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1.
Abstract

Changing conventional tillage to conservation tillage systems affects nitrogen (N) cycling in agroecosystems. Our objective was to evaluate the role of soil organic pools, specially plant residues, as sources‐sinks of nitrogen in an humid and warm temperate environment cropped to wheat, under plow‐ and no‐tillage. The experimental site was in the Argentine Pampa on a Typic Hapludoll. A balance‐sheet method was used: Nupt+Nres=Nsow+Nmin, where Nupt=N uptake by the crop at harvest; Nsow=soil mineral N as NH4 and NO3 at 0–90 cm depth, one month before sowing, plus N added as fertilizer; Nres=residual soil mineral N as NH4 and NO3 at 0–90 cm depth, at harvest; Nmin=N mineralized from humus and plant residues during wheat growing period. Nupt did not differ between tillage systems. Nitrogen supply by the mineral N pool, estimated by the difference Nsow‐Nres, was ca. 150 kg N ha‐1 in both tillage systems. Plant residues decomposed and released N under both treatments. This organic N pool decreased 77% along the crop cycle. Nmin, calculated using the balance equation was 83 kg N ha‐1, and did not differ between tillage managements, representing 35% of Nupt. This results highlight the importance of the organic pools as sources of N for wheat in the Humid Pampa. They also brink our attention on the importance for evaluate residue decomposition and humus mineralization in warm‐temperate regions when fertilizer requirements are determined, in order to minimize environmental hazard and economic losses by overfertilization.  相似文献   

2.
Nitrogen (N) surpluses from fertilizer application can cause major environmental harm including pollution of surface water, groundwater, and air. To assess such negative externalities, N balances are a complex but useful tool to predict surpluses and to measure effects of nutrient optimization strategies in agriculture. The Yaqui Valley in north‐western Mexico is representative for thousands of square kilometres of intensive, irrigated wheat production under arid conditions worldwide and has been targeted for conservation agriculture in recent years. For these cropping systems, detailed N balances are scarce and often incomplete. To help fill this knowledge gap, data from a long‐term experiment were collected in 2013/14 on a Vertisol to examine the impact of three tillage‐straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning) on N dynamics. Tillage had significant effects on soil NO3‐N, NH4‐N, and total N contents across the cropping period. Soil total N content was at all sampling depths lowest in CTB. Soil NO3‐N in the 0–90 cm profile was highest in PB‐burn over the cropping period and ranged from 77 kg ha?1 in the bed before pre‐planting fertilizer application up to 269 kg ha?1 in the furrow after the second fertilizer application. Annual simple N balances were +59 kg N ha?1 in CTB, +39 kg N ha–1 in PB‐straw, and +46 kg N ha?1 in PB‐burn. Residual mineral soil N was significantly affected by tillage‐straw management and lowest for PB‐straw (+205 kg N ha?1) and highest for CTB, and for PB‐burn (+283 kg N ha?1 each) in the 0–90 cm soil profile. Soil NO3‐N moved out of the effective wheat root zone, as indicated by the high residual NO3‐N content at 30–90 cm depth, which is an important pathway of N leaching. Quantifiable N losses through leaching and volatilization averaged 100 kg N ha?1. Our findings suggest that there is potential for substantial reductions in N inputs in all tillage‐straw systems to decrease N losses and to reduce mineral residual soil N, but care should be taken to avoid reducing grain protein content, which in PB straw was already below the quality standard. A knowledge transfer of the European “Nmin” concept is advisable in this region to regulate N fertilizer over‐application.  相似文献   

3.
Tillage and residue retention affect nitrogen (N) dynamics and nutrient losses and therefore nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop fertilizer use, however, there is little information about residual fertilizer effects on the subsequent crop. Micro‐plots with 15N‐labelled urea were established in 2014/2015 on a long‐term experiment on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico. N fertilizer recovery (NFR) and the effects of residual fertilizer N for summer maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent wheat (Triticum durum L.) crop were studied in three tillage–straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning). Fertilizer 15N recovery rates for maize grain across all treatments were low with an average of 11%, but after wheat harvest total recovered 15N (15N in maize and wheat straw and grain, residual soil 15N) was over 50% for the PB‐burn treatment. NFR was lowest in CTB after two cropping cycles (32%). Unaccounted N from applied fertilizer for the maize crop averaged 120 kg 15N ha?1 after wheat harvest. However, more than 20% of labelled 15N was found in the 0–90 cm soil profile in both PB treatments after wheat harvest, which highlights the need for long‐term studies and continuous monitoring of the soil nutrient status to avoid over‐application of mineral N fertilizer.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

The potential for using dicyandiamide (DCD) to enhance yield of take‐all‐infested winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was evaluated in six field experiments on four acid soils (pH 5.7–6.2). Ammonium and NO3 ‐ concentrations and NH4 +: NO3 ‐ ratios in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths were measured for ten weeks after spring topdressing 180 kg N/ha as urea with 0, 13, or 27 kg DCD/ha. Nitrification was strongly inhibited for 6 to 10 weeks by either 13 or 27 kg DCD/ha. Averaged over the ten‐week sampling period, NH4 +: N03 ‐ ratios in the 0–10 cm depth of soil were 36: 1 for DCD‐treated plots as compared to 2: 1 for plots receiving only urea. Ratios in DCD‐treated plots were considerably wider than ratios associated with take‐all suppression (10: 1 to 3: 1) in earlier studies. Extractable NH4 + + NO3 ‐ concentrations in soil were high in DCD‐treated plots after 30 to 40 days, suggested that DCD had reduced crop uptake of N because of the lower mobility of NH4 + as compared to NO3 ‐. In four of the six studies, grain yields tended to be reduced by DCD. Results suggest that lower rates of DCD and/or application of some NO3 ‐ will be necessary if DCD is to be used as a tool for suppressing take‐all.  相似文献   

5.
An accurate estimation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from 110 million ha of upland in China is essential for the adoption of effective mitigation strategies. In this study, the effects of different tillage practices combined with nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications on N2O emission in soils were considered for a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system. Treatments included conventional tillage plus urea in split application (CTF1), conventional tillage with urea in a single application (CTF2), no‐tillage with straw retained plus reduced urea in a split application (NTSF1) and no‐tillage with manure plus reduced urea in a split application (NTMF1). The amounts of N input in each treatment were 285 and 225 kg N/ha for wheat and maize, respectively. Both NTSF1 and NTMF1 were found to reduce chemical N fertilizer rates by 33.3% (wheat) and 20% (maize), respectively, compared to CTF1 and CTF2. N2O emissions varied between 3.2 (NTSF1) and 9.9 (CTF2) kg N2O‐N/ha during the wheat season and between 7.6 (NTFS1) and 14.0 (NTMF1) kg N2O‐N/ha during the maize season. The yield‐based emission factors ranged from 21.9 (NTSF1) to 60.9 (CTF2) g N2O‐N/kg N for wheat and 92.5 (NTSF1) to 157.4 (NTMF1) g N2O‐N/kg N for maize. No significant effect of the treatments on crop yield was found. In addition to reducing production costs involved in land preparation, NTSF1 was shown to decrease chemical fertilizer input and mitigate N2O emissions while sustaining crop yield.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

The effect of four consecutive years of tillage method [conventional tillage (CT) or no‐tillage (NT)] and fertilizer N rate (84, 168, 336 kg N·ha‐1·yr) on soil carbon, nitrogen and and gaseous profiles was examined in a Wharton‐Cookport (Aquic Hapludults‐Aquic Fragiudults) silt loam soil in West Virginia cropped to continuous maize (Zea mays L.). At midseason (July) of the last cropping year, soil mineral N profile differences were generally discernible only at the high N (336 kg·ha‐1) rate in the topsoil (0‐ to 30‐cm layer). Ammonium (NH4 +‐N) levels at this time were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher under CT, while NO3 ‐‐N levels were the same under both tillage methods. However, after silage harvest in September NH4 +‐N levels were the same under both tillage systems, while NO3 ‐‐N levels were significantly higher under CT. Although no significant (p ≥ 0.05) tillage effects were found for TC, the level was increased by ～16% under NT in the surface soil (0 to 15‐cm) layer at the low N (84 kg·ha‐1) rate treatment. Total N (TN) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased under NT compared to CT only in the soil surface layer at the high N rate treatment. Soils under both tillage methods after cropping appeared to be equally well aerated to the deepest layer (60 cm) as O2 levels were near atmospheric concentrations, and no gases commonly associated with more anaerobic environments (CH4, C2H4) were detected. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels increased 30‐ to 40‐times atmospheric levels in the deepest layers, and were generally higher under NT. The incidence of detectable N2O (‐0.36 × 10 ‐2μg·ml‐1) was two‐ to seven‐times more numerous at the high N rate, and twice as numerous under NT compared to CT. These results generally corroborate previous results for soil mineral N changes as related to tillage method, but not for organic C, N and microbial activity, as has usually been reported, especially for more arid region soils.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Because of erosion problems, an effort has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of tillage intensity on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling on a vertisol. Soil samples at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depth were collected from a split plot experiment with five different levels of tillage intensity on Houston Black soil (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellusterts). The experiment was a split plot design with 5 replications. The main plots were chisel tillage, reduced tillage, row tillage, strip tillage, and no tillage. The subplots were soil fertility levels with either high or low fertilizer application rate. Total N, total phosphorus (P), organic C, inorganic N, and C:N ratio were measured on soil samples as well as the potential C mineralization, N mineralization, C turnover, and C:N mineralization ratio during a 30 d incubation. Total P and organic C in soil were increased, with 0.9 and 0.8 kg P ha‐1 and 20.6 and 20.0 kg C ha‐1, for high and low soil fertility, respectively. Fertilizer application had no effect on either total N at the 0–10 cm depth, or on soil nutrient status below 10 cm. Potential soil N mineralization was decreased at the 0–10 cm depth and increased at the 20–30 cm depth by the high fertilizer treatment. Chisel tillage decreased total N and P in the 0–10 cm depth, with 1.4 and 1.6 kg N ha‐1 and 0.8 and 0.9 kg P ha‐1. However, chisel tillage increased total N and P at the 10–20 cm depth, with 1.3 and 1.2 kg N ha‐1, and 0.72 and 0.66 kg P ha‐1 for chisel tillage and no tillage, respectively. Tillage intensity increased C mineralization and C turnover, but reduced N mineralization at the 0–10 cm depth. The results indicate that intensively tilled soil had a greater capacity for C mineralization and for reductions in soil organic C levels compared to less intensively tilled systems.  相似文献   

8.
Indicators of soil quality associated with N‐cycling were assessed under different land‐use systems (native forest – NAT, reforestation with Araucaria angustifolia or Pinus taeda and agricultural use – AGR) to appraise the effects on the soil potential for N supply. The soil total N ranged from 2 to 4 g/kg (AGR and NAT, respectively), and the microbial biomass N ranged from 80 to 250 mg/kg, being higher in NAT and A. angustifolia, and lower in P. taeda and AGR sites. Activities of asparaginase (ca. 50–200 mg NH4+‐N/kg per h), glutaminase (ca. 200–800 mg NH4+‐N/kg per h) and urease (ca. 80–200 mg NH4+‐N/kg/h) were also more intense in the NAT and A. angustifolia‐reforested soils, indicating greater capacity for N mineralization. The NAT and AGR soils showed the highest and the lowest ammonification rate, respectively (ca. 1 and 0.4 mg NH4+‐N/kg per day), but the inverse for nitrification rate (ca. 12 and 26%), indicating a low capacity for N supply, in addition to higher risks of N losses in the AGR soil. A multivariate analysis indicated more similarity between NAT and A. angustifolia‐reforested sites, whilst the AGR soil was different and associated with a higher nitrification rate. In general, reforestation with the native species A. angustifolia had less impact than reforestation with the exogenous species P. taeda, considering the soil capacity for N supply. However, AGR use caused more changes, generally decrease in indicators of N‐cycling, showing a negative soil management effect on the sustainability of this agroecosystem.  相似文献   

9.
新疆石河子地区玉米产量及氮素平衡的施氮量阈值研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
【目的】合理施用氮肥不仅会提高肥料利用率,还会降低氮素面源污染的风险。通过2年田间肥料定位试验,研究北疆灰漠土区不同氮肥用量下,土壤无机氮积累量、 氮素平衡和玉米产量间的相互关系,为氮肥合理施用提供依据。【方法】研究采用肥料田间定位试验,小区试验于2011-2012年开展,设计6个氮肥（N）用量水平: 0、 225、 300、 375、 450、 600 kg/hm2,分别以N0、 N225、 N300、 N375、 N450、 N600表示,其中300 kg/hm2为当地玉米农田氮肥推荐用量,磷肥（P2O5）施用量为75 kg/hm2,钾肥（K2O）施用量为37.5 kg/hm2。【结果】 1）施用氮肥增加了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮残留量,硝态氮主要残留于060 cm土层,铵态氮主要分布在020 cm土层深度。2011年试验中,土壤无机氮残留量随氮肥用量增加而显著增加,与对照相比,施氮处理无机氮残留量增幅为12%~102%,与施氮量呈指数增长关系。2012年氮肥用量对土壤无机氮残留量的影响与2011年相似。2）施氮量 225 kg/hm2时,0100 cm土层深度土壤无机氮积累量降低,表现为负积累效应,N0和N225处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年降低165%和170%; 施氮量高于 300 kg/hm2时,土壤无机氮积累量显著增加,表现为富集现象,其中,N375、 N450和N600处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年增加17%、 388%、 170%。土壤无机氮积累量与施氮量显著呈二次抛物线关系,2011年回归方程为y=0.0001x2 + 0.1013x－22.537（R2 = 0.9288）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为187 kg/hm2; 2012年为 y = 0.0003x2 + 0.1417x - 52.78（R2 = 0.9583）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为245 kg/hm2。土壤氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量的增加幅度随氮肥用量增加而显著加大。3）氮肥投入可提高玉米产量,产量与施氮量呈显著的二次抛物线或线性加平台的关系,施氮量高于300 kg/hm2时,玉米产量与最高产量差异不显著; 产量与无机氮积累量呈二次抛物线形关系,当土壤无机氮达到平衡时,玉米产量显著低于最高产量,当玉米产量达到最大时,土壤无机氮有一定积累。氮肥利用率则随氮肥用量增加呈指数关系显著降低。施氮量270 kg/hm2为产量与氮肥利用率的交点,施氮量340 kg/hm2 是土壤无机氮残留量与氮肥利用率的交点。【结论】利用产量效应、 环境效应与肥料效应函数的交点确定氮肥投入阈值,是较为优化的方法。合理的氮肥投入不仅能获得玉米高产,降低氮素面源污染风险,还能获得较高的氮肥利用率。因此,施氮量260340 kg/hm2为本研究区玉米高产与环境友好的氮肥投入阈值。  相似文献   

10.
通过分析裂区设计下的6个处理,即小麦季深耕和旋耕2个主处理×玉米季免耕播种、行间深松和行内深松3个副处理:(1)旋耕+免耕播种(RT—NT);(2)旋耕+行间深松(RT—SBR);(3)旋耕+行内深松(RT—SIR);(4)深耕+免耕播种(DT—NT);(5)深耕+行间深松(DT—SBR);(6)深耕+行内深松(DT—SIR),对土壤养分含量和作物产量影响,筛选适宜于小麦—玉米轮作体系的耕作模式。结果表明,各处理土壤养分含量在小麦、玉米两季中均随土层深度增加而降低。小麦季,旋耕处理0—10cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量、硝态氮含量显著高于深耕处理;但深耕增加当季30—40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。玉米季,DT—NT处理0—30cm土层有机质含量较RT—NT处理增加40.1%～64.3%。RT—SBR、RT—SIR处理显著提升土壤0—30cm全氮含量,其中RT—SBR处理0—10cm土层全氮含量最高,为1.4g/kg。RT—SIR处理显著增加0—20cm土壤碱解氮含量,较RT—NT显著增加15.0%～25.3%。在0—40cm土层,DT—SBR处理的有效磷含量最高,而RT—SBR处理的速效钾含量最高。DT—SIR处理显著提升20—50cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中硝态氮含量为8.5～30.4mg/kg,铵态氮含量为2.6～8.9mg/kg。与小麦季相比,玉米季提升10—20cm土层有机质含量、0—50cm土层的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及40—50cm土层的硝态氮、铵态氮含量。DT—SBR和DT—SIR处理穗长、百粒重、收获指数和产量显著高于其他处理,且二者产量较RT—NT处理显著增加6.4%～10.8%。玉米季DT—SIR处理的肥料偏利用率和经济效益最高。综上所述,深耕+行内深松处理有利于增加土壤养分含量,且增产效果较好,在本研究中最优。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers increase yield and quality of grass forage, and may also alter soil chemical properties. A field experiment was conducted in south‐central Alberta to determine the effect of long‐term application of ammonium nitrate to bromegrass on concentration and downward mobility of soluble NO3‐N, extractable NH4‐N, P, Ca, Mg, and K, and total C and N in a Thin Black Chernozemic loam soil. The fertilizer was applied annually in early spring for 16 years at 0 to 336 kg N/ha. There was little accumulation of NO3‐N in the soil at N rates of 112 kg/ha or less. However, at rates higher than 112 kg N/ha there was accumulation of NO3‐N in the 15–30 and 30–60 cm layers, but very little in the 90–120 cm depth. The NH4‐N accumulated in the 0–5 cm layer when the fertilizer was applied at rates between 168 to 280 kg N/ha and in the 5–10 cm layer at N rates exceeding 280 kg/ha. There was a decline in extractable P in soil with N application up to 84 kg N/ha rate, while it increased with high N rates. The increasing amounts of applied N resulted in a decline in extractable soil Ca, Mg and K, and this decrease was more pronounced in the 0–5,5–10,10–15, and 15–30 cm layers for K, 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers for Ca, and 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm layers for Mg. There was a build‐up of total C and N in the surface soil with increasing rate of applied N.  相似文献   

12.
Aggregation often provides physical protection and stabilisation of soil organic carbon (C). No tillage (NT) coupled with stubble retention (SR) and nitrogen (N) fertiliser application (90 N, 90 kg N ha−1 application) can help improve soil aggregation. However, information is lacking on the effect of long‐term NT, SR and N fertiliser (NT, SR + N) application on soil aggregation and C distribution in different aggregates in vertisols. We analysed the soil samples collected from 0‐ to 30‐cm depth from a long‐term (47 years) experiment for soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated C and N. This long‐term field experiment originally consisted of 12 treatments, having plot size of 61·9 × 6·4 m, and these plots were arranged in a randomised block design with four replications, covering an area of 1·9 ha. Soil organic C concentrations as well as stocks were significantly higher under the treatment of NT, SR + N only in 0–10 cm compared with other treatments such as conventional tillage, stubble burning + 0 N (no N application) and conventional tillage, SR + 0 N. Mineral‐associated organic C (MOC) of <0·053 mm was 5–12 times higher (r  = 0·68, p  < 0·05, n  = 32) compared with particulate organic C (POC) (>0·053 mm) in the 0‐ to 30‐cm layer. We found that NT, SR + N treatment had a positive impact on soil aggregation, as measured by the mean weight diameter (MWD) through wet sieving procedure, but only in the top 0‐ to 10‐cm depth. MWD had significant positive correlation with water stable aggregates (r  = 0·67, p  < 0·05). Unlike MWD, water stable aggregates were not affected by tillage and stubble management. Large macroaggregates (>2 mm) had significantly higher organic C and N concentrations than small macroaggregates (0·25–2 mm) or microaggregates (0·053–0·25 mm). We also found that N application had a significant effect on MWD and soil organic C in vertisols. It is evident that better soil aggregation was recorded under NTSR90N could have a positive influence on soil C sequestration. Our results further highlight the importance of soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated C in relation to C sequestration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
Residue retention and reduced tillage are both conservation agricultural practices that may enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization in soil. We evaluated the long‐term effects of no‐till (NT) and stover retention from maize on SOC dynamics in a Rayne silt loam Typic Hapludults in Ohio. The six treatments consisted of retaining 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200% of maize residues on each 3 × 3 m plot from the crop of previous year. Soil samples were obtained after 9 yrs of establishing the experiment. The whole soil (0–10 and 10–20 cm of soil depths) samples under different treatments were analysed for total C, total N, recalcitrant C (NaOCl treated sample) and 13C isotopic abundance (0–10 cm soil depth). Complete removal of stover for a period of 9 yrs significantly (P < 0.01) decreased soil C content (15.5 g/kg), whereas 200% of stover retention had the maximum soil C concentration (23.1 g/kg). Relative distribution of C for all the treatments in different fractions comprised of 55–58% as labile and 42–45% as recalcitrant. Retention of residue did not significantly affect total C and N concentration in 10–20 cm depth. 13C isotopic signature data indicated that C4‐C (maize‐derived C) was the dominant fraction of C in the top 0–10 cm of soil layer under NT with maize‐derived C accounting for as high as 80% of the total SOC concentration. Contribution of C4‐C or maize‐derived C was 71–84% in recalcitrant fraction in different residue retained plots. Residue management is imperative to increase SOC concentrations and long‐term agro‐ecosystem necessitates residue retention for stabilizing C in light‐textured soils.  相似文献   

14.
Post‐methanation effluent (PME) generated through bio‐methanation of distillery effluent, a foul‐smelling, dark colored by‐product of distillery industries, is applied to arable land in some areas near the vicinity of the distillery industries as an amendment. The PME contains considerable amount of organic matter and salt besides its high plant‐nutrient content. The present investigation was conducted for three years during 1999–2002 on soybean‐wheat cropping sequence to evaluate the effect of graded levels of post‐methanation effluent (PME) on soil physical properties and crop productivity in a deep Vertisol of central India. Six application doses of PME viz. S2.5+W0: 2.5 cm PME applied to soybean and wheat on residual nutrition, S2.5+W1.25: 2.5 cm PME to soybean and 1.25 cm to wheat, S5.0+W0: 5 cm PME to soybean and wheat on residual nutrition, S5.0+W2.5: 5.0 cm PME to soybean and 2.5 cm to wheat, S10.0+W0: 10 cm PME to soybean and wheat on residual nutrition, and S10.0+W5.0: 10.0 cm PME to soybean and 5.0 cm to wheat, were compared with 100% recommended NPK+FYM ? 4 Mg ha–1 and control (no fertilizer, manure or PME). The application of PME increased the organic carbon content and electrical conductivity of the soil compared to control and 100% NPK+FYM treatment. The organic C content was maximum in S10.0+W5.0 (11.2 g kg–1) and minimum in control (5.2 g kg–1). Electrical conductivity increased from 0.47 dS m–1 in control to 1.58 dS m–1 in highest dose of PME (S10.0+W5.0). The PME treatments have not affected the soil pH. The application of PME showed a significant improvement in the physical properties of the soil. The mean weight diameter (MWD), percent water‐stable aggregation (% WSA), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), and water retention (WR) at 0.033 MPa suction were significantly (P < 0.05) more while bulk density (BD) and penetration resistance was significantly less in PME‐treated plots than that of control. The MWD showed a linear and positive relationship (r = 0.89**) with the soil organic C. Soybean recorded significantly higher seed yield at all PME treatments than control. Highest average soybean yield (2.39 Mg ha–1) was recorded in S10.0+W0 but yield decreased significantly in S10.0+W5.0 (2.08 Mg ha–1). In wheat, all the PME‐treated plots except S2.5+W0 yielded significantly higher than control while the 100% NPK+FYM treatment yielded (3.46 Mg ha–1) at par with the S10.0+W5.0 (4.0 Mg ha–1) and S5.0+W2.5 (3.66 Mg ha–1). Fresh application of PME to wheat resulted in significant improvement in grain yield over that grown on residual fertility. Thus, application of PME to arable land, as an amendment, could be considered as a viable option for the safe disposal of this industrial waste.  相似文献   

15.
Information on N cycling in dryland crops and soils as influenced by long-term tillage and cropping sequence is needed to quantify soil N sequestration, mineralization, and N balance to reduce N fertilization rate and N losses through soil processes. The 21-yr effects of the combinations of tillage and cropping sequences was evaluated on dryland crop grain and biomass (stems + leaves) N, soil surface residue N, soil N fractions, and N balance at the 0–20 cm depth in Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Argiboroll) in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (STCW), fall- and spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (FSTCW), fall- and spring-tilled spring wheat–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1984–1999) followed by spring wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (2000–2004) (FSTW-B/P), and spring-tilled spring wheat–fallow (STW-F). Nitrogen fractions were soil total N (STN), particulate organic N (PON), microbial biomass N (MBN), potential N mineralization (PNM), NH4-N, and NO3-N. Annualized crop grain and biomass N varied with treatments and years and mean grain and biomass N from 1984 to 2004 were 14.3–21.2 kg N ha−1 greater in NTCW, STCW, FSTCW, and FSTW-B/P than in STW-F. Soil surface residue N was 9.1–15.2 kg N ha−1 greater in other treatments than in STW-F in 2004. The STN at 0–20 cm was 0.39–0.96 Mg N ha−1, PON 0.10–0.30 Mg N ha−1, and PNM 4.6–9.4 kg N ha−1 greater in other treatments than in STW-F. At 0–5 cm, STN, PON, and MBN were greater in STCW than in FSTW-B/P and STW-F. At 5–20 cm, STN and PON were greater in NTCW and STCW than in STW-F, PNM and MBN were greater in STCW than in NTCW and STW-F, and NO3-N was greater in FSTW-B/P than in NTCW and FSTCW. Estimated N loss through leaching, volatilization, or denitrification at 0–20 cm depth increased with increasing tillage frequency or greater with fallow than with continuous cropping and ranged from 9 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in NTCW to 46 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in STW-F. Long-term no-till or spring till with continuous cropping increased dryland crop grain and biomass N, soil surface residue N, N storage, and potential N mineralization, and reduced N loss compared with the conventional system, such as STW-F, at the surface 20 cm layer. Greater tillage frequency, followed by pea inclusion in the last 5 out of 21 yr in FSTW-B/P, however, increased N availability at the subsurface layer in 2004.  相似文献   

16.
To identify crop rotation systems capable of sequestering C and N to 1 metre depth in a subtropical Ferralsol of Southern Brazil managed under long‐term zero‐tillage (21 yrs), we evaluated six crop sequences: wheat (Triticum aestivum)–soybean (Glycine max) [W‐S], the baseline; oat (Avena strigosa, as cover crop)–maize (Zea mays)–wheat–soybean [O‐M‐W‐S]; vetch (Vicia villosa, as legume cover crop)–maize–wheat–soybean [V‐M‐W‐S]; vetch–maize–oat–soybean–wheat–soybean [V‐M‐O‐S‐W‐S]; ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, for hay)–maize–ryegrass–soybean [R‐M‐R‐S]; and alfalfa (Medicago sativa, for hay)–maize [A‐M]. Compared to W‐S and to 1 metre, the hay‐based system of A‐M showed the largest C and N sequestration rates (0.50 and 0.06 Mg/ha/yr, respectively). Alfalfa, being a perennial legume under cut‐regrowth cycles, possibly added more C and N through roots. The other hay system, R‐M‐R‐S, also sequestered C efficiently (0.27 Mg/ha/yr), but not N (0.01 Mg/ha/yr). The legume‐based system of V‐M‐W‐S sequestered significant amounts of both C (0.29 Mg/ha/yr) and N (0.04 Mg/ha/yr). The grass‐based system of O‐M‐W‐S showed the lowest sequestration of C (0.09 Mg/ha/yr). In all systems, a positive relationship (R2 = 0.71) occurred between estimated addition of root C and soil C stock to 1 metre. Whenever C and N sequestration occurred, more than half of that occurred below 20 cm depth. Results suggest that adoption of legume‐based systems, perennially as A‐M or annually as V‐M‐W‐S, is efficient for C and N sequestration in subtropical zero‐tillage soils and that roots possibly contribute more to that sequestration than aboveground biomass.  相似文献   

17.
Experiments were conducted to study the effect of soil applications of kunai grass (Imperata cylindrica) biochar (0 and 10 t/ha) and laboratory grade urea (0, 200 and 500 kg N/ha) and their co‐application on nitrogen (N) mineralization in an acid soil. The results of an incubation study showed that the biochar only treatment and co‐application with urea at 200 kg N/ha could impede transformation of urea to ammonium‐N (NH4+‐N). Soil application of biochar together with urea at 500 kg N/ha produced the highest nitrate‐N (NO3?‐N) and mineral N concentrations in the soil over 90 days. Co‐application of urea N with biochar improved soil N mineralization parameters such as mineralization potential (NA) and coefficient of mineralization rate (k) compared to biochar alone. In a parallel study performed under greenhouse conditions, Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis L.) showed significantly greater (P < 0.05) marketable fresh weight, dry matter production and N uptake in soil receiving urea N at 500 kg/ha or co‐application of biochar with urea N compared to the control. Application of biochar only or urea only at 200 kg N/ha did not offer any short‐term agronomic advantages. The N use efficiency of the crop remained unaffected by the fertilizer regimes. Applications of biochar only at 10 t/ha did not offer benefits in this tropical acid soil unless co‐applied with sufficient urea N.  相似文献   

18.
Leaching with deep drainage is one of the loss pathways of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in cropping fields. However, field studies in irrigated row cropping systems are sparse. A 3‐year investigation on C and N leaching associated with deep drainage was overlaid on a long‐term experiment on tillage practices and crop rotations in Australia. The treatments included cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) monoculture and cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or maize (Zea maize L.) rotations with maximum or minimum tillage. The deep drainage C and N concentrations at 0.6 and 1.2 m depth were measured after furrow irrigation with ceramic cup samplers during the 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17 cotton seasons. Pre‐planting dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in soil at 0.6–1.2 m depth during 2016–17 was 64 mg kg?1 for maximum tilled cotton monoculture, 36 mg kg?1 for minimum tilled cotton monoculture and 39 mg kg?1 for cotton–wheat, and in maize and cotton subplots 51 and 41 mg kg?1, respectively. Post‐harvest DOC values in soil were similar in all treatments (average of 32 mg DOC kg?1). Total organic carbon (TOC) losses in deep drainage were equal to 2%–30% of TOC gained in irrigation water. Oxidized N losses in deep drainage ranged from 0.7% to 12% of applied N (260 kg ha?1). NOx‐N concentrations in leachate under maize systems (20 mg L?1) were up to 73% lower than those in cotton systems (75 mg L?1). Maize sown in rotation with cotton can improve cotton yield, reduce N leaching and improve N use efficiency of subsequent cotton.  相似文献   

19.
Degraded soil aggregation arising from nitrogen(N) fertilization has been reported in many studies; however, the mechanisms have not yet been clarified.Elucidating the impact of N fertilization on soil aggregation would help to improve soil structure and sustain high crop production. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of long-term N fertilization on soil aggregation and its association with binding and dispersing agents. A 12-year(2008–2019) N fertilization field experiment ...  相似文献   

20.
Conservation agriculture might have the potential to increase soil organic C content compared to conventional tillage based systems. The present study quantified soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil C derived from C3 (wheat) and C4 (maize) plant species using δ13C stable isotope. Soil with 16 y of continuous application of zero tillage (ZT) or conventional tillage (CT), monoculture (M) or rotation (R) of wheat and maize, and with (+r) and without retention (−r) in the field of crop residues were studied in the central highlands of Mexico. The highest SOC content was found in the 0-5 cm layer under ZTM and ZTR with residues retention. The soil cultivated with maize showed a higher SOC content in the 0-10 cm layer with residue retention than without residue. In the 10-20 cm layer, the highest SOC content was found in the CT treatment with residue retention. The SOC stock expressed as equivalent soil mass was greatest in the 0-20 cm layer of the ZTM (wheat and maize) and ZTR cultivated treatments with residue retention. After 16 y, the highest content of soil δ13C was found in ZTM + r and CTM + r treated soil cultivated with maize; −16.56‰ and −18.08‰ in the 0-5 cm layer, −18.41‰ and −18.02‰ in the 5-10 cm layer and −18.59‰ and −18.72‰ in the 10-20 cm layer respectively. All treatments had a higher percentages of C-C3 (derived from wheat residues or the earlier forest) than C-C4 (derived from maize residues). The highest percentages of C-C4, was found in ZTM + r and CTM + r treated soil cultivated with maize, i.e. 33.0% and 13.0% in 0-5 cm layer, 9.1% and 14.3% in the 5-10 cm layer and 5.0% and 6.8% in 10-20 cm layer, respectively. The gross SOC turnover was lower in soil with residue retention than without residues. It was found that the ZT system with residue retention and rotation with wheat is a practice with a potential to retain organic carbon in soil.  相似文献   

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