day 14, and decreased heterophil/lymphocyte ratios at day 21. In trial 2, all infected birds had significantly higher mean relative proventriculus weights at 21 days PI and had higher 4-wk mean proventriculus scores as compared with both control groups. In trial 3, birds treated with homogenate and birds treated with both suspect virus and the bacterial isolate had significantly higher proventriculus lesion scores; higher relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, liver, and heart; lower body weights; and lower relative bursa weights compared with the saline control group. These studies suggest that infectious proventriculitis has a complex etiology involving both viral and bacterial infection.  相似文献   

18.
采用乙酰胆碱酯酶组化法，研究了山羊子宫内胆碱能神经的分布，结果，山羊子宫颈是经较丰富，在浆膜和肌层内有神经束伴血管而行并分支分布于血管壁，在粘膜及其皱褶上皮下，粘液腺上皮有神经丛分布，妊娠时子宫颈部的神经分布与未妊娠时相比无明显变化，子宫角部神经密度均低于子宫颈部，其内环行肌层中及其与内膜交界处神经密度略高，神经束伴血管而行并分支分布于血管壁，在子宫腺上皮下及内膜上皮下无神经分布，妊夺时作胎盘内无神经分布外，仍有神经束伴血管而行交分支分布于血管壁，在分布于血管壁的神经纤维减少，结果提示，胆碱能神经主要支配山羊子宫内血管壁及颈部粘液腺上皮和粘膜上皮，妊 时子宫颈部胆碱能神经无明显变化，而子宫角内支配血管壁的胆碱能神经纤维减少。  相似文献   

19.
In this report, the late clinical, necropsy, and histopathological findings of idiopathic gastric stasis in an ostrich are described, with special attention to the proventriculus. An ostrich with clinical signs of gastric stasis was brought to our clinic in a state of impending death that could not be reversed with emergency medical care. At necropsy, the koilin layer of the gizzard was uneven without ulcerations. The proventriculus was distended with food items without impaction and mucosal lesions. None of the most typical aetiological factors including foreign objects, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster and parasitic infection with Libyostrongylus douglassii was present. Histologically, the proventriculus was characterised by hyperplastic mucosa with luminal buds and necrotic cells in the lumen. Immunochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) revealed a high rate of proliferation in epithelial cells of the glandular and mucosal lining in the proventriculus neighbouring the affected gizzard: approximately 88.6% of the cells were immunoreactive as compared to 34.4% of the cells in control ostriches used for comparison. In conclusion, in the absence of gizzard contraction, the mucosal lining of the proventriculus is hyperplastic with a high rate of proliferation that may help compensate the distension due to the accumulation of food items.  相似文献   

20.
The present study investigated the arrangement and chemical coding of intramural nerve structures supplying the porcine stomach. Tissue samples comprising all layers of the wall of the ventricular fundus were collected from juvenile female pigs ( n  = 4), which were first deeply anaesthetized and then transcardially perfused with buffered paraformaldehyde. The cryostat sections were processed for double-labelling immunofluorescence to study the distribution of the intramural nerve structures (visualized with antibodies against protein gene-product 9.5) and their neurochemical characteristics using antibodies against vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal-polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) and substance P (SP). The study confirmed the presence of three distinct nerve plexuses within the wall of the porcine stomach including one myenteric plexus and two, outer and inner, submucous plexuses. The outer and inner submucous plexuses (OSP and ISP, respectively) were similar in respect to the chemical coding of neurons they contained. Most of the neurons expressed immunoreactivity to SP (ISP 58%; OSP 60%) or to VAChT (ISP 56%; OSP 56%), some of them stained for GAL (ISP 18%; OSP 15%) and solitary nerve cells were SOM-positive (in ISP only). No neurons in the submucous plexuses displayed immunoreactivity to VIP or NOS. In the myenteric plexus, some neurons stained for NOS (20%), VAChT (15%), GAL (10%), VIP (8%) or SP (8%) while no neurons immunoreactive for SOM were encountered. In both submucous and myenteric plexuses, many varicose nerve fibres expressed immunoreactivity to VAChT, GAL or SP, while VIP-, SOM- or NOS-positive nerve terminals were less numerous. The comparison of the present results with those obtained by other authors has revealed distinct inter-species differences regarding the arrangement and chemical coding of nerve structures supplying the mammalian stomach.  相似文献   

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