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1.
Sodium, Cl and Pb contents of snow, meltwater and soil from ten Metropolitan Toronto snow dumps were determined. Contaminant concentrations were related to the source of the snow. Although initially very high, Na and Cl concentrations in the snow decreased with time while piled at the dump site. Conversely, Pb content increased with time as the snow gradually melted and the Pb-containing particulates accumulated on the snow surface. The Na and Cl content of the meltwater was related to the concentrations in the snow, but the mean levels decreased with time, indicating that parts of the piles with higher salt concentrations were melting and draining away before the remaining areas. Although some Na and Cl is leached from the soil during the summer months, much of the salt and most of the Pb remains to accumulate from year to year. Adjacent to the snowpiles, the soil contained contaminant concentrations that were higher than control samples, possibly as a result of the movement of meltwater runoff.  相似文献   

2.
Snowmelt runoff presents an enhanced threat of environmental damage. Soluble impurities which have accumulated in the snow during winter months are transported to the lower portion of the snow cover early in the melting season due to melt-freeze cycles. These contaminants are removed rapidly at very high concentrations within the first fractions of snowmelt runoff causing sudden bursts of enriched pollutants. This paper reports a physically-based mathematical model to simulate the enrichment process in a snow cover. The model is based on the liquid water flow, heat transport, and pollutant transport equations. These nonlinear partial differential equations are solved simultaneously using a six-point implicit finite difference scheme.  相似文献   

3.
Ambient particle and gas concentrations, wet deposition and dry deposition were measured in Warren, MI between December 18, 1983 and April 6, 1984. Dry deposition was measured to various surfaces in a cutoff bucket, including a snow surface, a snow/water surface during melting and a deionized water surface. Dry deposition velocities were calculated for various species from the ratio of the dry flux to the ambient concentrations. The dry deposition velocities measured to a snow surface were 0.082 cm s?1 SO2 2.0 for HNO3, 0.083 for NH4 +, 2.0 for Ca++ and 4.3 for Cl?. The values were not significantly different for a snow/water surface during melting compared to a snow surface. However, higher values of 0.69 cm s?1 for SO2, 6.2 for HNO3, 0.33 for NH4 +, and 4.2 for Ca++ were found to a deionized water surface in the spring. These higher values could be due to the higher air temperature, the pH of the liquid or to increased atmospheric mixing during this period.  相似文献   

4.
Cloudwater and wet precipitation (snow) samples were collected at Mount Sonnblick during two field campaigns in May and November 1991. A newly designed active cloud water samples was used. Concentrations of major anions, cations and carboxylic acids were determined. Cloudwater and wet precipitation samples were generally more acidic in the warm season than in the cold season. Average cloudwater pH was 4.2 in May and 4.5 in November, average pH in snow was 4.4 in May and 5.1 in November. Average levels for sulfate (May: 96 μeq L?1, November: 64 μeq L?1) and nitrate (May: 27 μeq L?1, November: 32 μeq L?1) in cloudwater at SBO (3 km altitude) were considerably lower than at high mountain sites (0.9–2 km altitude) in the Eastern U.S.A. Cold season levels of sulfate in cloud water at SBO were as low as cloud water levels observed in Alaska. Equivalent concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in snow precipitation were basically lower or equal compared to cloudwater but showed higher concentrations and stronger acidity in both phases in May than in November. Cloud to snow ratios for major ions were higher in November showing a wider spread than in May. Average cloud to snow ratios for sulfate were 2.4 in May and 3.5 in November. For nitrate the ratio was 1.7 in May and 2.1 in November. The lower cloud to snow ratios for nitrate are explained by the ability of the ice phase to scavenge nitric acid. Cloud to snow ratios were similar to measurements from the Swiss Alps and generally equal or lower than high elevation cloud to rain ratios from the U.S.A. Cloud to snow ratios for sulfate were used to reconstruct the mixing ratio of sublimation grown ice phase and cloud water droplets during the riming process of the ice particles in the seeder-feeder mechanism. The mixing ratio of ice phase and cloud droplets was estimated to be 1.4 in May and 2.5 in November. Sulfate to nitrate ratios were higher in cloud water than in snow and within the range of values found in North America. Generally, sulfate was more concentrated than nitrate at an equivalent basis for both cloudwater and rainwater. Total equivalent concentrations of acetate were generally higher than those of formate which is in contrast to measurements at remote high elevation sites in the U.S.A.  相似文献   

5.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Laboratory snow melting experiments were conducted with actual late-winter snow samples, collected just before the final snowmelt, in two similar northern Swedish...  相似文献   

6.
东北低山丘陵区季节性积雪特性研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
为探究东北低山丘陵区冬季积雪物理特性变化过程,利用超声雪深监测仪和Snow Fork雪特性分析仪采集积雪物理特性(积雪深度、积雪密度、液态含水率)数据,分析积雪深度、密度和液态含水率随时间的变化特征及其在垂直剖面上的变化过程。结果表明:主要积雪期为11月下旬至翌年2月中下旬,积雪深度与雪层温度、气温呈显著负相关关系,与降雪量呈正相关关系。积雪消融主要集中在10:00—18:00之间,且积雪消融相对于气温表现出滞后性,滞后时间约为4h。积雪初(12月1日观测),雪底层密度为0.198g/cm~3,表层为0.126g/cm~3,从底层至表层呈逐渐减小趋势。随着雪底层形成深霜,中间层5—10cm的积雪密度大于表层和底层。积雪0—5,5—10,10—15cm层平均液态含水率分别为0.308%,0.319%和0.205%,中间层最高,整体表现为单峰型。积雪液态含水率与积雪密度呈显著正相关关系(r=0.866,p0.05)。研究结果将为融雪径流形成、融雪侵蚀防治以及季节性积雪区生态系统功能评估提供基础数据。  相似文献   

7.
Mercury (Hg) transport was studied in a river in Kobbefjord, near Nuuk in West Greenland, during the 2009 and 2010 summer periods. The river drains an area of 32?km2, and the Kobbefjord area is considered representative to low-Arctic West Greenland. The river water origins from both precipitation and melting of small glaciers and annual water discharges for 2009 and 2010 were estimated to be 29 and 26 million?m3, respectively. Mean Hg concentrations (±SD) were 0.46?±?0.17 and 0.26?±?0.17?ng?L?1 for 2009 and 2010. The annual Hg transport was estimated to 14 and 6.4?g, corresponding to a transport rate of 0.45 and 0.20?g Hg km?2?year?1 from the river basin. The highest Hg concentrations (up to 1.0?ng?L?1) and discharges were measured in spring 2009 along with melting of extensive amounts of snow deposited during the 2008?C2009 winter period. In contrast, the following 2009?C2010 winter period was relatively dry with less snowfall. This indicates that a major fraction of the Hg in this area is likely to come from Hg deposited along with winter precipitation (as wet deposition) released upon snowmelt. Also, the results show that while Hg concentrations were low in Kobbefjord River compared to other sub-Arctic/Arctic rivers, the annual Hg transport rates from the basin area were within the range reported for other sub-Arctic/Arctic areas.  相似文献   

8.
The environmental impacts of 16 different contaminants originating from the E18 Highway (17,510 annual average daily traffic) were studied over the initial months of the highway??s operational life. Investigative methods used included electrical resistivity surveying, water chemistry analyses, soil analyses, distribution modeling, and transportation modeling of contaminants. The study conclusively showed a year-round infiltration due to melting of the snowpack from road salt, and a strong preferential, anthropogenic pathway due to increased hydraulic conductivities of road construction materials relative to in situ soils. The resistivity surveys produced values well below the expected values for the highway materials, indicating increased ionic content within the unsaturated zone. Time lapse resistivity modeling showed a clear downwards spreading of contamination from the roadway to subsurface distances greater than 5?m. Elevated concentrations of nearly every studied contaminant relative to baseline values were observed, with many metal concentrations within the snow pack averaging values in excess of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency??s groundwater limitations. Distribution modeling demonstrated a potential offset of peak values from the road surface due to plowing and splash transport processes, and indicated different distribution behavior during winter months than during summer months. One-dimensional transport modeling demonstrated the importance of adsorption and other retentive factors to the migration of contaminants to groundwater and provided an estimate for potential long-term contaminant concentrations.  相似文献   

9.
锡林河流域融雪径流时间变化特征与成因分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
融雪径流是寒旱区草原流域径流的重要补给方式和水源。融雪径流时间随着气象条件的变化而改变,这严重影响着研究区年径流量和各季径流量的分配。采用锡林河水文站1960—2009年水文年流量质心时间CT来表示锡林河水库上游融雪径流开始时间,分析了融雪径流时间变化特征。结果表明:锡林河水文站融雪径流时间具有提前趋势,且融雪径流发生在3月末与4月初期,锡林浩特气象站融雪期（3—4月）气温升高或积雪期（上年10月—当年4月降水量增加,锡林浩特水文站融雪径流时间会提前,但融雪期气温对融雪径流时间作用更明显。由融雪径流时间与年径流量和四季径流量的相关关系,可得融雪径流时间提前,年径流量、冬、夏、秋季径流量均会减小,而春季径流量会增大,但融雪径流时间与年径流量、夏、秋季径流量关系最为密切,相关系数分别为0.456,0.600与0.676。这对寒旱区草原流域合理利用雪水资源和洪水预警有重要作用。  相似文献   

10.
Atmospheric loads to dilute lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California are very low, and fall almost entirely as snow. When acidic anions preferentially elute from melting snow, these low loads may nontheless be enough to acidify low ANC lakes. Two of the ten lakes included in the Sierra Episodes Study are discussed here: High Lake, the only lake in the study to become acidic during snowmelt; and Treasure Lake, typical of the remainder of the lakes. All lakes exhibited increases in NO3 ? concentrations during early snowmelt; these were accompanied by increases in base cations, primarily Ca2+. In the first few days of snowmelt, NO3 ? concentrations at High Lake increased more rapidly than concentrations of base cations, resulting in ANC values below zero. Export of both NO3 ? and SO4 2? from the watersheds exceeded the inputs from the snowpack, suggesting that other sources (e.g., watershed minerals, stored inputs from the previous summer, transformations of other inputs) of these anions are important.  相似文献   

11.
Observations are presented on ion concentration in winter deposits to coniferous and deciduous trees at an elevated site (860 m). Such sites, with persistent snow and ice cover and considerable deposition of atmospheric pollutants, are common in Eastern Canada and the North-Eastern U.S. Spot samples at a given sampling date and samples of total deposits accumulated over extended periods of time were taken during the winters of 1986–87 and 1987–88. Samples were analyzed for pH and the major anion and cations. Results of spot samples were similar between different sampling times (and years) for deposits on balsam fir but variable for those on branches and twigs of deciduous trees (birch, choke cherry). The chemistries of snow on the ground and snow on trees not in contact with foliage or branches were found not to be significantly different statistically (p<0.05). However, significant differences exist between concentrations of nutrient ions in snow and ice with and without contact with biological elements of coniferous and deciduous trees. This indicates occurrence of nutrient leaching during winter conditions, leading to possibly non-negligent nutrient stress for K? and Mg?. Based on spot and cumulative samples for balsam fir, and correcting for possible contributions from dry deposition, the contribution from leaching in winter deposits on balsam fir foliage has been estimated at 26, 14 and 9 μeq L?1, for K+, Ca++ and Mg++, respectively. With approximate estimates of stand characteristics and precipitation loading at the sampling sites, these figures represent 90/c, 1% and 8%, respectively, of the estimated annual growth component of the stand for K+, Ca++ and Mg++ This indicates the possibility of non-negligible nutrient stress for K+ and Mg+ during winter conditions at the given site.  相似文献   

12.
In the beginning of March 2006, polluted snow from a roadside in Luleå, in the north of Sweden, with a traffic intensity of approximately 7,400 vehicles per day, was collected. The snow was homogenously mixed and divided into samples of 30 litres. The initial volumes and densities of the snow samples were measured and calculated. The snow samples were melted in climate rooms, with four different experimental configurations, to investigate the influence of road salt, temperature, and surface slope upon the transport of total suspended solids (TSS) (three replicates for each experimental configuration). The total volume of snowmelt runoff was collected and analysed for pH, conductivity, and concentrations of TSS and chlorides. The results showed that measured concentrations, calculated mass loads, and performed statistical t-tests of TSS for the snowmelt of the four different configurations implied that the transported mass load of TSS was higher with the addition of road salt and at higher ambient temperatures. However, the results showed a lower mass load of transported TSS for the lower slope.  相似文献   

13.
东北低山丘陵区土地利用复杂,常有上坡积雪优先融化产流现象,不同产流模式融雪侵蚀过程不同.为深入了解上坡积雪优先融化条件下坡面融雪产流过程,采用室内模拟融雪试验,研究解冻期上坡融雪径流、坡度、坡长及积雪密度对坡面融雪产流过程的影响.结果表明：1）影响积雪融化速率的主要因素为上坡融雪径流,上坡融雪径流量为0.1L/s时,融雪速率为591 g/min,上坡融雪径流量增加至0.5 L/s时,融雪速率提高到1 121 g/min,融雪速率加快近2倍;2）坡度与积雪融化速率呈正相关关系,坡度为2°时,融雪速率为766 g/min,坡度提高至14°时,融雪速率增大到1 002 g/min;3）融雪速率随坡长增加整体呈上升趋势;4）积雪密度变化与积雪融化速率之间线型关系不明显.研究结果可为融雪侵蚀预报模型研究提供参考.  相似文献   

14.
In situ field measurements as well as targeted laboratory studies have shown that freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) affect soil trace gas fluxes. However, most of past laboratory studies adjusted soil moisture before soil freezing, thereby neglecting that snow cover or water from melting snow may modify effects of FTCs on soil trace gas fluxes. In the present laboratory study with a typical semi-arid grassland soil, three different soil moisture levels (32 %, 41 %, and 50 % WFPS) were established (a) prior to soil freezing or (b) by adding fresh snow to the soil surface after freezing to simulate field conditions and the effect of the melting snow on CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes during FTCs more realistically. Our results showed that adjusting soil moisture by watering before soil freezing resulted in significantly different cumulative fluxes of CH4, CO2, and N2O throughout three FTCs as compared to the snow cover treatment, especially at a relatively high soil moisture level of 50 % WFPS. An increase of N2O emissions was observed during thawing for both treatments. However, in the watering treatment, this increase was highest in the first thawing cycle and decreased in successive cycles, while in the snow cover treatment, a repetition of the FTCs resulted in a further increase of N2O emissions. These differences might be partly due to the different soil water dynamics during FTCs in the two treatments. CO2 emissions were a function of soil moisture, with emissions being largest at 50 % WFPS and smallest at 32 % WFPS. The largest N2O emissions were observed at WFPS values around 50 %, whereas there were only small or negligible N2O emissions from soil with relatively low soil water content, which indicates that a threshold value of soil moisture might exist that triggers N2O peaks during thawing.  相似文献   

15.
‘Acid-flush’ events, monitored in an upland catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains (Scotland) at the time of the spring-thaw, are associated with an increase in stream discharge and raised concentrations of both major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, N03, and SO,) and trace-elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb), in addition to H+. The streamwater chemistry is determined by the hydrological pathways which are operative in the catchment during these periods of snowmelt, and reflects both the meltwater composition and the influence of the soils within the catchment. Aluminium, in particular, is leached from the soils and high concentrations (up to 330 μg L?1) occur in the streamwaters. The presence of frozen soils, which result largely due to the influence of meteorological conditions prior to the accumulation of the snowpack, is likely to have a large impact on the Al concentrations in the streamwaters. The low concentrations of Ca monitored in the stream during the periods of snow-melt (<0.2 mg L?1) may promote subsequent toxic effects of the Al to aquatic life forms.[/p]  相似文献   

16.
The influence of hydrological conditions and overburden type on the stream-water quality in a catchment effected by fine-grained sulfide-bearing sediments was studied. Water samples for measurement of pH and electric conductivity were collected at 16 sites along the main course of the stream during autumn and spring high water flow and during low and intermediate water flow. On one occasion (spring high-water flow) samples for analysis of total organic carbon were collected at these sites. Seventeen water samples for analyses of chemical elements (ICP-MS and ICP-AES) were taken within the catchment basin during autumn high water flow. The pH and conductivity of snow, and the geochemistry of the sulfide sediments were also studied. The occurrence of fine-grained sediments within the catchment was estimated from topographic and geologic maps and by visit to areas were the overburden type could not be determined from the maps. The hydrological conditions had a strong influence on the water quality. During high water flow in spring and autumn the concentrations of ionic components (conductivity) and hydrogen ions in the stream water were high, while the concentrations were much lower during low and intermediate water flow and when the ground was frozen. Extensive leaching of the sulfide-bearing sediments, which had higher contents of S and metals than the fine fraction of till in the study area, resulted in elevated contents of Li, Ni, Zn, Co, B, Al, Mg, U, Sr, Ca, K and Na in the stream water during autumn high water flow. The contents of Cr, Ba, Pb, Si and Fe in stream water were not much influenced by the type of overburden, while V was depleted in drainage waters from the sulfide sediments. Humic substances flocculated in the water in the middle section of the stream, which may have been caused by di- and trivalent metal cations leached in large quantities from the oxidizing sulfide sediments.  相似文献   

17.
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. (ICP-AES), graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS) and gas chromatography with an atomic absorption detector (GC-AAS) were used for the analysis of atmospheric samples collected in the Toronto area of Southern Ontario. Airborne particulate matter and particulate and soluble fractions of snow were analyzed for S, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, As, and Hg. Also, determinations of organic Hg compounds in filtered snow were performed. The element concentrations in airborne particulate matter from Toronto were similar in amount to those found in other major cities and were the highest in winter. Regional differences in the chemical composition of snow were shown to be related to industrial density. The majority of elements existed in the highest concentrations in the soluble fraction of snow, except for Al, Fe, and Pb, which were largely present in particulate matter. Differences in the distribution of elements in particulate matter in fresh and old snow were observed and depended on particle size and element. The results demonstrated the usefulness of snow as an indicator of atmospheric pollution.  相似文献   

18.
Contaminants in Arctic Snow Collected over Northwest Alaskan Sea Ice   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Snow cores were collected over sea ice from four northwest Alaskan Arctic estuaries that represented the annual snowfallfrom the 1995–1996 season. Dissolved trace metals, major cationsand anions, total mercury, and organochlorine compounds weredetermined and compared to concentrations in previous arctic studies. Traces (<4 nanograms per liter, ng L-1) of cis- and trans-chlordane, dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate, dieldrin, endosulfan II, andPCBs were detected in some samples, with endosulfan I consistently present. High chlorpyrifos concentrations (70–80 ng L-1) also were estimated at three sites. The snow washighly enriched in sulfates (69–394 mg L-1), with highproportions of nonsea salt sulfates at three of five sites (9 of 15 samples), thus indicating possible contamination throughlong-distance transport and deposition of sulfate-rich atmospheric aerosols. Mercury, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, and uranium were typically higher in the marine snow (n = 15) in relation to snow from arctic terrestrial studies, whereas cations associated with terrigenous sources, such as aluminum,frequently were lower over the sea ice. One Kasegaluk Lagoon site (Chukchi Sea) had especially high concentrations of totalmercury (mean = 214 ng L-1, standard deviation = 5 ng L-1), but no methyl mercury was detected above the method detection limit (0.036 ng L-1) at any of the sites. Elevated concentrations of sulfate, mercury, and certain heavymetals might indicate mechanisms of contaminant loss from the arctic atmosphere over marine water not previously reported overland areas. Scavenging by snow, fog, or riming processes and thehigh content of deposited halides might facilitate the loss of such contaminants from the atmosphere. Both the mercury and chlorpyrifos concentrations merit further investigation in view of their toxicity to aquatic organisms at low concentrations.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of the study was to investigate how the quality of snow varies within a city. The study area is situated in the Luleå municipality, in northern Sweden (lat. 65°35′N and long. 22°10′E). For this study, the city was divided into three different types of areas: housing areas, city centre and outskirts. In one area of each type, sampling sites were selected. Snow samples were taken at nine occasions, once every fourteenth day in the city centre and in the housing area. Analyses were carried out for pH, conductivity, suspended solids and both the total and dissolved concentration of phosphorus and selected metals. It was concluded that traffic or activities related to traffic were a major source of heavy metals and phosphorus in urban snow, both in the city centre and in the housing area. Also, the type of area and the design of the street were important for the quality of snow. A clear relation was found between the pH and the quantity of suspended solids in the snow. Higher pH values were found in snow samples from sites with higher traffic loads, and lower pH values at sites, which were the no-traffic sites, with small quantities of particles. The particulate and dissolved substances in the snow behaved in different ways.  相似文献   

20.
Background, aim and scope  The urban environment in Bratislava is, in association with rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, significantly influenced by several potential sources of pollution, including automobile exhaust and industry emmissions. Urban road-deposited sediments contain many potentially toxic elements such as Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and also Fe at concentrations much higher than in soil. In this study, the chemical composition and spatial variability of road-deposited sediments in urban area of Bratislava were assessed for the elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Fe and Mn. Additional evaluation of archive data for soil, snow and atmospheric dust was undertaken to provide an integrated view on urban environment contamination. Materials and methods  Urban road-deposited sediments (RDS) were collected during summer 2003 and 2004 mainly from major city crossroads. RDS samples were analysed for total metal content, pseudo-total metal content (HNO3 digestion) and by a sequential extraction method, grain fraction composition and mineralogical composition (X-ray analysis). Metal concentrations in soil and snow samples from urban and non urban city area were compared. Results and discussion  The highest concentrations for all metals were found in the finest RDS fraction (<0.125 mm). Whilst in the fraction <1 mm mean concentrations of Cr, Cu and Pb reached 55.2, 143.8 and 34.4 mg kg−1, respectively, for the fraction <0.125 mm, markedly higher contents of these elements were documented at the level of 86.8, 218.4 and 63.1 mg kg−1, respectively. The soil contents of potentially toxic risk elements in the urban area including As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher than in the non-urban area (except for Cd with similar contents). This distribution pattern of evaluated chemicals in urban and non-urban area is more evident in the case of winter precipitation (snow). The snow concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in the urban area were two tot five times higher than in non-urban area. Conclusions and recommendations  Monitoring of road-deposited sediments, dust, soil and precipitation has confirmed the significant contamination of the urban environment in Bratislava with potentially toxic elements that can pose a threat for the health of its residents. Future works should be based on analyses of temporal variability of RDS and analyses of organic matter content.  相似文献   

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