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1.
Rice false smut pathogen, Ustilaginoidea virens, invades through small gap at the apex of a rice spikelet before heading 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Taketo Ashizawa Mami Takahashi Michiyoshi Arai Tsutomu Arie 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2012,78(4):255-259
Ustilaginoidea virens, the false smut pathogen of rice, produces false smut balls on spikelets after heading. To clarify how the fungus invades spikelets during the booting stage, we developed a fungal strain that expresses a green fluorescent protein gene and injected conidia from this strain into rice sheaths. Observations at 48?h post-inoculation showed many conidia were present on spikelet surfaces, and the conidia had germinated and the hyphae have gradually grown by 120?h post-inoculation. By 144?h, hyphae had invaded spikelets through their apices, via the small gap between the lemma and palea and had already reached all floral organs. 相似文献
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Colonization of the vegetative stage of rice plants by the false smut fungus Villosiclava virens,as revealed by a combination of species‐specific detection methods 
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下载免费PDF全文 E. Tanaka T. Kumagawa N. Ito A. Nakanishi Y. Ohta E. Suzuki N. Adachi A. Hamada T. Ashizawa T. Ohara M. Tsuda 《Plant pathology》2017,66(1):56-66
Rice false smut disease caused by the ascomycete fungus Villosiclava virens (Clavicipitaceae) reduces rice yield worldwide. It invades rice panicles and forms dark‐green false smut balls composed of thick‐walled conidia. Although the infection process during the booting stage is well studied, its infection route before this is unclear. It was hypothesized that the thick‐walled conidia in soil penetrate rice roots, and the fungus latently colonizes roots and tiller buds at the vegetative stage. This hypothesis was tested using species‐specific detection methods. First, real‐time PCR with species‐specific primers and probe was used to estimate thick‐walled conidial number in the paddy field soil. Secondly, nested PCR with species‐specific primers showed that fungal DNA was detected in roots and shoot apices of rice plants in the vegetative stage. Thirdly, colourimetric in situ hybridization with a species‐specific oligonucleotide probe targeting 18S rRNA suggested that sparse mycelia or tightly condensed mycelia were present on the external surface of tiller buds enveloped by juvenile leaf sheaths at the vegetative stage. Thin hyphae were found around leaf axils at the surface of elongated stems at the heading stage, and the fungal hyphae grew in the rice root tissues. In addition, it was demonstrated that eGFP‐tagged transformants of the fungus invaded rice roots and colonized the surface of roots and leaf sheaths under artificial conditions. 相似文献
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Ladhalakshmi Duraisamy Srinivas Prasad Madamsetty Prakasam Vellaichamy Krishnaveni Donempudi Sailaja Banda Ram Singh 《国际虫害防治杂志》2019,65(2):177-185
False smut disease of rice caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, has become a serious production constraint in various rice-growing regions of India. Analysis of rice false smut disease survey data of last 24 years revealed significant changes in the intensity of the disease in various rice-growing regions of India over the years. We evaluated three fungicide formulations viz., trifloxystrobin-tebuconazole (TT) combination (0.04%), kresoxim methyl (KM) (0.1%) and propiconazole (PC) (0.1%) for their effectiveness against false smut disease of rice. Under in vitro condition, TT and PC completely inhibited the fungal growth while KM inhibited the growth by 80%. We evaluated the efficacy of these chemicals in a multi-location trial in 3 hot spot locations, consecutively for three years. A single fungicide spray was given in 3 different crop stages (booting, 50% panicle emergence and 100% panicle emergence). The results indicated that all the treatments significantly reduced the percentage of both infected panicles and spikelets in all the three locations. Both TT and PC were most effective in reducing the disease intensity and increasing the yield when applied either in booting or in 50% panicle emergence stage. 相似文献
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Maolin Hu Laixin Luo Shu Wang Yongfeng Liu Jianqiang Li 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,139(1):67-77
Ustilaginoidea virens is a ubiquitous plant pathogen that causes rice false smut disease, one of the most destructive diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. However, data concerning the effect of inoculation on disease development and the infection process of this pathogen are not comprehensive. In this study, the developmental processes of U. virens in rice panicles were characterized using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) labelled strain. A mixture of hyphae and conidia of U. virens was used to inoculate rice panicles by leaf sheath injection during the booting stage of rice plants grown in a greenhouse. The panicles were assessed to determine the relationship between artificial inoculation and disease occurrence. Increasing volumes of inocula (0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 ml of a mixture of hyphae-fragment and 2?×?106 conidia/ml suspension) caused more severe infections, and small differences were also observed for the different inoculation sites at the base, apex and mid-point of rice panicles. The optimum inoculation condition was 1–2 ml inoculum injected into the mid-point of rice panicles. Spikelet samples were collected as the disease progressed and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The images collected showed that the primary site of U. virens colonization was at the base of the filaments with the inner spikelets becoming infected by hyphae at 24 h post inoculation (hpi). The accumulation of hyphae reached its highest level at 168 hpi, before the rice heading stage, as the infection extended upward from basal filaments to the anther apex, and then enclosed all the floral organs to produce a velvety smut ball. 相似文献
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稻曲病的接种技术研究 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
探索在田间条件下进行稻曲病的人工接种技术。通过比较3种接种体发现,上年保存于-20℃的厚垣孢子不能引起发病;用PS液体培养获得的薄壁分生孢子可引起发病,孢子浓度越高引起病穗率越高;菌丝片段-分生孢子混合液接种发病最严重。病原菌的培养菌龄对接种效果有影响。在水稻的3个时期接种,以抽穗破口前6~9d的效果最好。在一天的3个时段接种,以下午4~6时的病情最重。在接种液里添加马铃薯煮汁可显著提高接种发病率。本文的接种技术能高效引发稻曲病,最高穗发病率100%,最大病情指数93.96,最多穗病粒数110粒。该接种技术可鉴别出品种抗病性的差异。 相似文献
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人工接种试验和田间多年自然发病调查发现,目前生产上应用的水稻品种均感稻曲病;但在自然条件下,不同水稻品种稻曲病的发生程度存在较大差异,可以人为的分为多病粒高感品种和寡病粒相对抗病的品种。为了探究水稻穗部性状与其病害抗性间的关系,本文对孕穗期不同阶段的不同水稻品种的穗部性状进行了比较分析。结果发现表型为多病粒的高感多病粒品种与表型为寡病粒的相对抗病的品种之间在穗子大小、小花密度、穗鞘闭合程度和密封性、旗叶面积等方面均存在明显差异,寡病粒相对抗病的水稻品种穗鞘闭合程度优于高感多病粒品种。 相似文献
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稻曲病是由稻绿核菌(Ustilaginoidea virens)侵染引起的水稻穗部病害,在全世界不同稻作区均有发生,并在近年呈加重趋势。本研究通过水稻穗期接种后的显微观察及H_2O_2检测,分析了稻曲病菌侵染引起的小穗结构变化及侵染过程中H_2O_2变化趋势。结果表明,稻曲病菌侵染会导致水稻花粉粒畸形、雌蕊发育受抑制、小穗无法正常扬花授粉,抑制谷粒的正常形成,造成稻曲球及白色秕粒的产生。受侵染小穗的H_2O_2含量显著高于对照,其中处于突破颖壳期的受侵染小穗H_2O_2含量是对照的7倍;形成白色秕粒的小穗H_2O_2含量是对照的11倍;二氨基联苯胺染色结果显示,形成稻曲球的小穗中,在受侵染小穗的花药基部、花药顶端、浆片等部位颜色变深,形成H_2O_2富集区;形成白色秕粒的小穗中,H_2O_2富集的特征更为明显,富集区域与病菌在小穗内的侵染途径密切相关。 相似文献
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水稻稻曲病室内人工接种技术 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
为提高稻曲病人工接种的发病效果和稳定性,在温棚条件下采用水稻孕穗期注射接种法分别研究了稻曲病菌不同接种体、培养时间、接种浓度和接种时期的接种效果。采用病菌马铃薯蔗糖液体培养基（potato sucrose broth,PSB）作为接种体,其穗发病率为100%,明显好于病菌米糠培养液（23.33%）。病菌在PSB中培养5～7天接种效果较好,随病菌培养天数的延长,接种效果明显下降。接种的分生孢子浓度越低水稻病穗率和病粒数也越低。在水稻品种两优培九孕穗中后期,采用含分生孢子浓度为4×106个/mL的病菌PSB培养液注射接种,穗发病率达100%,平均病粒数35.1粒,最高达87粒。研究表明,温棚条件下建立的稻曲病人工接种技术能获得稳定的发病效果,并可区别水稻品种间的抗性差异。 相似文献
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A smut-like disease was found on the leaves of Sagittaria latifolia in Japan. Spore balls collected from the leaves of S. latifolia and S. trifolia var. edulis were used to cross-inoculate leaves of pathogen-free plants of the two species to identify the pathogen. Spots and swellings
formed on leaves of the two species 10 days after inoculation. These symptoms were quite similar to those of the leaf smut
disease of S. trifolia var. edulis caused by Doassansia horiana, and the spore balls were characteristic of the fungus. Therefore, the authors conclude that D. horiana caused leaf smut disease on S. latifolia.
Received 18 January 2000/ Accepted in revised form 14 May 2000 相似文献
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Mingli Yong Qide Deng Linlin Fan Jiankun Miao Chaohui Lai Hongming Chen Xiujuan Yang Shu Wang Furu Chen Li Jin Binghui Yang Yuanjun Bai Zhengyi Wang Dongwei Hu 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2018,150(3):669-677
Rice false smut is heavily and increasingly occurring in subtropical zones in China in the past decades. The pathogen of the disease, Ustilaginoidea virens, can produce both chlamydospores and sclerotia, and the sclerotia seem to form frequently in temperate or high-altitude regions in China. Which of these structures play a dominant role in the pathogen’s life cycle in subtropical zones remains unclear. Here we found that Ustilaginoidea virens could produce a great number of sclerotia in subtropical zones and the maximal number of sclerotia could reach to 2.25 million per hectare. In the year with relatively low autumn temperatures, the disease severity and sclerotia numbers of U. virens increased significantly. Although there was a few sclerotia in subtropical zones capable of overwintering successfully, one individual sclerotium could produce large numbers of ascospores. In the rice-growing paddy field, the ascospores could be trapped in both temperate and subtropical zones in May–September, when rice was at the booting stage, the critical infection period of rice false smut. This suggested that the sclerotia of rice false smut in subtropical zone played an important role in the life cycle of Ustilaginoidea virens and acted as the primary inoculum. Experiments in the laboratory showed that mature sclerotia of rice false smut remained dormant for about 2–5 months, and that light was essential for fruiting body differentiation. As with ergot, the fruiting bodies of Ustilaginoidea virens secreted sticky droplets on the stromata that prevented the ascospores from dispersing into the air, implying that the transfer of ascospores of Ustilaginoidea virens to rice plants in paddy field needed an intermediary vector. 相似文献
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This study reports an efficient inoculation protocol that allowed cytological analysis of the infection process of the rice false smut pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. Examination of serial semithin and ultrathin sections of infected spikelets showed that the primary infection sites for the pathogen were the upper parts of the three stamen filaments located between the ovary and the lodicules. The stigma and lodicules were also occasionally infected to a limited extent. The pathogen infected the filaments intercellularly and extended intercellularly along the filament base. The host cells were degraded gradually. The pathogen did not penetrate host cell walls directly and did not form haustoria. In the balls the ovary remained alive and was never infected. This suggests that the pathogen is a biotrophic parasite that grows intercellularly in vivo. 相似文献
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Taketo Ashizawa Mami Takahashi Jouji Moriwaki Kazuyuki Hirayae 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,128(2):221-232
Ustilaginoidea virens is the causal agent of false smut disease of rice. In this study, we developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
assay to clarify the relationship between false smut occurrence on rice and quantification of U. virens from soil in Japan. The method here described is sensitive, detecting less than 50 fg of pathogen DNA, and specific to the
nuclear ribosomal DNA for U. virens when tested across 27 rice-pathogenic fungi and bacteria, 26 other fungi and bacteria and four plant species. As few as eight
chlamydospores of U. virens per gram soil were detected when added to sterilized Gley and Ando soils. The real-time PCR assay for the soil samples was
at least 100-fold more sensitive than the conventional and nested-PCR assays tested. By quantification of U. virens with real-time PCR using DNA extracted from naturally contaminated Gley soils and visual assessment of the disease in agricultural
fields, a linear correlation between cycle threshold (CT) values and the number of false smut balls was revealed. Therefore, this specific quantitative assay could be a useful tool
for optimization of disease control strategies, and for studying the ecology of U. virens. 相似文献
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Taketo Ashizawa Mami Takahashi Jouji Moriwaki Kazuyuki Hirayae 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2011,77(1):10-16
False smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea
virens, is a serious disease of rice worldwide. To evaluate false smut resistance in rice, we developed a method combining the cultivation
of the main culm of rice plants in the greenhouse and rapid preparation of a conidial suspension to inject into the leaf sheath.
The method was used to evaluate false smut resistance in 18 varieties/lines of rice. For comparison, field trials were also
carried out in 2007 and 2008. The results indicated that the greenhouse method was more reproducible than field trials: commercial
varieties tested were resistant; almost all the forage varieties were highly susceptible; and blast-resistant varieties/lines
were mostly resistant to false smut. Thus, this inoculation method will be useful for determining the level of false smut
resistance in rice and for breeding resistant varieties. 相似文献
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Y.‐L. Zhou X.‐W. Xie F. Zhang S. Wang X.‐Z. Liu L.‐H. Zhu J.‐L. Xu Y.‐M. Gao Z.‐K. Li 《Plant pathology》2014,63(2):365-372
False smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a rice disease of increasing importance worldwide, with no source of high‐level resistance in the existing rice germplasm. To facilitate breeding varieties with good levels of field resistance to false smut, quantitative resistance loci (QRL) were identified using 213 introgression lines (ILs) from a cross between Teqing (recipient) and Lemont (donor) evaluated using natural infection at two hotspots of false smut in northeast China. Ten QRL affecting percentages of diseased hills, diseased panicles and diseased spikelets were detected and mapped to rice chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12. The Lemont alleles at all QRL increased false smut resistance. Four QRL (qFSR‐6‐7, qFSR‐10‐5, qFSR‐10‐2 and qFSR‐11‐2) had relatively larger and consistent effects across the two testing sites. Promising resistant ILs were identified, most of which had multiple QRL, suggesting that pyramiding multiple QRL by marker‐assisted selection would be an effective strategy for improving rice resistance to false smut. The identified QRL and their linked DNA markers will facilitate this breeding effort in the future. 相似文献
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Rice false smut caused by Villosiclava virens is a devastating disease. The smut balls contain chlamydospores, which fall onto paddy soils to become the primary inoculum. After transplanting, the chlamydospores subsequently germinate and infect rice roots. The application of a CaO-containing fertilizer to paddy soils can inhibit the development of rice false smut disease; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the suppression of chlamydospore behaviour due to CaO. Specifically, we clarified the effects of the following on chlamydospore morphology and germination: (a) pH, (b) calcium (Ca) concentration, (c) Ca concentration (pH adjusted to 6.5), and (d) CaO-added soil solution. Germination was suppressed at pH 4 and 10, in contrast with the normal germination at pH 6, 7, and 8. Treatments with more than 10 mg/L Ca melted the outer layer of chlamydospores and suppressed germination regardless of whether the pH was adjusted to 6.5. A saturated CaO solution induced bursting of chlamydospores. Suppressed germination and a melted outer chlamydospore layer were also observed, even though the soil buffering effect initially prevented the CaO-mediated pH increase. Furthermore, the chlamydospores within 15 mm from the CaO small lump exhibited suppressed germination in soil. In addition, there was no effect of CaO treatment on chlamydospore attachment to rice roots and hyphal invasion of rice roots in in vitro inoculation tests. These results suggest that Ca concentration is an important factor for inhibiting the occurrence of rice false smut disease. 相似文献
19.
来源于同一穗不同稻曲球的稻曲病菌的致病性及遗传多样性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本研究从源于6穗稻曲病穗的48个稻曲球中分离获得稻曲病菌（Ustilaginoidea virens）48株,从3个稻曲球的不同部位分离获得稻曲病菌23株。用注射接种法将菌株分别接种到水稻品种两优培九（感病品种）、淮稻5号（中抗品种）和武育粳3号（抗病品种）上,结果显示分离的菌株致病力分化较大,而菌株在水稻品种上的致病力强弱与已知水稻品种对稻曲病菌的感、抗性趋势基本一致。相同孢子量接种水稻,不同分离菌株之间仍有致病力分化,生长速率测定也发现菌株之间可能存在差异。利用REP PCR (repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence PCR)技术进行菌株遗传多样性分析表明,同穗不同稻曲球分离的菌株中,1号穗分离的4个菌株聚在同一簇群,其余5穗的菌株分别聚在3～5个簇群;同一稻曲球不同部位分离的菌株中,一个稻曲球分离的8个病菌聚在同一簇群,而其余2个稻曲球分离的病菌则分别聚在2～3个簇群。由此推测同一稻穗上不同稻曲球可能是由来源不同的稻曲病菌侵染所形成;而一个稻曲球可以由同一稻曲病菌引起,也存在多个侵染源共同侵染的可能。 相似文献
20.
D. Ladhalakshmi G. S. Laha Ram Singh A. Karthikeyan S. K. Mangrauthia R. M. Sundaram P. Thukkaiyannan B. C. Viraktamath 《Phytoparasitica》2012,40(2):171-176
The intensity of rice false smut disease in selected states of northwest and south India was studied. In northern Indian states
as a whole, disease incidence (percentage of false smut-infected tillers) varied from 2% to 75%. In the state of Haryana,
maximum infection was recorded on hybrids like PA 6444 and PA 6129 while in Punjab state, 10–20% disease incidence was recorded
in popular inbred rice varieties like PR 114, PA 116 and PAU 201. In the southern state of Tamil Nadu, the disease incidence
varied from 5% to 85%. A heavy incidence of the disease was noticed in variety BPT 5204 and due to this, the air above the
infected field gave a black smoky appearance from a distance as a result of release of spore mass in the atmosphere. In severe
cases the number of infected grains reached even more than 100 per panicle. The pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens was isolated in potato dextrose agar medium and was characterized by both pathogenicity test and molecular analysis. Under
glasshouse conditions, when a conidial suspension of the pathogen was injected during boot leaf stage of the rice variety
TN1, typical smut balls were observed. The identity of the pathogen was further confirmed through polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) analysis using U. virens-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers. The primer pair US 1-5/US3-3 and US2-5/US4-3 amplified 380 bp and 232
bp product, respectively, which are typical for the U. virens fungus. 相似文献