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1.
The larvae of the sloth moth, Cryptoses choloepi, live in the dung of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus infuscatus. Adult female moths apparently leave the fur of the sloth to oviposit when the sloth descends, once a week, to the forest floor to defecate. Newly emerged moths fly from the dung pile into the forest canopy to find a sloth.  相似文献   

2.
Organic remains, especially dung, of extinct ground sloths provide ideal material for radiocarbon dating. Rampart Cave, Arizona, revealed periodic occupation at intervals by the Shasta ground sloth from before 40,000 years ago until 11,000 years ago. Dates from other caves in the arid Southwest indicate that the Shasta ground sloth disappeared at very soon after the time of Clovis big game hunters. Ground sloth remains in South America are slightly younger. The timing of ground sloth extinction is in accord with the model of explosive overkill.  相似文献   

3.
In striking contrast to the seizure patterns of other animals, the electroshock seizure of the sloth consists of weak extension followed by tonic flexion and terminal clonus. A similar pattern is seen with direct spinal cord stimulation. Strychnine produces a pure flexor convulsion. In the spinal sloth, painful stimulation of one foot causes extension at some joints of that limb and strong flexion at all joints of the contralateral limb.  相似文献   

4.
Artibeus jamaicensis: delayed embryonic development in a neotropical bat   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
In Panama the phyllostomid bat Artibeus jamaicensis is seasonally polyestrous, and young are born in March or April and July or August. Blastocysts conceived after the second birth implant in the uterus but are dormant from September to mid-November, when normal development again resumes.  相似文献   

5.
Anthropologists need luck on their side when they search for key fossils or study monkeys in the wild, but their work can still hit the jackpot. That was clear at the 61 st annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropology, which brought more than 800 anthropologists to Las Vegas in early April. Among the reports was one on new fossils of early hominids in Ethiopia and another on extinct giant sloth lemurs in Madagascar.  相似文献   

6.
Sediment traps were deployed at several depths between 660 and 3800 meters in the Panama Basin. The flux of lithogenic particles increased with increasing depth. This increase was due primarily to particles of beidellite (a smectite clay), which was identical to the clay occurring in bottom sediment on the continental slope to the west of the sediment trap mooring. The beidellite vertical flux at the Panama Basin station increased when an easterly current prevailed and decreased when the current reversed, indicating that a major portion of smectite was transported horizontally at mid-water depth to the mooring site from the nearby continental slope.  相似文献   

7.
The concentrations of trace gases in tropical air from samples taken on the Isthmus of Panama are compared with those reported by others. The role of a tropical land mass as a sink or source of atmospheric components is discussed.  相似文献   

8.
Chromosomes of four species of Leishmania represented by ten different geographic isolates were analyzed by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis (PFG) to assess chromosome stability in these parasitic protozoans. Among different geographic isolates of the same subspecies, more than two-thirds of chromosomes had similar sizes, ethidium bromide staining intensities, and locations of alpha,beta-tubulin genes. However, among New World Leishmania, members of different species or subspecies have fewer than one-third of their chromosomes in common. Therefore, PFG karyotypes of Leishmania exhibit intraspecific variability similar to that reported for other parasitic protozoans. The greater similarities of the karyotypes of members of the same Leishmania subspecies may indicate that they represent valid taxa. These similarities also allowed the use of PFG in clinical diagnosis for rapid and accurate typing of patient isolates.  相似文献   

9.
The relative stability of amplified DNA in drug-resistant Leishmania major was previously reported to be dependent on location, that is, unstable amplified DNA was extrachromosomal and stable amplified DNA was chromosomal. Leishmanial chromosomes have now been directly examined by means of orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis (OFAGE). The amplified DNA's in three resistant cell lines displayed unusual migration and were clearly extrachromosomal, regardless of whether the amplified DNA's were stable or unstable. Thus, contrary to conclusions from earlier studies of drug resistance in cultured animal cells, stable amplified DNA in Leishmania can be extrachromosomal. In addition, these amplified DNA's were shown to be circular on the basis of their resistance to exonuclease III digestion and their behavior on OFAGE. Their mobility was also greatly changed after treatment with topoisomerase II, suggesting that the amplified DNA's were either supercoiled or concatenated circles.  相似文献   

10.
A growing literature on scholarly and practical approaches to conservation and development uses a livelihood approach to understand rural peoples’ diverse assets and activities, especially as they serve to minimize vulnerability to economic and ecological shocks. In recent years, the suite of potential assets available to rural households has been theorized as human, natural, physical, social, and cultural capitals and includes the context in which they are used. Here we explore Wounaan livelihood strategies and how they articulate with the dynamic political economic history of eastern Panama. Known in Panama as forest dependent swiddeners, semi-structured interviews and participant observation revealed Wounaan’s increasing reliance on fishing, artisanship, and ecotourism in their income profiles. While these income sources are linked to decreasing land availability and increasing market opportunities, we address the role of cultural beliefs and values in Wounaan negotiation of their income strategies. J. Vela′squez Runk has studied ecology and anthropology in eastern Panama for ten years. Presently she is a Resident Scholar at the School of American Research in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Gervacio Ortíz is a business student at the University of Panama and a resident of Majé, Panama. Wilio Quintero is a resident of Boca Lara, Panama. Cristobalino Quiróz is a resident of Boca Lara, Panama.  相似文献   

11.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The role of sand fly saliva in transmission of the disease was investigated by injecting mice with Leishmania major parasites in the presence of homogenized salivary glands from Lutzomyia longipalpis. This procedure resulted in cutaneous lesions of Leishmania major that were routinely five to ten times as large and contained as much as 5000 times as many parasites as controls. With inocula consisting of low numbers of Leishmania major, parasites were detected at the site of injection only when the inoculum also contained salivary gland material. This enhancing effect of sand fly salivary glands on cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred with as little as 10 percent of the contents of one salivary gland of one fly. Material obtained from other bloodsucking arthropods could not mediate the phenomenon.  相似文献   

12.
Earthquakes occasionally denude large areas of tropical forest: for example, 54 square kilometers in Panama in 1976 and 130 square kilometers in New Guinea in 1935. Earthquake rates in New Guinea, but not in Panama, are sufficiently high so that substantial areas of disturbed, nonclimax forest may accumulate. In New Guinea, earthquake-caused landslides are as important as tree falls in the disturbance regime.  相似文献   

13.
Encephalomyocarditis virus was isolated from the organs of swine dying during an outbreak of an acutely fatal disease occurring on a farm in Panama. The outstanding lesion was severe myocarditis. Pigs inoculated with the viral isolate developed a systemic infection with myocarditis.  相似文献   

14.
Excavations at Altun Ha, British Honduras (Belize), have yielded a claw-shaped bead of tumbaga, a gold-copper alloy, occurring as part of an Early Classic offering. Stratigraphic evidence plus radiocarbon dates place the cache at or before A.D. 500, and stylistic elements indicate a source for the bead in the Coclé culture of central Panama.  相似文献   

15.
The results of an in situ study of calcite dissolution in the Panama Basin indicate that the rate of dissolution in the water column increases suddenly below a water depth of about 2800 meters. This coincides with the depth at which the calcium carbonate content of surface sediments begins to decrease rapidly or the sedimentary lysocline. Since this level of increased dissolution both in the water column and on the sea floor does not appear to be related to the transition from supersaturation to undersaturation with respect to carbonate, there may be a kinetic origin for the lysocline in this region.  相似文献   

16.
Experiments performed in an endemic area of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the Panama Canal Zone demonstrated transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from naturally infected Culex aikenii mosquitoes to laboratory hamsters. Results of experiments indicate that Culex aikenii is an efficient natural vector and the principal species of mosquito transmitting Venezuelan equine encephalitis in this endemic zone.  相似文献   

17.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by infections with intracellular parasites of the Leishmania Viannia subgenus, including Leishmania guyanensis. The pathology develops after parasite dissemination to nasopharyngeal tissues, where destructive metastatic lesions form with chronic inflammation. Currently, the mechanisms involved in lesion development are poorly understood. Here we show that metastasizing parasites have a high Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) burden that is recognized by the host Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) to induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Paradoxically, these TLR3-mediated immune responses rendered mice more susceptible to infection, and the animals developed an increased footpad swelling and parasitemia. Thus, LRV1 in the metastasizing parasites subverted the host immune response to Leishmania and promoted parasite persistence.  相似文献   

18.
Amastigotes (tissue forms) of Leishmania donovani isolated from infected hamster spleens carried out several physiological activities (respiration, catabolism of energy substrates, and incorporation of precursors into macromolecules) optimally at pH 4.0 to 5.5. All metabolic activities that were examined decreased sharply above the optimal pH. Promastigotes (culture forms), on the other hand, carried out the same metabolic activities optimally at or near neutral pH. This adaptation to an acid environment may account in part for the unusual ability of amastigotes to survive and multiply within the acidic environment of the phagolysosomes in vivo.  相似文献   

19.
叶酸是生物体维持正常生命活动所必需的小分子代谢物,还原态的蝶呤参与叶酸的合成。通过利用组成型启动子驱动依赖NADPH的蝶呤还原酶基因（NADPH-dependent pterin reductase gene, PTR1）在模式植物拟南芥和烟草中进行过表达,探讨了来源于利什曼原虫的PTR1基因对植物叶酸合成代谢的影响。结果表明,在过表达PTR1的转基因拟南芥和烟草植株中,叶酸含量有不同程度的升高,其中转基因拟南芥的5-甲酰四氢叶酸有显著提高,而转基因烟草中5-甲基四氢叶酸有显著提高。说明将来源于原生动物的蝶呤还原酶引入植物,可以促进转基因植物中叶酸的合成代谢,为深入了解植物叶酸合成代谢的规律奠定了基础。  相似文献   

20.
Viable Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes were detected by epifluorescence microscopy with fluorescein diacetate being used to mark living parasites and the nucleic acid-binding compound ethidium bromide to stain dead cells. This procedure is superior to other assays because it is faster and detects viable intracellular as well as extracellular Leishmania. Furthermore, destruction of intracellular pathogens by macrophages is more accurately determined with fluorescein diacetate than with other stains. The procedure may have applications in programs to develop drugs and vaccines against protozoa responsible for human and animal disease.  相似文献   

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