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1.
宁镇地区137Cs与210Pbex 坡面分布特征的地统计学分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为更加深入地揭示核素示踪土壤侵蚀的内在机理,在Arcgis Geostatistics模块的支持下,运用地统计学方法研究了宁镇地区137Cs与210Pbex的空间异质性及其坡面分布特征。研究结果表明:(1)核素所特有的理化性质决定了137Cs与210Pbex的空间异质性及其坡面分布格局的与众不同。137Cs与210Pbex较大的块金值说明了土壤侵蚀及耕作活动等随机性因素对其空间分布的决定性影响,这正是它们能够示踪土壤侵蚀的原因所在。(2)137Cs属中等程度的空间自相关,其坡面分布格局能够较好地反映出地形这一结构性因素在其中所施加的影响,示踪土壤侵蚀的结果也应更为全面、合理,并具有宏观性。210Pbex的空间相关性很弱,说明其对随机性因素的影响有着更为敏感的响应,在揭示坡面侵蚀的细部特征方面应能做得更好。(3)137Cs与210Pbex坡面分布格局存在较大的差异,这一方面说明两者在初始沉降布局、部分理化性质,以及对各种变异影响因素的响应等诸多方面还存在着不小的差异;另一方面也在提示,两者示踪土壤侵蚀进程的结果很难通过数学模型的调整而达成一致。  相似文献   

2.
Microbial indicators exhibit a high spatial heterogeneity which often masks comparison of the effects of different soil management treatments. It is therefore desirable to use a proper sampling design which integrates spatial heterogeneity at field level. Thus, the objectives were: (1) to study the spatial heterogeneity of biological and chemical soil variables, and (2) with obtained maps of spatial variability to test different sampling strategies to assess the usefulness of this ‘new’ soil map unit. 63 soil samples were collected according to a 10 m × 10 m grid on a 0.48 ha plot. On each of these samples, 10 variables were measured: soil water content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (N), C/N, soil microbial biomass (SMB), labile soil organic matter (LOM), mineralisable C (Cmin) and N (Nmin), inverse of specific respiratory activity (1/SRA = SBM/Cmin). The spatial heterogeneity of each variable was charted with geostatistics. The biological variables exhibited spatial variability of the same order of magnitude as physicochemical parameters. From the maps, zones with different levels of organic matter, microbial biomass and specific respiratory activity were identified. The spatial patterns of SMB and SRA were related to CEC (positively for SMB and negatively for SRA), pointing out the effects of soil protection on microbial biomass and availability of organic substrates. The definition of these zones for a pool of variables (OC, N, SMB, LOM, CEC) is useful at 3 levels: (1) to record the initial values of the measured variables for each plot, (2) to integrate these zones as blocks in experimental design for future experiments, and (3) to focus analysis of specific biological mechanisms such as activity of micro-organisms.  相似文献   

3.
段金龙  张戈  任圆圆  张学雷  李卫东 《土壤》2021,53(5):1072-1080
水要素是重要的成土因素之一,土壤与地表水体空间分布格局之间存在密切联系。以中国中部典型农业区的土壤和地表水体数据为例,基于改良的土壤多样性计量方法计算并统计了1km网格尺度下的土壤类型个数、土壤构成组分多样性、土壤空间分布多样性和地表水体空间分布多样性等多类数据指数,探索了区域土壤与地表水体在地理空间分布格局上的内在联系。结果表明:①研究区内最具代表性土类潮土和褐土(两者面积加和占研究区总面积85%,两者空间分布多样性均大于0.8)的空间分布格局与区域地表水体的空间分布格局之间存在数据联系,回归分析中的判定系数R2大于0.5,这与水要素在两种土壤类型成土过程中所起的作用密切相关。②研究区面积的增加一般会造成地表水体对区域内土壤类型数量的影响作用减弱。与其他成土因素相比,水要素在土壤形成中影响作用的重要程度与研究尺度的大小有关。③基于资源地理空间分布离散性分析的土壤多样性计量方法及理论为水、土等不同资源类型的空间分布格局评价及其交互关系研究提供了理论及数据支持。  相似文献   

4.
中国拥有丰富的基塘景观。基塘水面作为基塘的主要部分,其空间形态关乎基塘经济、生态效益的发挥。为此,该研究旨在探寻能用于准确分析基塘水面空间形态的度量方法。该研究首先通过6个不同类型基塘水面样例,比较多个度量方法的有效性,据此选出合适方法;然后以珠三角的佛山市杏坛镇为研究区,将该方法用于分析区内基塘水面的空间形态特征及差异。研究结果表明:加权聚合邻近度(Weighted Aggregation and Closeness,WAC)指数对不同形态的度量结果相差10%以上,比其他15个常用度量方法更能有效地区分出规则塘和不规则塘的空间形态差异。研究区中,以整治后基塘为代表的规则塘的WAC均值比以未整治基塘为代表的不规则塘高40.18%,说明空间形态更加紧凑。规则塘空间形态在不同区域的差异较小;不规则塘的差异大于15%,在边缘位置的更为零碎。该研究为进一步探明不同基塘水面的形态特征与基塘经济、生态效益的关系奠定基础,同时也为分析其他不连接地理要素的空间形态提供应用参考。  相似文献   

5.
沂蒙山区桃园棕壤斥水性对理化性质的空间响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以沂蒙山区典型土地利用桃园棕壤为例,在分析降雨前后桃园棕壤斥水性与理化性质空间变异的基础上,探讨了棕壤斥水性对土壤含水量、有机质含量和土壤质地的空间响应特征。按照1 m×1 m网格等间距测定降雨前后土壤实际斥水性与含水量,同时采集表层0~3 cm土壤样品,分析其有机质含量与砂粒、粉粒、黏粒含量,并借助经典统计学、地统计学与空间自相关理论对土壤斥水性及理化性质进行空间格局与空间相关性分析。结果表明:沂蒙山区桃园棕壤的斥水程度强烈,雨后斥水性显著降低;降雨前后棕壤斥水性均具有中等变异水平和较强的空间自相关性,且呈指数模型分布,各向异性显著。受结构变异和随机变异作用,斥水性空间格局沿耕作方向呈条带状分布,在其垂直方向上最小变程为1.4 m。土壤质地是影响棕壤斥水性空间变异的主要因素,斥水性与粉粒含量呈空间正相关,与砂粒和黏粒含量呈空间负相关,相关程度粉粒砂粒黏粒;棕壤斥水性与含水量呈空间负相关,相关度雨前较弱,雨后显著。  相似文献   

6.
土壤性质空间变异对飞蝗卵块分布格局的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
季荣  谢宝瑜  李典谟  李哲 《土壤学报》2007,44(5):913-918
利用地统计学方法,在GIS平台下研究了沿海蝗区南大港水库土壤空间变异对东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis卵块分布格局的影响。结果表明,研究区域内土壤含盐量、5 cm土层含水量、土壤有机质和pH具有明显的空间异质性,其中前两者表现出较强的空间相关性,后两者具有中等强度的空间相关性。飞蝗卵块亦具有明显的空间自相关,且集中分布在研究区域内土壤含盐量较低(<1.9%)、含水量适中(10.1%~29.9%)的中部和东部地块,而在土壤含水量较高(>30%)的西部和盐分过重(>3%)的北部几乎没有卵块的分布。表明研究区域内飞蝗卵块的分布与土壤性质在空间上的变化有一定关系,即蝗区土壤性质空间异质在一定程度上决定了飞蝗卵块的空间分布格局。  相似文献   

7.
土壤水盐空间异质性及尺度效应的多重分形   总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10  
为了揭示研究区域林地内土壤含水率和电导率的空间分布特征及尺度效应,利用多重分形方法,对杨凌一林地内不同采样时间和不同采样面积下土壤含水率和电导率的空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明:3种采样面积下土壤含水率和电导率的空间异质性都分别随平均含水率和电导率的增大而减弱。随采样面积的增大,平均含水率和电导率较高时,土壤含水率的空间异质性趋于增强,土壤电导率的尺度效应不明显;平均含水率和电导率较低时,土壤含水率和电导率的空间分布都存在明显的斑块结构。不同采样时间和不同采样面积下土壤含水率和电导率的多重分形谱的形态有所差异,表明引起他们空间异质性的信息有所不同。多重分形分析能揭示出较多的采样林地内土壤含水率和电导率分布的局部信息。  相似文献   

8.
为准确表征祁连山国家公园产水量时空差异性,探究产水量影响因素和驱动机制。基于降水量、参考作物蒸散量、土壤深度、根系深度和土地利用类型等参数,利用InVEST模型可视化祁连山国家公园1990—2018年产水量时空格局,使用地理探测器并结合情景模拟方法,评估和量化气候、土地利用、植被、地形等因子对祁连山国家公园产水量空间异质性和产水量变化的影响。结果表明:(1)1990—2018年研究区产水量以0.56×108 m3/a的速度显著增加,在空间上呈自西向东递增趋势;(2)耕地和林地产水深度最大,未利用土地和草地是研究区产水量的主要贡献者,且产水深度高值区位于3 200~4 600 m高海拔处;(3)降水量是产水量空间异质性的第一驱动因素,与实际蒸散量以及土地利用类型的交互作用占主导地位;(4)1990—2018年,气候变化是产水量变化的主要驱动因子,对总产水量影响为正向作用,其次为土地利用变化,主要影响产水量变化的空间分布,对总产水量影响不大。研究成果可进一步为祁连山国家公园水资源管理和可持续发展提供基础理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
基于GIS/CSLE的四川省水土流失重点防治区土壤侵蚀研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
掌握四川省省级水土流失重点防治区水土流失情况、空间分异规律及其内在驱动因素对生态预警和土壤侵蚀治理等具有重要意义。应用中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)计算四川省省级水土流失重点防治区土壤侵蚀状况,通过不同土壤侵蚀敏感性评价方法识别中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)敏感因子,借助地理探测器探究重点防治区土壤侵蚀空间分异规律及其内在驱动力。结果表明:四川省省级水土流失重点防治区水土流失面积占比27.16%,平均土壤侵蚀模数为806.08 t/(km^2·a),属于轻度侵蚀,但区内土壤侵蚀差异明显,局部存在严重水土流失;土壤侵蚀敏感性分析表明,生物措施因子B是中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)中最敏感的因子;不同水土保持分区土壤侵蚀定量归因表明,土地利用方式是土壤侵蚀空间异质性的主要驱动力,且影响因子两两交互均能增加对土壤侵蚀空间分布的解释能力,各因子在不同水土保持分区作用程度存在显著差异。因而,在应用中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)计算土壤侵蚀量时,基于不同研究区针对较为敏感因子建立区域化算法是提高计算精度的关键。  相似文献   

10.
土壤水空间分布结构的时间稳定性   总被引:19,自引:2,他引:19  
周启友  岛田纯 《土壤学报》2003,40(5):683-690
通过在野外 3 5m× 3 5m的正方形试验区域高密度布置多个电极和定时扫描测定土壤电阻的方法 ,利用反演计算和土壤电阻率与含水量之间的关系 ,计算出了不同时间的土壤含水量在三维空间上的分布。通过对由此获得的含水量资料的分析 ,探讨了土壤水在三维空间上的分布特征及其在时间上的稳定性。结果表明 ,试验区的土壤含水量在三维空间上的分布是非均质的和各向异性的 ,这种非均质性不是随机的而是具有一定的结构或模式 ,这一结构或模式在时间上是相对稳定的。  相似文献   

11.
杨蕴  崔孜铭  熊贵耀  王锦国  吴吉春 《土壤》2023,55(3):464-473
场地土壤-地下水有机污染空间分布受场地温度场、水动力场、化学场和生物场等多场控制。明晰有机污染物在土壤-地下水系统中的空间分布规律和驱动机制,定量模拟污染迁移过程,是有效开展污染控制与修复的前提。在众多的影响因素中,温度通过改变有机污染物的理化性质及多相流、化学/生物作用驱动参数,进而影响其在土水介质中的迁移及空间分布。本文综述了有机污染物理化性质(密度、黏度、溶解度)和有机污染化学/生物驱动(挥发、吸附和生物降解)关键参数与温度之间的解析关系,及考虑温度影响的土壤-地下水中有机污染传质过程模拟的研究进展,并针对目前模拟研究的不足提出了耦合温度场的土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移数学模型,为定量探究温度耦合驱动下的有机污染物迁移转化过程和规律提供启示。  相似文献   

12.
基于物质平衡的对虾高位池循环水养殖系统设计与试验   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为建立一种高效、低成本的高位池循环水养殖系统构建技术,采用物质平衡相关原理,结合水净化设施构建技术,精准设计确立水处理系统物理过滤设施体积、生物过滤设施体积、循环量及供氧量等关键参数,并优化系统结构,建立融斜管沉淀设施、流化床生物过滤设施、增氧于一体的设施型高位池循环水养殖系统。应用该系统开展凡纳滨对虾运行试验,结果表明:p H值7.43~8.03,溶解氧5.32~7.82 mg/L,氨氮值0.06~0.54 mg/L,水质调控良好;系统养殖负荷2.26 kg/m3,饲料系数1.17,成活率81.3%,取得高效养殖生长结果;单茬利润3.34万元,亩均年利润2.67万元(按1年3茬计),获得良好经济效益。该研究系统主要参数设定值(预期值)与实测值吻合较好,可为高位池养殖模式可持续发展提供借鉴。  相似文献   

13.
This study presents the application of multivariate statistical tools for the evaluation of spatial variations and the interpretation of water quality data obtained in a monitoring program of Lis river basin surface water, Portugal. Twenty-seven physicochemical and microbiological parameters were determined in six water sampling campaigns at 16 monitoring sites during the period from September 2003 to November 2006. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were performed to evaluate the main water pollution sources and to characterize the spatial distribution of water pollution profiles in river basin. The results achieved with the statistical methodologies led to distinguish natural and anthropogenic pollution sources. Additionally, monitoring sites with similar water pollution profile were identified, indicating that some monitoring locations can be changed to improve the spatial characterization of water quality in the river basin. CBO, CQO, P, and N were identified as significant variables affecting spatial variations, namely in the Lis river middle reach. Besides the identification of main pollution sources, the applied statistical tools were able to identify spatial patterns of water pollution in Lis river basin, which further helps in the reassessment of the number and location of monitoring sites.  相似文献   

14.
探析生态系统服务的变化特征及其权衡与协同关系,为制定生态环境保护政策和区域发展规划提供决策参考。利用1990—2018年4期土地利用数据,运用当量因子法、GIS空间分析与地理探测器模型,基于格网尺度刻画安徽省生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values, ESV)时空演变特征和权衡/协同关系,探讨了影响ESV空间分异的主要因素及其交互作用。结果表明:(1)在1990—2018年期间安徽省ESV呈不断减少趋势,从研究初期的3 647.37亿元(1990年)减少至3 567.78亿元(2018年),下降了79.59亿元。(2)空间尺度上,ESV空间分布格局变化较小,空间异质性明显,呈现明显的南高北低的空间分异特征。(3)数值关系上,4种典型生态系统服务之间呈现不同强度的协同关系。空间分布上,生态系统服务的空间权衡/协同表现出显著的分异特征,一对生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系因空间尺度不同而存在一定差异。(4)县域尺度ESV空间分异格局是多种因素综合作用的结果,其中人口密度和人为影响综合指数对区域ESV空间差异的决定力显著强于其他因素。两两驱动因子交互作用对ESV的影响力...  相似文献   

15.
Spatial distribution of Locusta migratoria manilensis eggpods and soil properties (water content at 5 cm depth, salinity, organic matter and pH) was studied by integrating geostatistical analysis and GIS techniques. During 2 years of surveys over the entire study area (6000 ha), extensive data (292 regularly grids with 450-m intervals), coupled with intensive data (2601 regularly grids of 0.5-m separation) were used to characterize spatial patterns of L. m. manilensis eggpods and soil property variability and to explore the relationship between them. Semivariograms indicated the eggpods and four soil properties showed high spatial heterogeneity. The spatial distribution of eggpods, at distances ranging from 50-452 m in spatial autocorrelation, was best described using the spherical model. Spatial autocorrelation in total spatial heterogeneity in soil water content at 5 cm, salinity, organic matter and pH were 76.15, 78.04, 57.19 and 61.85%, respectively, and the scales of spatial heterogeneity were 621, 594, 1014 and 1368 m, respectively. GIS assessment maps of eggpods and soil properties, derived by block kriging, displayed patterns of the locust eggpods and soil property variability at an area-wide scale. Most eggpods (66.27% and 72.24% for 2002 and 2003, respectively) were found at the areas with low salinity (<2.0% approximately), suitable water content at 5 cm (10.1-20.0%). No eggpods were found at such areas with high soil water content at 5 cm (>30%) and salinity (>3%). In a way, the spatial distribution pattern of locust eggpods mainly depended on the soil heterogeneity at the study area. t-Tests indicated that sites between with eggpods and without eggpods were significantly different only in soil water content at 5 cm depth and salinity. The results may provide useful information on sampling in the field, forecasting and monitoring locust plague and reclaiming coastal locust breeding areas in China.  相似文献   

16.
赵龙山  张青峰  梁心蓝  吴发启 《土壤》2011,43(3):446-452
在ArcGIS9.3和SPSS16.0平台的支持下,通过Moran’sⅠ指标对人工掏挖和人工锄耕措施下坡面填洼量的空间自相关性进行了分析,初步揭示了此2种耕作措施下坡面填洼量的空间分布格局。结果表明:全局Moran’sⅠ小于或等于0,基本呈弱的负空间自相关;坡度对填洼量空间分布格局的影响不明显;填洼量的空间自相关性与填洼量大小有关。因此,填洼量空间格局呈大小交错,空间异质性较强的分布特征,但其所受填洼量大小的影响还需进一步研究。  相似文献   

17.
引入优先流理论分析氯盐污染物在边坡土壤中的迁移机制,对揭示公路工业盐污染物迁移规律和保护路域环境具有重要意义。以鹤大高速低路基公路边坡土壤为例,采用染色示踪试验对土壤优先流路径的位置进行确定,并应用景观生态学中的空间点格局分析方法O-ring统计,对不同影响半径土壤优先流路径水平分布特征及其空间关联性进行分析。结果表明:边坡土壤优先流路径发育深度可达40 cm;相同影响半径优先流路径的数量随着土层深度的增加而减少,同一土层优先流路径的数量随影响半径的增大逐渐减少;随着影响半径的增加,聚集分布趋于显著;不同影响半径的优先流路径之间的关联性相对独立。O-ring统计,能从统计学角度量化分析土壤优先流路径的分布特征,丰富了优先流的研究方法。  相似文献   

18.
基于径流曲线数模型的江淮丘陵区塘坝复蓄次数计算模型   总被引:6,自引:5,他引:1  
针对江淮丘陵区塘坝体系复蓄次数计算问题的重要性与复杂性,提出运用SCS模型处理塘坝灌区无资料水文模拟计算问题,构建了塘坝灌区降雨径流模拟模型,并依据Penman-Monteith公式计算了各典型作物的需水量,进而实现了对江淮丘陵区塘坝灌溉系统的水量平衡分析,合理地推算了塘坝系统复蓄次数,找出塘坝灌区现状灌溉体系中存在的问题,可为江淮丘陵区塘坝工程规划、种植结构调整以及灌溉制度的确定提供理论支撑,具有明显的实际指导意义和重要的推广应用价值。  相似文献   

19.
The relationships between the spatial distribution of ground-cover and terrain attributes were examined in the Tabernas badlands (SE Spain) in order to understand the terrain-dependent driving forces of the spatially heterogeneous ground cover. Ground cover was mapped in the field and terrain attributes were derived from a 1-m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The association of spatial distribution of the landforms resulting from a regionalisation (using a nonhierarchical classification of the topographic overlays) and the ground-cover pattern was proved. From the analysis of relationships between terrain attributes and proportional abundance of ground-cover types, it was found that ground cover is arranged along topographic gradients: plant-covered surfaces are more abundant on low slope angles, concave slopes, relatively large contributing areas and with low length slope factor values. Unvegetated surfaces show contrary trends and lichens are associated with intermediate conditions. Relationships with local terrain attributes, such as slope angle or elevation, are more pronounced than those with terrain attributes related to sediment and water transfer, such as contributing area, wetness index or length slope factor which could be explained by the heterogeneity of runoff that is usually shorter than the hillslope length. The relationships established between the spatial distribution of ground-cover types and terrain attributes provide the basis for future development of a tool for mapping spatial distribution of ground cover in similar areas from only topographic information.  相似文献   

20.
Within the sensitive soils of the River Oder Basin (E Brandenburg, Germany), chloride‐tracer transport was studied with respect to soil‐surface conditions of the well structured clayey topsoil (disturbed vs. undisturbed) and irrigation mode (flooding vs. sprinkling). The spatial variation of chloride and dye distribution was sampled in a regular grid within different soil depths. Different methods were used for the analysis of spatial heterogeneity: a heterogeneity index HI derived from fitting parameters of the cumulative distribution function, semivariogram analyses to identify the spatial representativity of observations and to classify the spatial variation, and Spearman's rank correlations to examine the spatial similarity of tracer distribution across different soil depths. Soil aggregation was obvious throughout the soil profile, and macropores and fractures were preferred flow paths for the tracer. Flood irrigation resulted in more “uniform” distribution than sprinkling did. However, preferential flow was identified for all treatments, where, once established below the surface layer, flow paths led to heterogeneity indices manifesting nonuniform flow and reduced lateral mixing between macropores and soil matrix. Within the flooded plot, spatial structure of chloride concentration was moderate unlike the strongly structured variation within the sprinkled plots. For purposes to generalize and to assess regional risk of the water and solute transport within the topsoil of the River Oder Basin, spatial autocorrelation ranges of about 15 cm should be considered and included into concepts of soil protection and land‐use management, soil‐sampling strategies, or modeling approaches.  相似文献   

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