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为探究北方寒冷地区人工湿地中含活性氧化铝基质的除磷效果,研究选用活性氧化铝与常用的钢渣、石灰石和沸石作为基质材料,在同等条件下通过等温吸附和吸附动力学试验选择吸附能力最强的活性氧化铝。考虑基质的孔隙度及对水力停留时间的影响,将活性氧化铝与砂和石灰石按不同粒径及不同体积比例混合构建9种组合基质,以生活污水(平均磷质量浓度为2.89 mg/L)为处理对象,模拟单级垂直流人工湿地系统进行小试试验,并选取除磷效果较好的同粒径且含活性氧化铝组合基质以探索其在高质量浓度磷(15.96、38.13和68.22 mg/L)下出水水质达标情况。最后筛选出磷吸附效果最优的含活性氧化铝的组合基质,在多级垂直流人工湿地系统进行中试试验以评价其对污水中高浓度磷(20 mg/L)的去除效果。研究结果表明:1)活性氧化铝对磷的吸附能力最佳,依次为钢渣、石灰石、沸石;2)9种组合基质中75%的活性氧化铝和25%的石灰石组合基质对磷的去除率最高,达93.48%,粒径为3～5 mm且含不同比例活性氧化铝的4种组合基质对磷去除效果较好,将其应用于高浓度磷的污水处理后,出水磷浓度可以达到《北京市水污染物综合排放标准》(DB11/307-2013)中总磷A标准排放限值(0.2 mg/L);3)以75%的活性氧化铝和25%的石灰石构建的组合基质在多级垂直流人工湿地中出水磷浓度均达到A标准排放限值,去除率在94%以上。因此,研究建议以75%的活性氧化铝和25%的石灰石构建组合基质,该含活性氧化铝的基质组合在人工湿地中具有良好的除磷效果和应用价值。 相似文献
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冻融作用对东北黑土磷素吸附-解吸过程的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
冻融作用对土壤理化性质具有重要影响,从而影响土壤中磷素的吸附—解吸特性。以东北黑土为研究对象,采用室内模拟冻融环境的方法,研究了冻融条件下黑土磷素吸附—解吸行为。结果表明,冻融条件下黑土对磷的吸附规律均随着外源磷浓度增加而逐渐增大,当外源磷浓度为120mg/L时吸附曲线出现明显拐点;与未冻融土壤相比,冻融过程中土壤吸附更多的磷,具有更高的磷素吸附率;外源磷浓度低时,冻融作用对土壤磷吸附影响较大,外源磷浓度高时冻融作用对土壤磷吸附影响降低;冻融条件下磷等温吸附曲线采用Langmuir方程拟合的相关性最优,在连续的冻融循环条件下,土壤磷最大吸附量Pmax值逐渐增大,土壤与磷之间结合能力和磷吸附最大缓冲容量也有同样的趋势。 相似文献
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为高效去除废水中过量的磷酸盐为目的，该研究将研究利用艾草生物质与镧溶液共生共热的方法制成具有大量纳米级碳酸氧镧突起的镧基复合生物炭材料，研究了材料投加量、初始磷酸盐浓度、吸附时间、初始溶液pH值和共存离子对其吸附磷酸盐性能的影响及饱和磷吸附镧基复合生物炭材料（La-CB2-P）对生菜种子发芽率的试验。试验结果表明：La-CB2最佳投加量为1 g/L，最佳吸附温度为25 ℃，对磷酸盐的吸附主要为多分子层吸附，Langmuir模型模拟最大吸附容量为126.82 mg/g，并在12h内达到吸附平衡，酸性至中性水环境中La-CB2吸附性能更优，并对碱性水环境的pH值具有缓冲作用，在pH值为3时La3+浸出率为7.66%，其他pH值条件下仅为0.029%左右，在磷吸附过程中La-CB2的DOC溶出量随着初始溶液pH值的升高呈先增后减的趋势，在多种共存阴离子中对磷酸盐具有很强的选择性吸附，水体中的腐殖酸会大幅度降低La-CB2对磷酸盐的吸附性能。饱和磷吸附镧基复合生物炭材料（La-CB2-P）能够作为磷缓释肥显著促进生菜发芽，对La-CB2在富营养水体的磷吸附及资源回收提供了大量的理论基础。 相似文献
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农药草甘膦在砂质潮土上的迁移行为及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
化学物质在土壤中的移动性是人们精确评价其潜在淋溶能力(即对地下水的污染风险)的必要信息。通过一次平衡法和饱和土柱稳定流混合置换实验,来阐明环境pH变化和磷酸盐施用对草甘膦在砂质潮土中的吸附和迁移行为的影响。结果表明,草甘膦在砂质潮土上的吸附量随着pH的增大而降低,在pH4~6的范围内吸附量变化最明显;其穿透曲线(BTCs)均呈现不同程度的不对称性,加入的草甘膦浓度越低这种不对称性越明显;在本实验条件下,施用磷酸盐有抑制草甘膦迁移的趋势,但其抑制趋势并非随磷酸盐施用量的增加而持续增加。如加入草甘膦浓度为500 mg L-1,不加磷酸盐P0时,流出液中草甘膦峰值为459.8mg L-1,而加入磷酸盐P1和P2时,其峰值分别为147.3 mg L-1和373.6 mg L-1。推测其原因可能与磷酸盐施用导致环境pH降低及磷酸盐在加草甘膦前已经占据过多的吸附位点有关。 相似文献
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利用动态试验,以模拟沼气为研究对象,研究了进气中H_2S的浓度、进气流速、吸附剂质量及吸附剂粒径等因素对吸附柱穿透时间及穿透吸附容量的影响。研究结果表明,提高进气中的H_2S浓度和进气流速,增加活性炭的粒径可以有效地缩短穿透时间。当其他试验条件保持不变时,进气中H_2S的体积分数分别为0.0124%和0.0454%时,其对应的穿透容量分别为1.20和1.86 mg/g;进气速度为0.15 L/min时的穿透容量为0.30 L/min时的1.6倍;粒径0.84~2.00 mm时的穿透容量只有0.42~0.84 mm时的58%。因此,提高活性炭对H_2S的穿透吸附容量可以通过提高进气中H_2S的浓度,降低进气速度、减小活性炭的粒径等方法实现。通过Bangham吸附速率方程的模拟可知,未经改性的活性炭对H_2S的吸附行为同样符合Bangham吸附速率方程。该研究可为未改性活性炭沼气脱硫装置的放大和实际应用提供参考。 相似文献
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本研究利用响应面模型分析不同比例生物质炭、初始p H、初始磷浓度以及初始氟浓度下川西黄壤磷和氟的竞争吸附特征,以为土壤氟固定和土壤施肥技术提供新思路。研究表明:在竞争作用下,不同处理条件对磷的吸附量影响大小顺序为:初始氟浓度pH初始磷浓度生物质炭比例;对氟的吸附量影响大小顺序为:初始氟浓度初始磷浓度pH生物质炭比例。考虑到各因素之间的交互作用,根据响应面模型得出在pH、生物质炭比例、初始磷浓度、初始氟浓度等因素的共同影响下的最优反应条件为:p H 5.0、生物质炭比例2.9%、初始磷浓度144.0 mg/kg、初始氟浓度178.8 mg/kg,在此条件下模型预测的磷、氟的吸附量分别为949.6 mg/kg、1 622.0 mg/kg。 相似文献
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通过实验考察了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附去除作用,并考察了锆改性沸石活性覆盖控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵释放的效率。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随pH值的增加而降低：当pH值由4增加到5时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力增加;当pH值5-8时,对铵的吸附能力较高;当pH值由8增加到10时,对铵的吸附能力下降。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型,并且对磷酸盐和铵的吸附速率比较快。Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以用于描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附平衡数据,根据Langmuir模型计算得到的锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附量分别为7．75mg·g-1和9．59mg·g-1（pH7和25℃）。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的去除率随锆改性沸石投加量的增加而增加,其吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是配位体交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是阳离子交换。被锆改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐大部分（82．5％）以较为稳定形态磷（NaOH—P）存在,低溶解氧条件下不容易重新被释放出来。吸附磷酸盐后锆改性沸石中水溶性磷（WSP）、易解吸磷（RDP）和NaHCO,可提取态磷（Olsen—P）含量非常低,藻类可利用磷（AAP）含量仅占总磷含量的29％左右。低溶解氧条件下,重污染河道底泥会释放出大量的溶解性磷酸盐和铵,锆改性沸石活性覆盖则不仅可以使上覆水中的溶解性磷酸盐浓度控制到很低的水平,而且可以明显降低铵由底泥向上覆水迁移的速率。上述实验结果表明,锆改性沸石适合作为一种活性覆盖材料用于控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵的释放。 相似文献
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荣成天鹅湖湿地沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因子分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在荣成天鹅湖湿地的典型区域选取代表性样点,研究表层沉积物对水体中磷的吸附特征,并分析了环境因子、沉积物组成对磷吸附的影响.结果表明,当上覆水中磷浓度低于0.40 mg/L时,沉积物对磷的吸附量很低或呈负吸附状态;在高磷浓度条件下,等温吸附曲线可用改进的Langmuir模型来很好地拟合.本研究条件下湿地沉积物对磷的吸附容量(Q_(max))变幅为181.8～1 000.0 mg/kg.临界磷平衡浓度(EPC_0)变化在0.043～0.479 mg/L之间.沉积物对磷的最大吸附量与其本身的理化性质关系密切,主要影响因素为粘粒含量和粘土矿物种类,氧化铁铝和有机质含量起次要作用.环境因子对磷吸附的影响作用明显,各因子的影响顺序为:扰动>温度、盐度>pH.不同区域相比,湿地北部沉积物的吸附能力远高于南部砂质土.且后者的吸附特性更易受到环境因子的影响. 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献