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1.
Background: The presence of albumin in urine, even in small amounts, is always abnormal and usually reflects kidney dysfunction. Different techniques are commercially available for the measurement of microalbuminuria in dogs. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of semiquantitative test strips, urine protein electrophoresis, and a validated immunoturbidimetric assay in the measurement of microalbuminuria in dogs. Methods: Urine samples were collected from 307 dogs presented to The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, for a variety of clinical conditions. Urine was collected by midstream free catch (193/307, 63%), cystocentesis (89/307, 29%), or catheterization (25/307, 8%). Routine urinalysis was performed on all samples. Albumin was measured by using semiquantitative test strips, by agarose gel electrophoresis, and by an automated immunoturbidimetric assay designed for human samples (considered as the gold standard). The latter was validated using a purified canine albumin standard. Results: The immunoturbidimetric assay had within‐assay and between‐assay coefficients of variation (CV) of 1.3% and 5.0%, respectively, overall recovery of 97.1%, and high linearity (r=.985). Of the samples with measurable albumin (>1.4 mg/L) by the immunoturbidimetric assay, 57/195 (29%) were negative for albumin using the semiquantitative test strips and 138/195 (71%) were positive. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPE) and immunoturbidimetric results had a concordance CV of 86%. Conclusions: UPE and semiquantitative test strips are less accurate than the automated immunoturbidimetric method for the measurement of albumin in canine urine.  相似文献   

2.
The Incstar(R) SPQ II human haptoglobin (Hpt) (Incstar Corporation, Stillwater, MN) immunoturbidimetric assay was validated for the determination of serum and plasma Hpt concentrations in dogs and horses. The anti-human Hpt antiserum supplied with the assay, displayed monospecificity to both dog and horse serum Hpt by immunoelectrophoresis and Western blotting techniques. The automated immunoturbidimetric assay results correlated well with the cyanmethemoglobin binding assay (r=0.953 for canine serum and r=0.941 for equine serum), and had excellent precision at both high and low serum Hpt concentrations (within run and between run coefficients of variation near or less than 5%). The assay was linear in both species by serial dilution of pooled-high serum with pooled-low serum, saline and with Hpt-free serum. Interference from hemolysis (> 25 mg/dl hemoglobin) and lipemia greater than 100 mg/dl caused a false decrease and false increase respectively in Hpt yield with the immunoturbidimetric assay. The anti-Hpt antibody supplied with the assay kit, once diluted with polymer diluent and stored at 4 degrees C, was stable for up to 6 days and gave consistent results.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract: D-dimer is a neoantigen formed when thrombin initiates the transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin; it is derived from plasmin digestion of cross-linked fibrin. In human medicine, the usefulness of this analyte in diagnosing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has been assessed in patients fulfilling the clinical and laboratory requirements for this disorder. In canine medicine, the use of D-dimer is relatively new. Detailed studies are needed to understand the relationship between D-dimer concentration in plasma and DIC status in dogs. We validated a D-dimer immunoturbidimetric assay (Tina-quant [a] D-Dimer, Boehringer Mannheim) in canine citrated plasma samples. Intra-assay and interassay variability (coefficient of variation) was 5.63% and 8.82%, respectively. The assay was linear, using 2 samples with low and high D-dimer concentrations (r = .996 and .998). Accuracy was 102.2% and 95.7% based on a recovery study in which 2 samples were assessed. Reference values for D-dimer were established using 70 healthy dogs that were assessed clinically and evaluated on the basis of a complete laboratory workup. The reference range was set between 0.02 and 0.28 μg/mL (chi-square test for normal distribution, P > .05).  相似文献   

4.
An immunoturbidimetric assay for canine C-reactive protein   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Antiserum was raised in sheep against canine C-reactive protein (CRP) and antibody, which was not specific for CRP, was removed by absorption with normal canine serum protein linked to agarose beads. The antiserum was used to develop an immunoturbidimetric assay for canine CRP on a MIRA (Roche Diagnostics) automated clinical biochemical analyser and assessed for routine analysis of CRP in canine serum samples. The assay gave standard curves with each standard having a coefficient of variance (CV) between 4.8 and 11%, interassay CVs below 11% and intra-assay CVs of less than 5%. Parallel dilution curves were obtained with purified CRP diluted in buffer and with endogenous CRP in serum diluted with buffer or with a serum with a negligible CRP content. The immunoturbidimetric assay results correlated with the results obtained using an ELISA method, r=0.88. The immunoturbidimetric assay of canine CRP proved to be suitable for the routine analysis of canine CRP.  相似文献   

5.
A reproducible high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for analysis of uric acid in canine serum and urine. The method consists of precipitating serum proteins with phosphotungstic acid prior to HPLC analysis. Urine is analyzed after dilution with buffer. Chromatography is performed on a reversed-phase C-18 column with UV detection at 292 nm. Sensitivity of the method will allow reproducible measurement of uric acid at concentrations of 0.05 mg/dl in serum and 0.1 mg/dl in urine. The HPLC method has been used to quantify hundreds of canine serum and urine samples. The method is superior to UV absorption or colorimetric methods because its lower limit of detection allows measurement of uric acid at concentrations found in canine serum and urine.  相似文献   

6.
A commercially available leukocyte esterase assay was evaluated for application in analyzing canine urine for the detection of pyuria. In 229 urine samples, the leukocyte esterase activity was compared with leukocyte concentrations, as assessed by microscopic sediment analysis and chamber cell counts. The leukocyte esterase assay was specific (93.2%) for canine pyuria, but was poorly sensitive (46.0%) and did not appear to be applicable to analysis of canine urine samples.  相似文献   

7.
Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 9 dogs given 84 mg of metrizamide/kg of body weight intrathecally were collected at intervals from 3 hours to 30 days after treatment and were compared with CSF samples collected before metrizamide treatment (base line) and with samples taken at similar intervals from 2 nontreated control dogs. Increased CSF albumin (mean 19.2 mg/dl) and immunoglobulin (Ig) G (mean 5.91 mg/dl) concentrations occurred 1 day after myelography, compared with base-line concentrations (6.15 and 1.24 mg/dl, respectively) and with concentrations from controls. Immunoglobulin M and IgA concentrations also were increased in some of these samples. However, immediately after myelography (3 hours after treatment) CSF albumin and IgG concentrations were comparable with those of controls, and these values returned to base line within 5 days of myelography and remained so for 30 days. A high correlation between albumin and IgG concentrations of individual CSF samples indicated the likelihood that leakage across the blood-CSF barrier was the origin of the increased values. A transient increase in CSF leukocytes, consisting of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, was also noticed 1 day after treatment but not at other times and not in controls. Nonsuppurative, predominately histiocytic meningitis of decreasing intensity was noticed in dogs euthanatized at 1 or 5 days, but not in dogs euthanatized at 10, 20, or 30 days after treatment. The meningeal cells stained intensely with periodic acid-Schiff stain and intracellular contrast medium was ultrastructurally apparent in phagolysosomes. Control dogs killed after 30 days did not have these changes. The intrathecal administration of metrizamide resulted in transient leakage of serum components into CSF and an accompanying transient meningitis.  相似文献   

8.
Background: D‐dimer measurement in dogs is considered the most reliable test for detecting disseminated intravascular coagulation or thromboembolism. Objectives: The purposes of this study were to compare 2 D‐dimer assays, a quantitative immunoturbidimetric and a semiquantitative latex agglutination assay, and to assess the effect of hemolysis and storage conditions on D‐dimer concentration using the quantitative assay. Methods: The immunoturbidimetric assay was validated using canine citrated plasma samples containing different concentrations of D‐dimer. The effect of storage at various temperatures and times was assessed. Hemolysis was produced by adding lysed RBCs to the samples for a final hemoglobin concentration of 0.35 g/dL. Results: For clinically relevant values (>250 μg/L), intra‐assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 6.8% and 7.2%. The assay was linear (r2=1.00), and the tests had good agreement (κ=0.685, P<.001). Storage at 4 °C and ?20 °C and hemolysis had no significant effect on D‐dimer concentrations. In hemolyzed samples stored at room temperature for ≥48 hours, fine clots were noted and often resulted in falsely increased D‐dimer concentrations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the immunoturbidimetric assay validated in this study is reliable and accurate for the measurement of D‐dimer in canine plasma. Samples can be stored for up to 1 month at ?20 °C and moderate hemolysis does not significantly affect the D‐dimer concentration in frozen or refrigerated samples.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of an automated canine C-reactive protein (CRP) assay and evaluate 2 human CRP assays for use in dogs. Animals-56 client-owned dogs with pyometra and 11 healthy control dogs. PROCEDURES: Samples from 11 dogs with high (> 100 mg/L) or low (< 10 mg/L) CRP concentrations (determined by use of a canine ELISA) were evaluated by use of the automated canine CRP assay. Intra- and interassay imprecision was determined (by use of those 2 plasma pools), and assay inaccuracy was assessed by use of logistic regression analysis of results obtained via ELISA and the automated canine CRP assay. Two automated human CRP assays were used to measure plasma CRP concentration in 10 dogs. RESULTS: By use of the ELISA, mean +/- SD plasma CRP concentration was 96.1 +/- 38.5 mg/L and 10.1 +/- 23.2 mg/L in dogs with pyometra and control dogs, respectively. The automated canine assay had intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of 7.8% and 7.9%, respectively, and interassay CVs of 11.1% and 13.1%, respectively. Results from the automated assay were highly correlated with results obtained via ELISA. The human assay results did not exceed 0.4 mg/L in any dog. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The automated canine CRP assay had less interassay imprecision, compared with the ELISA. The 2 human CRP assays were not suitable for analysis of canine plasma samples. The automated canine CRP assay was more precise than the ELISA for serial evaluations of plasma CRP concentration in dogs.  相似文献   

10.
Background — Commercial testing for microalbuminuria in human urine is often performed with point-of-care semiquantitative test strips followed by quantitative testing when indicated. An ELISA that quantifies canine urine albumin concentration has been developed, but semiquantitative test strips for use in the dog are not available.
Objective — The purpose of this study was to prospectively determine the concordance of canine urine albumin concentrations measured by a commercial human test strip and by ELISA.
Methods — Urine samples were obtained from 67 dogs evaluated for a variety of clinical conditions. Dipstick urinalyses were performed on all samples; clinician discretion determined method of urine collection and performance of urine sediment examination and/or urine culture. Urine albumin concentration was determined using test strips (Clinitek Microalbumin, Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, Ind, USA), and results were compared with those obtained by ELISA.
Results — The Clinitek strips correctly determined albumin concentration in 42 of 67 (63%) urine samples tested. Concordance was lowest (48%) for dogs with microalbuminuria (10–300 μg/mL by ELISA). Clinitek strip sensitivity and specificity for correct identification of microalbuminuria were 48% and 75%, respectively. Concordance was lower in dogs with urinary tract infection or hematuria and in samples collected by catheterization. Sensitivity and specificity for correct identification of microalbuminuria after exclusion of dogs with urinary tract infection or hematuria were 59% and 83%, respectively.
Conclusion — These results suggest that the Clinitek strips lack sufficient concordance with results obtained by ELISA to be reliable screening tests for microalbuminuria in the dog. A reliable semiquantitative point-of-care test for canine urine albumin concentrations below those detected by standard urine dipsticks is still needed.  相似文献   

11.
BACKGROUND: Urinary tract inflammation and hemorrhage are believed to be common causes of proteinuria in dogs based on results of studies that measured total urine protein concentration. A method to quantify urine albumin (UAlb) concentration in dogs recently has become available; however, the effect of inflammation on albuminuria is unknown. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were to determine the effects of urinary tract inflammation, as indicated by pyuria and sample blood contamination, on UAlb concentration and on urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratio in dogs. METHODS: Urine samples were obtained from dogs with pyuria that were presented to a veterinary teaching hospital or were part of a laboratory colony. To mimic the effects of hematuria, canine whole blood was added to a microscopically normal canine urine sample that had baseline albumin and total protein concentrations below the limits of detection. UAlb concentration was measured using a canine albumin-specific competitive ELISA. UPC ratio was determined using routine methods. RESULTS: Of 70 samples with pyuria, 67% had negligible UAlb concentrations and 81% had normal UPC ratios. UAlb concentration but not UPC ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in samples with concurrent hematuria or bacteriuria. When whole blood was added to normal urine, UAlb concentration did not exceed 1 mg/dL until the sample became visibly pink; the UPC did not exceed 0.4 at any dilution. CONCLUSIONS: Many dogs with pyuria do not have albuminuria or proteinuria; however, albuminuria may be more likely in dogs with pyuria and concurrent hematuria or bacteriuria. Hematuria may not cause an increase in UAlb concentration until it becomes macroscopic and even then may not increase the UPC ratio.  相似文献   

12.
BACKGROUND: Unfractionated heparin (UFH) has a complex pharmacologic profile that necessitates patient monitoring to prevent inadequate anticoagulation or overdosage and hemorrhage. Factor Xa inhibitory assays (to measure anti-Xa activity) are used to adjust UFH dosage and define safe and effective regimens for specific thrombotic disorders in humans. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the accuracy, linearity, and clinical utility of a chromogenic assay were assessed for monitoring UFH anti-Xa activity in canine plasma samples. METHODS: A commercial assay (Rotachrom Heparin, Diagnostica Stago, Parsippany, NJ, USA) was used to measure anti-Xa activity in canine plasma samples spiked with different concentrations of UFH. Background absorbance and assay linearity were compared for canine and human plasmas. Percentage recovery of UFH anti-Xa activity and intra- and interassay imprecisions were investigated by multiple measurements of canine plasma to which known amounts of UFH were added. The spiked plasma samples also were used to determine the heparin sensitivity of an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) test. RESULTS: Canine plasma samples were assayed at a higher dilution than were human plasma samples (3:8 versus 4:8) to eliminate higher background anti-Xa activity in canine plasma. Using this modification, the recovery of anti-Xa activity in canine plasma was linear (R2 > .9) at concentrations of 0 - 0.75 U/mL UFH. Intra- and interassay imprecisions for plasma samples containing 0.5 U/mL UFH were <10%, whereas samples containing 0.25 U/mL UFH had imprecisions of 13% and 24%, respectively. The anti-Xa activity range of 0.5 - 0.75 U/mL caused prolongation of aPTTs to 1.5 - 2.5 times the assay mean. CONCLUSION: Plasma anti-Xa activity of dogs treated with UFH can be accurately monitored using this commercially available chromogenic assay.  相似文献   

13.
BACKGROUND: Urine creatinine concentration often is used in ratios such as urine protein:creatinine to compensate for dilution or concentration of spot urine samples. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of different techniques of urine creatinine measurement currently available for veterinary practitioners. METHODS: In 104 samples of canine urine diluted 1:20 with distilled water, creatinine concentration was measured using a kinetic Jaffé reaction assay, and an enzymatic technique on an automatic analyzer (Elimat) and 3 benchtop analyzers (Reflovet, Scil; Vitros DT2, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics; Vettest 8008, IDEXX) used in veterinary practice. RESULTS: The Jaffé and enzymatic techniques on the Elimat were not significantly different, and their inaccuracy tested with human control urines was <5%. The benchtop analyzers underestimated creatinine concentration, especially at concentrations >2000 mg/L. Inaccuracy was higher with multilayer slide technology systems (Vitros and Vettest) than with the Reflovet system. Results were approximately 25% and 2% lower, respectively, than with the Elimat at urine creatinine concentrations about 2000 mg/L. CONCLUSION: Inaccuracy in urine creatinine measurements using benchtop analyzers should be taken into account when defining decision thresholds, which should be corrected according to the method used to avoid misinterpretations.  相似文献   

14.
This study was performed to investigate the diagnostic relevance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) high resolution electrophoresis. The laboratory technique was applied to 100 paired samples of canine CSF and serum, with paired samples tested during the same analytical run, as recommended in human medicine. Ninety four of the dogs had a neurological disease and 6 healthy dogs served as a control group. A strong linear correlation between CSF total protein concentration and the albumin quota (AQ) was found in the control group and in the inflammatory (infectious or noninfectious), neoplastic, and miscellaneous groups: AQ = 0.015 CSF total protein--0.102, r = 0.990. This correlation suggests that an increased CSF total protein concentration can be an indicator of blood brain barrier dysfunction. The highest median AQ value was found in the aseptic suppurative meningitis group, but no statistical differences were found between this and the other groups. The AQ, calculated with this technique, did not provide any additional information. Moreover, although unexpected, the electrophoretic profiles were not characteristic of any particular disease. In conclusion, this study did not confirm high resolution electrophoresis of paired CSF and serum samples to be a valuable ancillary diagnostic tool for canine neurological diseases.  相似文献   

15.
The clinical utility of the urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UAC) using a simplified analyzer for estimation of proteinuria was studied in cats and dogs. Measurement results for diluted feline and canine albumin standard solutions showed linearity. Although conversion formulas (y=1.28x+1.04 and y=1.67x+10.47 for cats and dogs, respectively) were necessary, urine albumin concentrations could be determined in both animals. In cats and dogs with proteinuria, the UAC changed parallel with the urine protein/ creatinine ratio (UPC), and the Log UAC and Log UPC were significantly correlated (r=0.803 (p<0.01) in cats, r=0.801 (p<0.01) in dogs). The UAC using an UAC analyzer could be used clinically as one of the basic in-hospital laboratory tests for estimation of proteinuria in cats and dogs.  相似文献   

16.
Background: C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker for inflammation in people and dogs. In people, an association between CRP concentration and atherosclerosis has been reported. Atherosclerosis is rare in dogs, but the Miniature Schnauzer breed may be at increased risk for developing this vascular disease. It is not known if CRP concentrations in Miniature Schnauzer dogs differ from those in other dog breeds. Objectives: Our objectives were to validate an automated human CRP assay for measuring CRP in dogs and compare CRP concentrations in healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs with those in non‐Miniature Schnauzer breeds. Methods: Sera from 37 non‐Miniature Schnauzer dogs with inflammatory disease were pooled and used to validate a human CRP immunoturbidimetric assay for measuring canine CRP. Blood was collected from 20 healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs and 41 healthy dogs of other breeds. Median serum CRP concentration of healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs was compared with that of healthy non‐Miniature Schnauzer dogs. Results: The human CRP assay measured CRP reliably with linearity between 0 and 20 mg/L. CRP concentration for healthy Miniature Schnauzer dogs (median 4.0 mg/L, minimum–maximum 0–18.2 mg/L) was significantly higher than for the healthy non‐Miniature Schnauzer dogs (median 0.1 mg/L, minimum–maximum 0–10.7 mg/L); 17 of the 20 Miniature Schnauzer dogs had values that overlapped with those of the non‐Miniature Schnauzer dogs. Conclusions: Median CRP concentration of Miniature Schnauzer dogs was slightly higher than that of other breeds of dogs. A relationship between higher CRP concentration in Miniature Schnauzer dogs and idiopathic hyperlipidemia, pancreatitis, and possible increased risk for atherosclerosis remains to be determined.  相似文献   

17.
BACKGROUND: Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute phase protein that increases in concentration in infectious and inflammatory conditions. The serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of AGP may be useful in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a lethal disease of cats. Currently AGP can be measured by radioimmunodiffusion (RID) assays, which are time consuming and difficult. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to develop a rapid immunoturbidimetric assay for measurement of AGP in feline serum and peritoneal fluid and to compare the results with those obtained by RID. METHODS: AGP was purified by perchloric acid precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography from a pool of peritoneal fluid obtained from cats with FIP, as determined by a panel of laboratory tests, including serum AGP concentration, albumin: globulin ratio, and total protein concentration, anti-coronavirus antibody titers, and effusion analysis. The purified AGP in a complete Freund's adjuvant and Tween 20 mixture was injected into a sheep and blood was collected at monthly intervals. Anti-AGP antiserum, as confirmed by ELISA and Western blot techniques, and a pool of peritoneal fluid from cats with FIP were used to prepare standards. Clinical samples of feline peritoneal fluid (n=55) and serum (n=59) were assayed for AGP and results from the immunoturbidimetric and RID methods were compared. RESULTS: Significant correlation (P < .001) was obtained between methods for both peritoneal fluid (R2=.9259) and serum (R2=.9448) samples. Coefficients of variation for the immunoturbidimetric method were <5%. CONCLUSIONS: This rapid immunoturbidimetric assay for measurement of feline AGP in serum and peritoneal fluid may be of value in the diagnosis of FIP and possibly other inflammatory diseases in cats.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate several practice-adapted assays for determination of passive transfer status in crias. ANIMALS: 24 llama and 9 alpaca crias. DESIGN: Prospective study. PROCEDURE: Serum IgG concentration was measured by use of a radial immunodiffusion assay when crias were 45 to 51 hours old. Results were compared with serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and total solids concentrations, and results of commercially available and traditional sodium sulfite turbidity (SST) tests. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) serum IgG concentration was 1,762 +/- 1,153 mg/dl. On the basis of a threshold value of 1,000 mg of IgG/dl at 48 hours of age, 5 of 33 (15.15%) crias had failure of passive transfer. Serum total solids, protein, and globulin concentrations were significantly associated with serum IgG concentration, whereas serum GGT activity and serum albumin concentration were not. Serum IgG concentrations were significantly different among crias with negative, 2+, and 3+ scores on the traditional SST test. Serum IgG concentrations were not significantly different between crias with negative and 100 mg/dl scores or 100 and 300 mg/dl scores on the commercially available SST test. However, all other comparisons between crias with different scores revealed significant differences. Sensitivity and specificity ranged between 0 and 1, depending on the test and endpoint selected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The commercially available SST test and determination of serum total protein and globulin concentrations are suitable methods for assessing passive transfer status in llama and alpaca crias.  相似文献   

19.
BACKGROUND: Conventional techniques for canine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis require large sample volumes and are labor intensive and subject to operator variability. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ADVIA120 CSF assay for analysis of canine CSF samples. METHODS: CSF samples collected from 36 healthy control dogs and 17 dogs with neurologic disease were processed in parallel using the automated assay and established manual methods using a hemocytometer and cytocentrifugation. Results for WBC (total nucleated cell) count, RBC count, and differential nucleated cell percentages were compared using Spearman rank correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman bias plots. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients for WBC and RBC counts were 0.57 and 0.83 for controls, and 0.92 and 0.94 for ill dogs, respectively. Coefficients for the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were 0.53, 0.26, and 0.12 for controls and 0.77, 0.92, and 0.70 for dogs with neurologic disease. When data were combined (n=53), correlation coefficients were 0.86 and 0.91 for WBC and RBC counts, and 0.63, 0.43, and 0.30 for neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte percentages. A 9.5% positive bias and 7.0% negative bias were obtained for the ADVIA 120 CSF assay for lymphocytes and macrophages in dogs with neurologic disease with Bland-Altman analysis. A 12.2% positive bias was found for lymphocyte percentage in dogs with neurologic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Manual and automated CSF assays had moderate to excellent correlation for WBC and RBC concentrations, but results were more variable for differential cell percentages. The ADVIA assay may be more useful for assessment of canine CSF with adjustment of cell differentiation algorithms.  相似文献   

20.
The tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine, is an effective treatment for canine compulsive disorder (canine CD). This disorder is a clinical syndrome of abnormal conflict behaviors and its pathophysiology is unknown. However, because clomipramine is an effective treatment, information about the drug's neurochemical effect could enhance the understanding of canine CD. The following experiment used 6 behaviorally normal dogs to assess the effect of clomipramine (3 mg/kg, q24h, PO) on the central turnover of 3 monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) as measured by the concentrations of their respective metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In a randomized, placebo-controlled, AB-BA crossover experiment, cisternal CSF was taken after 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk on each treatment. No effect of clomipramine was detected. This contrasts with human studies that have suggested that clomipramine affects the concentrations of monoamine metabolites in lumbar CSF. However, those papers do not address methodological assumptions, such as (i) metabolites in CSF originate only from the brain, and (ii) concentrations of metabolites in cisternal/lumbar CSF reflect the concentrations in local areas of the brain. Notwithstanding the small sample size, our results suggest that more localized sampling techniques (e.g. microdialysis) are needed when examining the effect of drugs on central monoamine metabolites. Clomipramine's efficacy for canine CD indicates the need for neurobiological research and, to our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind in dogs. The resulting data are preliminary but they can inform optimal neurobiological studies of canine CD.  相似文献   

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