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1.
Summary Nineteen durum wheat landraces, cultivars or advanced lines of different origins in West Asia and North Africa (WANA), and three barley and two bread wheat varieties were evaluated for their boron (B) toxicity tolerance. Seedlings were grown at five levels of soluble soil B in a plastic house under controlled temperatures. Significant differences existed between the durum wheat entries in days-to-symptom appearance and foliar symptom score. Under the highest soil B treatment, large differences existed between entries for dry weight per plant (P<0.05) but differences were non-significant for shoot B concentrations. Days-to-symptom appearance was highly correlated with symptom score, which was not correlated with shoot B concentrations. Boron toxicity symptom scores of the durum wheat entries ranged from the sensitive barley check to the moderately sensitive bread wheat check. As expected, days-to-symptom appearance decreased and symptom severity increased as the soil B concentrations increased.The result of this study supported the preliminary finding that small, though statistically significant, variation in B toxicity symptom scores exist in durum wheat. The higher CV of symptom scores found here was mainly due to one sensitive entry, Cakmak. If Cakmak was excluded from the analysis, the CV would be reduced by half, to 10%. Durum wheat genotypes which are more tolerant to B toxicity should be sought. Based on the results of this study, and of soil surveys and information collected in WANA, germplasm collected from Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Syria, and the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey should be screened first.Abbreviations B
boron
- WANA
West Asia and North Africa 相似文献
2.
Naked (hulless) barley was neglected by plant breeders in Europe during the period of intensive crop improvement in the 20th
Century, but it is now receiving renewed interest due to the potential health benefits it can convey. Very few naked barley
cultivars have been developed for modern UK or European agricultural systems, in contrast to the wide diversity of naked barley
in Asia. Prior to initiating any breeding programme, phenotyping in UK field conditions is needed to assess the value of existing
exotic landraces. This article reports such a programme where naked barley landrace lines were grown alongside modern cultivars
and unimproved UK hulled landrace lines over 4 years at a research station in North Wales and assessed for yield and agronomic
traits. Multivariate analysis of the traits suggested that accessions clustered by region of origin. Himalayan landrace lines
formed Eastern and Western clusters while Japanese and Korean landrace lines were distinct from these. European naked barleys
were found to be closest to European hulled barleys, suggesting that the distinctiveness of the Asian naked barley landrace
lines was due to origin rather than the naked grain trait per se. The only agronomic trait that could be attributed to naked
grain was poorer crop establishment, but some Himalayan landrace lines showed vigorous seedling growth. Modern lines of naked
barley from Syria gave superior yields to old UK hulled barleys, indicating that there is potential for breeding modern UK
cultivars of naked barley. 相似文献
3.
Andrzej G. Górny 《Euphytica》2001,117(1):59-66
Broad genotypic variation in the response to low soilmoisture and reduced nitrogen supply was found amongthe wild Hordeum spontaneum accessions and thelandraces and modern cultivars of H. vulgare ofdifferent geographic origin. Measurements at the endof vegetative growth in plants grown in soil culturesrevealed genotypically specific responses to the usedenvironmental factors. Cultivars and breeding linesfrom Syria and Ethiopian landraces combined bothdrought resistance and tolerance to low nitrogen. TheSyrian barleys were also distinguished by a highnitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) under low Nnutrition. European cultivars indicated a pooradaptation to N shortage, but some of them wereresistant to soil drought. No stress resistant barleyswere found among the wild accessions and Sardinianlandraces. Genotypic differences in the relativevalues of NUE and water use efficiency were associatedwith low N-tolerance. Some Syrian selections,Ethiopian landraces and the modern German cv. Maresiwere found to be most drought resistant. Maintenanceof a relatively high photosynthetic activity of theuppermost leaves was associated with droughtresistance. As far as concerning with the vegetativegrowth phase, the modern Syrian germplasm andEthiopian landraces may be recommended as donors ofadaptative characters for local barley breeding. 相似文献
4.
Kristy Hobson Roger Armstrong Marc Nicolas David Connor Michael Materne 《Euphytica》2006,151(3):371-382
For lentil production to expand further in Australia, adaptation to the less favourable soils of the low to medium rainfall zones is required. To improve adaptation to these regions, varieties are required with increased tolerance to soil constraints such as high concentrations of boron (B), salinity and sodicity. To evaluate the range of B tolerance in lentil germplasm, 310 lines were screened in soil with a high concentration of B and tolerance was assessed at the seedling stage. A wide range in response to high concentrations of soil B was observed in the germplasm tested. Current Australian varieties were generally very intolerant to high concentrations of soil B. High levels of B tolerance was identified in germplasm originating from Afghanistan and Ethiopia. A subsequent experiment comparing lentils with different levels of B tolerance found that tolerant accessions (ILL213A and ILL2024) produced greater above and below ground biomass than intolerant accessions. The tolerant accessions had no significant yield loss under a high B treatment (extractable B = 18.20 mg/kg) compared to the control treatment (extractable B = 1.55 mg/kg). The large improvement in B tolerance, at soil concentrations typical of those found in the target regions, suggests there is potential to improve the tolerance level of adapted varieties and expand lentil production areas to regions with higher concentrations of soil B. 相似文献
5.
Summary A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) system was used to separate the storage proteins (hordeins) extracted from European barley cultivars. From a total of 38 barleys tested, 26 types of hordein patterns could be distinguished after RP-HPLC. This appears to be a marked improvement in resolution over that achieved in a similar survey of European barley cultivars using SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis (32 hordein patterns resolved by SDS PAGE from a total of 160 spring and winter barleys tested).Different hordein patterns were resolved by RP-HPLC within each of two groups of barley previously classified by SDS PAGE as indistinguishable within groups (three distinct patterns identified in a total of five cultivars tested from group 1A and five patterns observed among eight cultivars from group 3B). Thus RP-HPLC achieves a higher resolution than undirectional electrophoresis and promises to be a valuable aid in the identification of European barley cultivars. 相似文献
6.
T. Akar E. Francia A. Tondelli F. Rizza A. M. Stanca N. Pecchioni 《Plant Breeding》2009,128(4):381-386
Five molecular markers associated to two frost tolerance QTLs ( Fr-H1 and Fr-H2 ) were tested both on nine Turkish accessions, classified by breeders as highly frost-tolerant, and on a previously described sample of 26 barleys, winter, facultative and spring. Accessions were characterized in terms of frost tolerance under both field conditions and artificial freezing test at −12°C. The Turkish lines resulted to be equal or superior to the most tolerant European genotypes tested, showing that they can be used to improve the frost tolerance of the EU barley germplasm. The marker Hv BM5A ( Vrn-H1 and Fr-H1 ) resulted to be the best predictor for assisted selection within this germplasm, because of its high correlation between allelic variation and phenotypic traits. Only Hv CBF4 of the three Hv CBF markers tested at Fr-H2 was associated to the trait, but at lower significance than HvBM5A . The PCR-based molecular marker of Vrn-H1 can thus be used in barley breeding not only for selection of facultative and winter types, but also for fast routine selection of frost tolerant genotypes. 相似文献
7.
Thirty‐nine barley varieties of different origin, representing different growth types, were included in a series of experiments aimed at analysing the variability in vernalization response, photoperiod sensitivity and earliness per se and establishing the types of ecoclimatic adaptability using multivariate analysis. In the case of spring barley varieties there was no correlation between any of the three traits. For winter barleys, a negative correlation was found between photoperiod sensitivity and vernalization response and between photoperiod sensitivity and earliness per se. Vernalization response and earliness per se showed a positive correlation. Among the winter barley varieties large variations were apparent in photoperiod sensitivity, vernalization response and earliness per se, which resulted in a tremendous variation in flowering patterns and frost tolerance. Between the spring barley varieties only wider variations in photoperiod sensitivity were detected. Based on the cluster analysis, the 39 varieties could be separated into seven groups. The spring barley varieties were placed in two groups, and the winter barleys in five groups representing different adaptational types. Among these five groups two represented the two opposing extreme combinations of photoperiod sensitivity and vernalization response. The combination of large photoperiod sensitivity and no vernalization response resulted in better frost tolerance than did the combination of photoperiod insensitivity and large vernalization response. 相似文献
8.
A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker was used to detect the alleles Bmy‐Sd2H and Bmy‐Sd3 identifying highly thermostable isoforms of the enzyme b‐amylase, which improves fermentability during brewing. Among the 889 accessions of barley (Hordeum vulgare) investigated, and two accessions of H. spontaneum a total of 166 accessions were identified carrying the superior b‐amylase alleles. These thermostable alleles of b‐amylase were most frequently observed in six‐rowed varieties originating from Asia, especially Japan, with 61.9% of the accessions from Asia carrying the alleles of interest. Additional six‐rowed barleys carrying the relevant alleles were identified among accessions from America, Africa and the Near East. In the European varieties, the percentage of accessions with the alleles of interest was 5.1% with a strong predominance in two‐rowed spring barleys. A pedigree analysis identified the cross ‘Binder’ x ‘Gull’ as the main source of the thermostable b‐amylase alleles in European varieties. The data suggest that an improvement of malting quality in barley could be achieved by introduction of the Bmy1‐Sd2H and Bmy1‐Sd3 alleles into the European breeding programmes. 相似文献
9.
A phenotypic diversity index (PDI) was calculated using 10 agronomiccharacteristics recorded in 90 accessions of 2-row spring barleys and 29accessions of 6-row spring barleys grown in the Nordic Region. The PDIranged from 0.0308 to 0.6245 in 2-row barley accessions and from0.0314 to 0.7016 in 6-row barley accessions. The average PDIs were0.2178 and 0.2438 in 2-row and 6-row barley germplasm, which confirmsthat some older cultivars were parents of newer cultivars. The lowest PDIwas between accessions with the same name, which suggest that irrespectiveof their market source, they were the same cultivars. The largest PDI rangesin 2-row barley cultivars within the same country or release decade werecorrelated to the number of accessions in the respective cluster, whichsuggests that phenotypic diversity in this germplasm depends on the numberof cultivars included in the cluster. However, this association was not alwaysobserved in 6-row barley cultivars. The most distinct 2-row cultivars wereArla and Akka from Sweden, whereas Sigur and Tampa from Iceland werethe most distinct 6-row cultivars as determined by both PDI and averagelinkage cluster analysis. This analysis also confirm that the 2-row barleyaccessions Jenny, Triumph, and Vega, which were obtained from twodistinct market sources, and the 6-row barley accessions under the nameAgneta (but from three market sources) were the same. The analysis ofvariance of the PDI indicates that 6-row germplasm may be clusteredaccording to their geographical origin or decade of release, but this was notobserved in 2-row barley germplasm. This research demonstrates theadvantage of PDI to assess variation among breeding pools. 相似文献
10.
Genetic variation in barley of crossability with wheat and its quantitative trait loci analysis 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
To study genetic variation in crossability, 80 barley accessions of diverse geographic origin consisting of 50 wild barleys
(H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum or ssp. agriocrithon) and 30 cultivated barleys (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare) were crossed as the
male parent with a highly crossable wheat variety, Shinchunaga. Crossabilities, expressed as the percentage of pollinated
florets giving embryo-containing caryopses, ranged from 0% to 68.6%. Barley accessions from East Asia had generally a low
crossability, while barley accessions from other regions exhibited a wider range of crossability including highly crossable
genotypes. No significant difference in mean crossability was found between wild and cultivated barleys. To estimate the number
and location of barley genes controlling the crossability, doubled haploid lines derived from the cross between the barley
varieties Steptoe and Morex were crossed as the male parent with wheat. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using molecular
markers identified four QTL. These were mapped to the centromeric regions of chromosomes 2H, 3H and 5H and the short arm of
chromosome 7H. The QTL on chromosomes 3H and 5H had larger effects than those on chromosomes 2H and 7H. The four QTL collectively
explained 35.4% of the total variance under a multiple QTL model. Relationships of the QTL identified in the present study
with previously reported crossability genes of barley and wheat are discussed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Summary The growth and yield of seven wheat and two barley cultivars or lines, previously found to show different degrees of boron tolerance under field conditions, were compared in a pot experiment at a range of soil boron treatments. Soil treatments ranged up to 150 mg/kg applied B. Extractable B in soils ranged up to 103 mg/kg.At the highest B treatment seedling emergence was delayed, but the percentage emergence was not reduced. The degree of boron toxicity symptom expression varied between the wheat cultivars and lines, with the two most tolerant, Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12, displaying the least symptoms.The concentration of boron applied to the soil which produced a significant depression of growth and yield varied between cultivars. For example, the yield of (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 was not affected at the 100 mg/kg applied boron treatment, while the grain yield for (Wl*MMC)/W1/10 was significantly reduced at the 25 mg/kg treatment.There was a linear increase in boron concentration in tillers at the boot-stage with increasing concentration of boron in the soil. The most boron tolerant genotypes had the lowest tissue boron concentrations in each of the treatments. Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had approximately half the boron concentrations of the more sensitive genotypes at the 25 and 50 mg/kg treatments. Differential tolerance of boron within the tissue was also observed. Both Stirling and (Wl*MMC)/W1/10 had significantly reduced total dry matter and grain yields at the 25 mg/kg treatment, while the concentrations of boron in boot stage tillers at this treatment were 118 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had tissue boron concentrations of 144 and 131 mg/kg, respectively, at the 50 mg/kg treatment but yield was unaffected.The relative responses in the pot experiment, for wheat, were in close agreement with field results. Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had the highest grain yields, with the lowest concentrations of boron in the grain when grown under high boron conditions in the field. In pots these two genotypes proved to be the most tolerant of boron. For barley the advantage in grain yield in the field, expressed by WI-2584 compared with Stirling, was not repeated in pots. WI-2584 was, however, more tolerant than Stirling on the basis of total dry matter production.The results show that useful variation in boron tolerance exists among wheat, and that breeding should be able to provide cultivars tolerant to high levels of boron. 相似文献
12.
Summary Tolerance to high levels of boron in the soil is an important aspect of the adaptation of crop varieties to southern Australian conditions. This paper reports investigations aimed at exploring the extent of genetic variation in Pisum sativum and at defining appropriate selection criteria for selection for boron tolerance in breeding programs.A collection of 617 accessions of Pisum was screened in controlled conditions and visually assessed for symptoms of boron toxicity. A high proportion of accessions were sensitive with only 3.5% being more tolerant than any of the Australian varieties. Relatively high proportions of tolerant and moderately tolerant accessions originated from Asia and South America.In a second experiment the responses of selected tolerant accessions were evaluated with respect to different parameters. The objectives were to confirm the performance of the putative boron tolerant accessions and identify appropriate parameters for selecting boron tolerant genotypes. In addition to the visual assessment of boron toxicity, measurements at the time of harvest included dry matter yield and concentration of boron in tissues. Symptom expression was highly correlated with dry matter yield and concentration of boron in tissues under high boron conditions and so could be used as a non-destructive selection criteria. A low degree of symptom expression by tolerant accessions could usually be attributed to low levels of boron in the vegetative tissues. The results of this study indicate that considerable genetic variation exists among exotic accessions of Pisum sativum and tolerance to boron could be transferred to sensitive varieties. 相似文献
13.
J. Robinson 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1993,171(3):168-175
Resistance to Russian wheat aphid, [ Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)], was studied in barley, ( Hordeum vulgare L.), based on maintenance of plant height, spike number, straw weight, grain yield and kernel weight. The experiments comprised small plots artificially infested with the aphid, plots naturally infested, and plots regularly sprayed with insecticide. Seven symptomatically resistant and five symptomatically susceptible barleys were compared. Mature plant height of the resistant barleys, compared with the susceptible barleys, was better maintained in the artificially infested plots. Spike number, straw weight, grain weight and kernel weight were also better maintained in the resistant accessions than in the susceptible ones. Gloria/Come, symptomatically resistant, did not perform well over the parameters measured. The susceptible varieties Esperanza and Shyri were severely affected by the aphid in terms of the measured traits. Grain yield of infested plots as a percentage of control plots ranged between 50 and 77 %; spike number between 66 and 96 %; straw weight betwen 62 and 78 %, and kernel weight between 70 and 84 %. Genotypes Barberousse/ Rumorosa//Gloria/Come and Barberousse/3/ASE/2CM//B76BB/4/Gloria/Come were the most resistant accessions. Selection of barley genotypes based on visual assessment of symptoms in artificially infested hill plots facilitates selection of genotypes that maintain their yield in artificially infested plots sown at commercial rates. These D. noxia resistant barleys are widely adapted and of good agronomic type, and will be useful to barley growers where the aphid is a pest. 相似文献
14.
Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in three samples of wild and cultivated barleys and their relevance to the origin of cultivated barley 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study was conducted to provide additional data for evaluating two important issues surrounding the origin of cultivated barley: (i) the level of genetic diversity of the two‐rowed wild barley from Tibet, and (ii) the distribution of rDNA allele 104 in wild and cultivated barleys in the Occidental region. A total of 198 accessions consisting of three distinct samples were used: 82 entries of two‐rowed wild barley from Tibet, 57 accessions of two‐rowed wild barley from 8 countries with a broad range of representation of two‐rowed wild barley in the world, and 59 landrace accessions from four countries representing a part of the barley‐growing areas in the Middle East. These were assayed for rDNA spacer‐length variants (slvs). In all, 27 rDNA space length pheno types were detected, from which 10 slvs were identified as alleles at the two rDNA loci. The two‐rowed wild barley samples from Tibet had the lowest level of genetic variation as evaluated by rDNA polymorphism. Together with results of previous studies, the two wild forms (two‐rowed and six‐rowed) from Tibet could not account for the large genetic diversity observed in the cultivated barley of this region, suggesting that Tibet is unlikely a centre of origin for cultivated barley. In samples from the Occidental region, allele 104 of Rm2 was very rare in wild barley, but occurred at the highest frequency in cultivated barley, while the reverse is the case for allele 107, which is consistent with previous results. The implications of such a contrasting distribution of these rDNA alleles between wild and cultivated barleys in the origin and evolution of cultivated barley were discussed. 相似文献
15.
Genes for resistance to powdery mildew in European barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2015 
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下载免费PDF全文 Antonín Dreiseitl 《Plant Breeding》2017,136(3):351-356
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is cultivated on 49.1 million hectares worldwide with 50.2% of the area located in Europe. Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), occurs wherever barley is grown. Cultivar resistance plays an important role in global barley production, especially in parts of Europe where high concentrations of both spring and winter types are grown. The aim of this report was to postulate specific resistance genes in barleys from nine European countries registered in the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2015. Thirty‐five spring cultivars and 27 winter barleys were tested with 56 diverse Bgh isolates. Twenty‐five known resistance genes were postulated, and unknown genes were detected in Sandra, Saturn and Zeppelin. Unidentified specific resistance genes were also present in winter hybrids Hobbit and Wootan. Spring cultivars Arthur and Francin consisted of three and two genotypes, respectively. Resistance gene mlo was present in 26 spring cultivars, and the proportion of cultivars with this gene increased from 62.9% in 2006–2010 to 75.7% in 2011–2015. The gene Mlp1 was identified for the first time in German winter cultivar Saturn. Five spring cultivars registered in Slovakia were included in the tests. All the cultivars that were tested contained one or more specific resistance genes to powdery mildew. Adaptability of the pathogen and possibilities for breeding winter barleys are discussed. 相似文献
16.
17.
Summary Six wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) accessions, from a diverse range of habitats, and two spring-cultivated barleys, were examined for variation in durations of development phases. The durations of the leaf initiation and spikelet initiation phases were longer and spikelet growth phases shorter, in wild than in cultivated barley. Across all wild and cultivated barleys the rate and duration of spikelet initiation were negatively correlated, but neither was related to the number of spikelets per spike. The number of spikelets was positively correlated with the number of leaves and the ratio of the number of spikelets to the number of leaves declined with increasing time to anthesis, indicating that each successive leaf was associated with a diminishing increase in the number of spikelets. The duration of culm elongation and final culm length were shorter in accessions of cultivated barley compared with wild barley. This paper also discusses the feasibility for increasing the number of spikelets per spike through breeding for genetic changes in lengths of pre-anthesis phases of development.Abbreviations ANOVA
Analysis of variance
- HV
Hordeum vulgare
- CE
Culm elongation
- DR
Double ridge
- HS
Hordeum spontaneu
- ° Cd
Degree days 相似文献
18.
Summary A collection of 133 genotypes consisting mainly of old European barleys and land varieties was assessed for level of partial resistance to barley mildew at the adult plant stage. Identification of any known resistance factors conferring hypersensitive reactions to the mildew races present at various frequencies in N.W. Europe was ensured through seedling tests with an appropriate AO mildew isolate.Thirty-nine varieties with relatively high levels of adult (partial) resistance and lacking known race-specific resistance genes were tested over a period of three years in field disease nurseries. At least thirteen varieties showed significantly less percentage leaf area infected than the control variety Proctor. These constitute a useful reserve of non-hypersensitive resistance, probably under the control of genes with mainly additive effects. In combination, these genes give enhanced levels of resistance, which could be of a more stable nature. 相似文献
19.
Genotypic variation in polyphenol content of barley grain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Masaya Fujita Kazuyoshi Takeda Noriko Kohyama Yoshinori Doi Hitoshi Matsunaka 《Euphytica》2002,124(1):55-58
The polyphenol content in pearl barley, which is highly correlated to a browning reaction after heat treatment, was investigated
using 1,347 cultivated barley varieties (H. vulgare) and two wild accessions (H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) collected from different areas of the world. The polyphenol content in the cultivated barley shows a wide variation ranging
from 0.19 to 0.75 mg/g with a nearly normal frequency distribution. The polyphenol content in the hulless varieties from Japan
and Korea was low. On the other hand, the polyphenol content in wild barley was about two times higher than the average value
recorded in cultivated barley. Based on HPLC analysis, five lowest-polyphenol content local varieties do not represent proanthocyanidin-free
mutants.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献