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1.
云南外来入侵有害生物多指标综合评价体系的建立 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPMs)为依据,通过对云南外来有害生物入侵现状的分析,总结国内外在有害生物风险分析中的研究成果,建立云南外来入侵有害生物多指标综合评价体系。该体系中的目标层(R值)包含了5个准则层(Pi),其下级为指标层(Pij),由17个多指标因子组成,并根据各层次之间的相互关系建立数学模型。R值的分值范围在0和3之间,并对其进行4个等级分级:0.5(不包含)以下为低度风险,0.5~1.5(不包含)为中度风险,1.5~2.5(不包含)为高度风险,2.5以上为极高风险,以此为据确定云南入侵有害生物风险等级。 相似文献
2.
植物检疫术语是进行植物检疫工作交流的前提与基础,对植物检疫工作具有重要意义。本文通过梳理及规范有害生物相关术语及其定义,明确了有害生物与外来物种的相互关系;通过对有害生物风险分析相关术语及其定义进行整理和规范,提出判定植物检疫性有害生物的评估方法,评估过程可结合适生性分析、传播途径、寄主情况及潜在的经济/环境影响等因素,从进入、定殖、扩散可能性及后果评估等方面进行分析。检疫性有害生物与外来入侵物种有一定交集,因此检疫性有害生物的防控对生物入侵防控具有积极作用。而对有害生物和有害生物风险分析相关术语进行规范也为植物检疫性有害生物名单的制修订提供了科学思路。本文提出的定义修改建议及植物检疫性有害生物评估方法较为概括,仅为定义和名单的制修订工作提供参考。 相似文献
3.
C.R.B. BAKER 《EPPO Bulletin》1981,11(3):145-150
Detailed assessment of the potential of an alien species to become a pest when introduced into a new area requires a comprehensive knowledge of the biology of that species. In the absence of such knowledge, species can be classified for temperate areas into one of four categories of risk on the basis of capacity for survival in similar climates and presence of host plants outdoors or under glass. The categories are: 1) potential outdoor pests, 2) potential glasshouse pests, 3) species that have outdoor hosts but are unlikely to become pests on them unless they adapt genetically (no hosts under glass), and 4) species that have no host plants outdoors or under glass, or are incapable of prolonged survival outdoors. Some aspects of the more detailed assessment of better known species are suitable for computer simulation modelling. The features of a phenological model currently being developed in England are briefly described. Estimates of the benefits derived from excluding a particular alien pest can be obtained from the cost of the additional annual control measures likely to be required if the pest were to be introduced. Estimates of factors such as crop losses, environmental problems and increased research and advisory work must be added to obtain a range of costs for years when pest populations are likely to be ← high →, ← normal → and ← low →. Costs of excluding the pest must include cost to government (staff costs, eradication measures, publicity etc.) and costs to industry. The resulting comparison of benefit with cost can aid decisions on the design and enforcement of phytosanitary regulations. 相似文献
4.
G. Schrader 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2004,56(3):75-79
The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) aims to prevent the entry and spread of organisms harmful to both cultivated and wild plants. Basing their activities on those of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Plant Protection Convention, the EPPO is developing a new concept for invasive alien species and ‘plants as pests’. A pest risk analysis is necessary in most cases to identify which organisms should be regulated and how. In accordance with the International Plant Protection Convention, an EPPO risk assessment standard exists for this purpose which has now been revised to be applicable also to potentially invasive alien plants and assess the effects they pose to the uncultivated environment. In 2003, the EPPO sent a questionnaire to its 44 member states asking for plants which have been intentionally or unintentionally introduced and are considered invasive. The member countries reported hundreds of species, of which 42 were selected for further assessment. This may result in recommendations for regulations and measures against the introduction and spread of all or some of these plants. 相似文献
5.
Invasive aquatic plants in the aquarium and ornamental pond industries: a risk assessment for southern Ontario (Canada) 
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下载免费PDF全文 An assessment of the invasive risk associated with the establishment and dispersal of plants available in the aquarium and ornamental pond industries in the Greater Toronto area (Canada) was made. In the risk model, sales volumes of individual taxa were used as a proxy for propagule pressure, to assess pathway risk potential. Organism risk potential, the ability to become established and disperse associated with a release, was assessed using an analysis of the biological traits of the species. Discriminant correspondence analysis was used to predict which biological traits were useful in discriminating native plants from alien invasive plants and alien non‐invasive plants. Importantly, a relatively small number of biological traits appear to be useful in predicting whether an alien aquatic plant had the characteristics that would support establishment and/or dispersal in new environments. Aquatic plants distributed by the industries that are cold tolerant, able to propagate by fragments and use a number of dispersal methods are of particular concern as potential invaders. The model identified 11 alien plants in the trade that have a high risk of becoming invasive, and an additional 52 with moderately high risk. 相似文献
6.
Crane M Whitehouse P Comber S Watts C Giddings J Moore DR Grist E 《Pest management science》2003,59(5):512-526
The use of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for examining chemical impacts has become an important area of debate within the European Union. This paper describes a case study on probabilistic techniques to assess pesticide risks in the UK aquatic environment. The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate both the potential strengths and weaknesses of PRA for assessing pesticides when compared with the conventional deterministic approach, and to examine whether PRA is useful within the European regulatory context. The organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, was selected as a model compound and toxicity exposure ratios calculated using Monte Carlo analysis and different distributions of spray drift and toxicity values following application to top fruit. Chlorpyrifos is highly toxic to arthropods but less toxic to fishes. Species sensitivity followed a log-normal distribution when fitted to all toxicity data. Toxicity data quantity had little influence on species sensitivity distribution model parameters when n was greater than 10 species. Below this, estimates were less accurate and precise, possibly because of the inclusion of data from many different sources. Estimates of chlorpyrifos exposure derived from the standard spray drift model differed substantially from measurements of chlorpyrifos in European surface waters. When a distribution based on measured concentrations was used in a PRA, the risk of acute fish mortality was low, and the risk of acute arthropod mortality was lower than in other scenarios, although not negligible. If PRA is used to assess pesticides, risk managers need further guidance on how to conduct a PRA and what constitutes 'unacceptable risk' under EC Directive 91/414/EEC, as judgement is required when simple trigger values are no longer used. 相似文献
7.
This study presents a list of invasive alien plants that are found along roadsides in seven selected European countries – Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Slovenia and Sweden – and an overview on the role of roadsides as a habitat for invasive alien plants. This compilation is based on national lists of invasive alien plants, a literature search and expert consultation. Comprising 89 species from 31 plant families, species introduced for horticulture dominate the list (65%). Thirteen species (14%) are widespread (occur in four or more countries) and include well‐known invasive plants such as Fallopia japonica, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea. Seventeen species are listed either on the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants or on the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. Five species are on the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (EU Regulation 1143/2014). The compiled list provides a snap‐shot of invasive alien plants currently found along roadsides in the selected countries. It allows for a more targeted approach to monitoring, containment and control of the most problematic invasive alien plants identified in each country. Moreover, the list may also be used to identify emerging (potentially) invasive alien plants along roadsides in other European countries that warrant monitoring and/or management. 相似文献
8.
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides the background for National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) to regulate and control invasive alien species that are harmful to plants. This subject was specifically discussed for the first time 10 years ago at IPPC level, and further explored by an IPPC open‐ended working group. The resulting concept was considered at EU level, and the EU Council supported the suitability of the plant health framework for these species, requesting the EU Commission to further analyse the needs for regulatory work in the EU plant health regime. Subsequently the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) started a new working programme. The international conference ‘Invasive alien species and the IPPC’ set a signal for IPPC contracting parties to encourage their NPPOs to enforce actions on invasive alien species. IPPC standards on pest risk analysis (PRA) were adapted so as to include invasive alien species harmful to plants, and a memorandum of cooperation was adopted between the Secretariats of the IPPC and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). At present, the EU Commission, DG Environment is developing a European strategy on invasive alien species. The EU Plant Health Regulatory System is currently subjected to a major evaluation process in which a clearer inclusion of invasive alien species into the system is one of the strategic discussions. 相似文献
9.
The EPPO Decision‐support scheme (DSS) for Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) was fundamentally revised by the PRATIQUE EU project. Based on the examples of Polygonum perfoliatum (mile‐a‐minute‐weed) and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), its applicability for invasive alien plants was tested. By means of a comparison of the risk analysis procedures with EPPO schemes before and after the project, pest group specific enhancements are outlined. For the two plants tested here, documented invasion history as well as biotic and abiotic requirements show that they can establish and spread in Europe and cause damage. PRATIQUE revisions to the EPPO DSS increased transparency, user friendliness and consistency for PRAs on invasive alien plants. This was accomplished through more comprehensive rating guidance, and aspects such as allowing individual risk elements to be documented and summarized to give a conclusive end result. 相似文献
10.
S. Brunel E. Branquart G. Fried J. Van Valkenburg G. Brundu U. Starfinger S. Buholzer A. Uludag M. Joseffson R. Baker 《EPPO Bulletin》2010,40(3):407-422
Although invasive alien plants are gaining increased attention within EPPO countries, there is no existing widely agreed method to identify those alien plants that are considered invasive and represent the highest priority for pest risk analysis. In the framework of the ad hoc Panel on Invasive Alien Species, EPPO proposes a prioritization process for invasive alien plants designed (i) to produce a list of invasive alien plants that are established or could potentially establish in the EPPO region and (ii) to determine which of these have the highest priority for an EPPO pest risk analysis. The process consists of compiling available information on alien plants according to pre‐determined criteria, and can be run at the EPPO region level, or at a country or local area level. These criteria examine whether the species is alien in the area under study, and whether it is established or not. The criteria used primarily rely on observations in the EPPO region but, if the species is not established, the invasive behaviour of the species in other countries should be investigated, as well as the suitability of the ecoclimatic conditions in the area under consideration. The spread potential, the potential negative impacts on native species, habitats and ecosystems, as well as on agriculture, horticulture or forestry are considered. If the species qualifies as an invasive alien plant of major concern through this first set of questions, the process then investigates the efficiency of international measures (to be justified through a pest risk analysis) to prevent the entry and spread of the species. The second set of questions are designed to determine whether the species is internationally traded or enters new countries through international pathways for which the risk of introduction is superior to natural spread, and whether the species still has a significant suitable area for further spread. If used by several EPPO countries, this prioritization process represents an opportunity to provide consistent country lists of invasive alien plant species, as well as a tool for dialogue and exchange of information. 相似文献
11.
本文从经济、生态和人及人类社会3个方面阐述了外来有害生物的风险;根据国际标准中制订的有害生物风险分析流程,定性地描述了有害生物风险分析的方法;并从入侵种特性研究、适生区预测研究和风险分析模型3个方面阐述了有关有害生物风险分析的理论研究进展,这些理论研究有助于为有害生物风险定量分析提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
Global trade of plants and plant products facilitates the international movement of pests. The introduction of new pests in an area may have huge economic consequences for local plant production, and should be avoided. The European Union (EU) imports large quantities of fresh fruit from all over the world, which could be a pathway for exotic pests. This review aimed to identify pests not yet present or regulated in the EU that may enter the territory with the fruit trade and damage fruit production in Europe. Pests of Vaccinium (blueberry), apple, grape, orange and mandarin were screened to assess the likelihood of their being associated with these fruit, their impact, their geographical distribution, whether they are intercepted in trade and whether they are spreading or emerging. They were further ranked to produce alert lists of 30 to 36 pests for each fruit species. These lists are presented as well as other findings on contaminants and newly introduced pests. Datasheets on those pests were prepared and are available as supporting information to this article as well as in the EPPO Global Database ( https://gd.eppo.int/ ). This work within the EU project DROPSA aimed to raise the awareness of importers and regulatory authorities to the potential risk of introducing pests with the fruit trade. 相似文献
13.
G. Schrader R. Baker Y. Baranchikov L. Dumouchel K. S. Knight D. G. McCullough M. J. Orlova‐Bienkowskaja S. Pasquali G. Gilioli 《EPPO Bulletin》2021,51(1):216-228
Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is an important component of risk analysis for plant pests and invasive alien species (IAS), and a standardized and consistent methodology has recently been developed for evaluating their impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity. This paper presents the application of this innovative methodology for ERA to Agrilus planipennis, the emerald ash borer, which causes significant mortality to Fraxinus (ash) species in forests and urban areas of North America (here: USA and Canada, excluding Mexico) and Russia. The methodology follows a retrospective analysis and summarizes information and observations in invaded areas in North America and Russia. Uncertainty distributions were elicited to define quantitatively a general pattern of the environmental impact in terms of reduction in ecosystem provisioning, supporting and regulating services, and biodiversity components. The environmental impacts of A. planipennis are time‐ and context‐dependent, therefore two time horizons of 5 and 20 years after introduction and two ecosystems (urban and forest) were considered. This case study shows that the quantitative assessment of environmental impacts for IAS is both possible and helpful for decision‐makers and risk managers who have to balance control costs against potential impacts of IAS. 相似文献
14.
玉米Zea mays作为一种重要的粮食和饲料作物,在生产中受到多种有害生物的严重危害,尤其是外来有害生物,我国高度关注其外来物种入侵防控工作。该文在概述玉米外来有害生物及其全球扩散途径的基础上,对近10年来我国玉米外来物种入侵防控技术的主要研究与应用进展进行分析,涉及风险分析、疫情监测、检测诊断、检疫处理及田间治理技术,并提出加强植物生物安全专业教育与公众教育、科学研究与理论创新、技术研发与推广应用、法规建设与监管服务、国际合作与共同发展的措施建议。 相似文献
15.
A prioritization process for invasive alien plant species incorporating the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 E. Branquart G. Brundu S. Buholzer D. Chapman P. Ehret G. Fried U. Starfinger J. van Valkenburg R. Tanner 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(3):603-617
When faced with a large species pool of invasive or potentially invasive alien plants, prioritization is an essential prerequisite for focusing limited resources on species which inflict high impacts, have a high rate of spread and can be cost‐effectively managed. The prioritization process as detailed within this paper is the first tool to assess species for priority for risk assessment (RA) in the European Union (EU) specifically designed to incorporate the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014. The prioritization process can be used for any plant species alien to the EU, whether currently present within the territory or absent. The purpose of the prioritization is to act as a preliminarily evaluation to determine which species have the highest priority for RA at the EU level and may eventually be proposed for inclusion in the list of invasive alien species of EU concern. The preliminary risk assessment stage (Stage 1), prioritizes species into one of four lists (EU List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU Observation List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU List of Minor Concern and the Residual List) based on their potential for spread coupled with impacts. The impacts on native species and ecosystem functions and related ecosystem services are emphasized in line with Article 4.3(c) of the Regulation. Only those species included in the EU List of Invasive Alien Plants proceed to Stage 2 where potential for further spread and establishment coupled with evaluating preventative and management actions is evaluated. The output of Stage 2 is to prioritize those species which have the highest priority for a RA at the EU level or should be considered under national measures which may involve a trade ban, cessation of cultivation, monitoring, control, containment or eradication. When considering alien plant species for the whole of the EPPO region, or for species under the Plant Health Regulation, the original EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants remains the optimum tool. 相似文献
16.
国际贸易所带来的外来生物入侵已经成为各个国家面临的重要问题,对其进行风险评估迫在眉睫。为了能够对跨国运输带来的生物入侵风险进行量化评估,我们以联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)的国际贸易、WorldClim的环境气候因子、全球生物多样性信息网络(GBIF)的物种分布和国内交通运输等数据为基础,以 R 语言为主要计算工具,建立综合分析外来生物入侵风险的评估方法。以苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella 和番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta 为例计算其引入风险和定殖可能性,综合量化评估国际贸易带来的物种入侵风险。借此结果对国际进口贸易从入侵风险角度有针对性地提出合理建议。 相似文献
17.
Building relationships with stakeholders involved in species introductions is increasingly considered as an effective means to mitigate invasion risks. The horticultural industry is of particular importance to the regulation of alien plants. This paper presents the initial experiences with a recently implemented environmental policy called ‘Duty to Inform’ which aims to limit the risk of plant invasions through alien horticultural plants in Switzerland. The Duty to Inform requires horticulturalists to inform their customers about risks of black‐listed plants and watch list plants. In a joint effort with the Swiss horticultural industry and Swiss authorities, the authors examined customers’ acceptance of plant labels as a means to supply information, and horticulturalists’ attitudes towards the Duty to Inform regulation, and their willingness to act pro‐environmentally. Plant labels were found to be an effective means to inform customers about plant invasion risks and appropriate handling of risk species. The results indicate that among Swiss horticulturalists the awareness of the invasive species problem and the willingness to act is high. Horticulturalists had positive attitudes towards the Duty to Inform regulation and other actions to reduce invasion risks. The authors suggest that these positive attitudes might stem from an active participation of horticulturalists in the development of invasive species regulations in Switzerland. 相似文献
18.
K. Armstrong 《EPPO Bulletin》2010,40(1):91-100
Molecular methods for identification of high risk pests and pathogens have been employed for more than a decade to supplement standard diagnostic protocols. However, as the volume of traded goods continues to increase so does the breadth of taxa that diagnosticians need to deal with. Keeping pace by introducing more molecular tests that are typically species-group specific is not an efficient way to progress. Since 2005 classical DNA barcoding using cytochrome oxidase I sequence has been employed routinely in New Zealand for the highest risk insect species (fruit flies and lymantriid moths). Subsequently a broader range of pests have been considered. Case studies are presented here for three important lepidopteran pests, Lymantria mathura (pink gypsy moth), Conogethes punctiferalis (yellow peach moth) and Hyphantria cunea (fall web worm), as well as a trial to identify miscellaneous border interceptions. While the data support the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for border diagnostics, they also raise issues around cryptic species identification and potential species discovery that could impact on operational biosecurity systems. 相似文献
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20.
S. Brunel D. Panetta G. Fried D. Kriticos R. Prasad A. O. Lansink A. Shabbir T. Yaacoby 《EPPO Bulletin》2014,44(3):479-489
Parthenium or famine weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an annual plant originating from the Americas, which is a major invasive alien plant in almost all continents. While the deleterious impacts of the species on agriculture, human and animal health have been well documented, information on the pathways of entry of the species is only occasionally mentioned in the literature. As this invasive alien plant is only recorded as established in Israel and Egypt within the Euro‐Mediterranean region, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization identified P. hysterophorus as an emerging threat. EPPO therefore performed a Pest Risk Analysis on this species to assess the risk it represents and to consider appropriate management options. The EPPO Pest Risk Analysis main outputs are summarized in this article, indicating the probability of entry of the species via the different pathways within the EPPO region, its probabilities of establishment and spread, and the magnitude of its potential agricultural, environmental and social impacts. 相似文献