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1.
外源糖可以缓解盐害,提高植物耐盐性。为探究外源糖对盐胁迫下小黑麦幼苗糖代谢的影响及其机理,以小黑麦品种东农8809为材料,通过施加0.5mmol·L~(-1)葡萄糖和0.5mmol·L~(-1)蔗糖,探讨了100mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫下外源糖处理的小黑麦幼苗相对电导率、碳水化合物含量和糖代谢关键酶活性的变化。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,与未经外源糖处理(CK)相比,外源葡萄糖、蔗糖预处理的小黑麦幼苗叶片的相对电导率显著降低,可溶性糖含量及蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、果糖-6-磷酸激酶和己糖激酶活性提高,尤其是己糖激酶活性显著高于其他处理,丙酮酸激酶活性降低。说明盐胁迫下,施加外源糖可以促进蔗糖和葡萄糖进入蔗糖合成途径和糖酵解途径,促进淀粉向可溶性糖转化,从而提高可溶性糖含量,降低渗透势,提高细胞吸水能力,以缓解盐胁迫对小黑麦的伤害程度。 相似文献
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腐植酸浸种对盐胁迫下小麦萌发种子及幼苗生理特性的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为研究盐胁迫下腐植酸浸种对小麦幼苗生理特性的影响,采用春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为试验材料,分别用清水和腐植酸浸种,测定了NaCl胁迫下萌发种子的α-淀粉酶活性、幼苗根系和叶片的总可溶性糖、蔗糖和果糖含量,以及浸出液的电导率。结果表明,盐胁迫下萌发种子的α-淀粉酶活性降低,幼苗根冠比增加,但幼苗整体鲜重降低,叶片和根系浸出液电导率增大,总可溶性糖含量增加,叶片蔗糖和果糖含量增加,根系蔗糖含量降低。腐植酸浸种降低了α-淀粉酶活性,增加了叶片总可溶性糖和根系蔗糖含量,减少了根系总可溶性糖和叶片蔗糖含量,降低了叶片和根系浸出液电导率。推测腐植酸浸种可能是通过调控果糖浓度变化,缓解了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的质膜损伤。 相似文献
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收获后贮藏时间对鲜食玉米品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以12个糯玉米品种和6个甜玉米品种为试验材料，研究采收后室温下（28℃）放置0、8、16、24、32 h后对子粒中糖含量、淀粉含量、蛋白含量蔗糖代谢酶活性等的影响，探讨鲜食玉米采摘后贮藏时间对鲜食品质的影响。结果表明，鲜食玉米随着采收后时间的延长，子粒可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量、果糖含量、还原糖含量、淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及蔗糖代谢酶活性均呈下降趋势，常温下糯玉米品质变化大于甜玉米。因此，为保证鲜食玉米的子粒品质，生产上糯玉米采收后8 h内进行冷冻贮藏。甜玉米中，先正达OVERLAND于采收后16 h内进行冷冻贮藏，京科甜183、和甜一号、和甜糯一号、先正达米哥、郑甜66于采收后8 h内进行冷冻贮藏。 相似文献
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通过发芽试验,筛选出宜于业经长时间恒温贮存的圭亚那柱花草[Stylosanthesguianensis(Aublet)Swartz]种子的重复吸水－回干处理方案,并依据此方案,测定了种子浸泡液的pH值、电导率、可溶性糖含量和紫外光密度。结果表明：浸泡8h/次×3次的重复吸水－回干处理可提高柱花草种子的活力,而其他处理方法均使种子活力呈下降趋势;种子活力与8h/次×第3次种子浸泡液的电导率尧紫外光密度密切相关,与pH值和可溶性糖含量相关性不大。因此,测定8h/次×第3次种子浸泡液的电导率、紫外光密度,可作为圭亚那柱花草种子活力的非破坏性检测方法。 相似文献
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甘蔗采后于２℃贮藏，随着贮期延长，蔗茎的呼吸强度呈上升趋势但没有高峰出现。蔗汁中蔗糖和可溶性总糖含量呈下降趋势，还原糖和酒精含量出现不同程度的增加。在贮藏前期，蔗汁中／中性蔗糖转化酶活性呈增加趋势，其中以酸性转化酶活性增加较为显著。甘蔗采后蔗糖含量下降是转化酶和呼吸作用的共同结果。 相似文献
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外源ABA对冬小麦越冬期呼吸代谢关键酶与糖代谢的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨外源ABA对低温胁迫下冬小麦幼苗呼吸代谢的影响,以抗寒品种东农冬麦1号和冷敏感品种济麦22为材料,测定和分析了小麦三叶期叶面喷施ABA(浓度10-5 mol·L-1,剂量为每4 m2喷施1 L)后越冬期叶片和分蘖节在低温胁迫下碳水化合物含量、糖酵解代谢酶及三羧酸循环代谢酶活性的变化.结果表明,越冬期间随温度的降低,两个小麦品种的叶片和分蘖节中可溶性总糖和淀粉含量先升后降;参与糖酵解代谢的丙酮酸激酶、己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶及三羧酸循环代谢酶的活性在对照叶片中均先升后降,但在分蘖节中的变化则不尽相同.外源ABA处理使低温下两个小麦品种叶片和分蘖节积累更多的可溶性糖和淀粉,并且不同程度地提高了两个品种叶片及分蘖节中丙酮酸激酶、己糖激酶及磷酸果糖激酶的活性,尤其在最低温-25℃时明显抑制这几种酶活性的降低,这种影响在抗寒性强的东农冬麦1号中更明显;在低温胁迫后期抑制了三羧酸循环代谢酶和丙酮酸脱氢酶活性的降低,使其保持在相对较高的水平.外源ABA对碳水化合物积累的促进作用有利于植株呼吸和ATP合成维持在较高水平,进而提高低温下植株存活能力. 相似文献
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低温胁迫对木薯幼苗叶片转化酶及可溶性糖含量的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
以华南124(SC124)、华南8号(SC8)和阿根廷7号(ARG7)3个木薯品种为材料,研究在持续低温胁迫下木薯幼苗叶片转化酶活性(SAI,NI)及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:可溶性酸性转化酶(SAI)在木薯耐寒品种中(ARG7)活性较高;低温胁迫均能提高3个品种木薯中SAI酶的活性,但是在耐寒品种ARG7中表现为稳定提高。中性转化酶(NI)在木薯耐寒品种中(ARG7)活性较高,低温胁迫也能提高3个木薯品种中的NI酶活性,而NI酶活性均表现为短期提高。初步推断,SAI活性与木薯的抗寒存在一定的正相关。低温胁迫后3个木薯品种叶片蔗糖、还原糖和可溶性总糖的含量均升高,且抗寒品种ARG7叶片的还原糖、蔗糖和可溶性总糖含量极显著高于SC124和SC8。 相似文献
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细胞分裂素和乙烯对橡胶种子萌发成苗的生理影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
用细胞分裂素和乙烯利预处理橡胶种子,探讨植物内源激素对橡胶种子萌发生理的影响。结果表明,用细胞分裂素─—6-苄氨基嘌呤（6-BA）预处理橡胶种子,提高种子的活力指数;降低外胚乳的总呼吸速率,提高糖酵解─—三羧酸（EMP－TCA）呼吸途径,降低成糖磷酸（HMP）呼吸途径;提高外胚乳的脂肪酶、过氧化氢酶、异柠檬酸裂解酶和蛋白酶活性以及核酸含量。用乙烯利预处理橡胶种子,降低种子的活力指数;提高外胚乳的总呼吸速率并提高HMP呼吸途径和降低EMP－TCA呼吸途径;降低外胚乳脂肪酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性以及核酸含量,提高异柠檬酸裂解酶活性。6-BA和乙烯利都未改变外胚乳抗氰电子传递的比率。 相似文献
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大豆种子富含丰富的蛋白质,为了研究在萌发过程中蛋白质的变化,本试验对大豆种子吸水的变化、可溶性蛋白质含量、蛋白酶活性、肽酶活性、蛋白水解产物（氧基酸和肽含量）含量的变化进行研究。结果表明,大豆种子萌发过程中吸水的变化呈现慢-快-慢的规律,转折点分别是萌发12h和萌发27h。虽然种子在萌发期间内的可溶性蛋白、氧态氮及肽含量均高于未萌发的大豆种子,但其变化规律不同：可溶性蛋白峰值出现在9～12h之间,而氨基酸及肽的含量在整个试验过程中始终处于增加的趋势。另外,蛋白酶和肽酶活性在萌发33h之前活性的变化非常小,萌发39～72h时活性急剧加强,萌发72～96h时活性下降。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
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Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
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Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
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Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
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Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
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Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献