共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(1-2):1-11
Abstract Growing markets for chopped firewood have created alternative uses for the by-products of sawmills. Based on empirical data and simulated results, the potential of birch (Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh.) from commercial thinnings for combined industrial production of sawn timber and firewood billets was investigated. In the simulations, different sawing patterns were used for logs intended to combine production of sawn timber and billets for chopped firewood (‘sawlogs’), and for logs intended only to firewood production (‘firewood logs’). Finally, economical feasibility analysis was done concerning the differences between the sawmills’ traditional business concept and the novel concept combining sawn wood and firewood production. The bucking results for the volume yield of different timber assortments varied only slightly between the different bucking options, i.e. the combinations of timber assortments. The main differences in the volumes of timber assortments were due to the stand type where the birch trees were sampled (planted, naturally regenerated, mixed birch–spruce). In the sawing procedure, the output of sawn timber varied between 24% and 42% of the log volume in the sawlogs, depending on the log diameter class. As the volume yield of sawn timber and firewood billets was counted together in the case of sawlogs, the log consumption was c. 1.75 m3 of roundwood per 1 m3 of sawn timber and firewood billets. In the case of the firewood logs, the log consumption rate was considerably lower, only c. 1.35. The economic calculations showed that using the firewood approach in sawing may increase the net added value of products by €1.9–5.4 m?3 of logs, depending on their diameter class. As a conclusion, parallel production of sawn timber and firewood from logs from the first and second commercial thinning of birch-dominated stands is a concept that could work as an alliance between a sawmiller and a firewood entrepreneur. The concept could be competitive compared with both traditional sawmilling and production of chopped firewood. 相似文献
2.
采用现场模拟造材方法,建立了各树种(组)单株材种出材率模型,提出了编制单株各树种(组)单株树木材种出材率的基本原理和方法,通过数理统计原理编制吉林省各树种(组)材种出材率。 相似文献
3.
张羽 《内蒙古林业调查设计》2008,31(3):48-51
在永安市巨桉(Eucalyptus Garndis)林分选择并设置10个标准地,分别进行林分因子调查,以4m段材长分径阶进行样木伐倒造材,应用区分求积式进行材积计算,以实际造材各材种出材率为基础拟合一元材积比方程,根据相关系选择较优的一元材积比方程进行理论造材并编制巨桉林分一元材种出材率表,并进行精度检验,表明精度可达90%以上,可为桉树生产提供一定的参考。 相似文献
4.
Markus Holopainen Mikko Vastaranta Jussi Rasinmäki Jouni Kalliovirta Antti Mäkinen Reija Haapanen Timo Melkas Xiaowei Yu Juha Hyyppä 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(6):1131-1142
Uncertainty factors related to inventory methodologies and forest-planning simulation computings in the estimation of logging
outturn assortment volumes and values were examined. The uncertainty factors investigated were (1) forest inventory errors,
(2) errors in generated stem distribution, (3) effects of generated stem distribution errors on the simulation of thinnings
and (iv) errors related to the prediction of stem form and simulation of bucking. Regarding inventory errors, standwise field
inventory (SWFI) was compared with area-based airborne laser scanning (ALS) and aerial photography inventorying. Our research
area, Evo, is located in southern Finland. In all, 31 logging sites (12 clear-cutting and 19 thinning sites) measured by logging
machine in winter 2008 were used as field reference data. The results showed that the most significant source of error in
the prediction of clear-cutting assortment outturns was inventory error. Errors related to stem-form prediction and simulated
bucking as well as generation of stem distributions also cause uncertainty. The bias and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of
inventory errors varied between −11.4 and 21.6 m3/ha and 6.8 and 40.5 m3/ha, respectively, depending on the assortment and inventory methodology. The effect of forest inventory errors on the value
of logging outturn in clear-cuttings was 29.1% (SWFI) and 24.7% (ALS). The respective RMSE values related to thinnings were
41.1 and 42%. The generation of stem distribution series using mean characteristics led to an RMSE of 1.3 to 2.7 m3/ha and a bias of −1.2 to 0.6 m3/ha in the volume of all assortments. Prediction of stem form and simulation of bucking led to a relative bias of −0.28 to
0.00 m3 in predicted sawtimber volume. Errors related to pulpwood volumes were −0.4 m3 to 0.21 m3. 相似文献
5.
Labelle Eric R. Bergen Moritz Windisch Johannes 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(4):639-652
On-board computers (OBC) of harvesting machines can now provide optimized bucking (task of cutting stems into different log lengths) by relying on value and demand matrices. Despite existing benefits of these systems in certain countries, they remain largely underutilized and generally poorly understood in German mechanized forest operations. The study aimed to compare and quantify the differences in harvesting productivity and value recovery between two treatments: quality bucking (OFF) and automatic bucking (ON). A mature forest stand with a high proportion of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was divided into plots (30 m × 100 m) where initial tests of both treatments were randomly distributed and replicated 10 times for a total of 11 plots per treatment. Pre-harvest inventory was performed on each tree targeted for removal via a commercial thinning silvicultural treatment. Mechanized harvesting was performed with an excavator-based Atlas Kern T23 Königstiger single-grip harvester. The same assortment specifications and prices were used for both treatments but on-board optimized bucking solutions were applied in the ON plots, whereas the operator had full control of the products to be recovered in the OFF plots. During harvesting operations, continuous time and motion was performed in all plots. Average harvesting productivity was higher—but not statistically significant—in OFF plots compared to ON plots by 2.0 and 0.46 m3/PMH0 for pine and spruce trees, respectively. Even if there was no difference detected in volume recovery for both treatments and tree species, value recovery was more than 1.60 € per cubic meter higher for pine in larger diameter classes when using quality bucking. This may be due to the fact that the algorithm of the OBC is designed for pine trees with a simpler crown architecture than trees harvested in this study. Results supporting quality bucking over automatic bucking in a Scots pine-dominated stands provide important forest operational information to managers.
相似文献6.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):570-578
In order to obtain a more precise prediction of the distribution of each timber grade or log grade with regard to the volume of birch (Betula pendula Roth., B. pubescens Ehrh.) in models for long-term planning, ordered probit models were developed. These models were developed by using data from three mixed birch and Norway spruce stands in Norway. The data consisted of 168 stems. In Norway, three ordinary birch saw log grades are commonly used, with pulpwood as a fourth grade. In this study, these four grades were applied in addition to waste timber, which was treated as a fifth grade. The developed models showed that the grade distribution of birch trees of mixed birch and spruce stands was highly correlated with tree height (p<0.01) and height to first visible dry branch (p=0.081). The statistical significance of both models was good (p<0.0001), as measured by log likelihood test statistics. Classifying the 168 stems by saw timber or pulpwood in butt log led to greatly improved estimates (p<0.01). The developed models would allow the incorporation of timber grade in stand simulators, enabling more precise predictions regarding the economic implications of alternative management strategies for birch trees. 相似文献
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8.
Pedro Ah Shenga Peter Bomark Olof Broman Dick Sandberg 《Wood material science & engineering》2017,12(4):257-262
The sawmill industry is a very important link in the Mozambique forest products value chain, but the industry is characterized by undeveloped processing technology and high-volume export of almost unrefined logs. The low volume yield of sawn timber has been identified as a critical gap in the technological development of the industry. To improve the profitability of the industry, there is thus a need to develop methods and techniques that improve the yield. In this paper, different positioning of logs prior to sawing and the possibility of increasing the volume yield of crooked logs by bucking the logs before sawing have been studied. A computer simulation was used to study the cant-sawing and through-and-through sawing of the logs to determine the volume yield of sawn timber from the jambirre (Millettia stuhlmannii Taub.) and umbila (Pterocarpus angolensis DC.) species. The optimal position, i.e. the position of the log before sawing that gives the highest volume yield of sawn timber for a given sawing pattern when the positioning parameters, offset, skew and rotation, are considered gave a considerable higher volume yield than the horns-down position. By bucking very crooked logs and using the horns-down positioning before sawing, the volume yield can be of the same magnitude as that obtained by optimal positioning on full-length (un-bucked) logs. The bucking reduces the crook of the logs and hence increases the volume yield of sawn timber. 相似文献
9.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):368-377
A computer program of a forward reaching algorithm of dynamic programming is presented for optimal log bucking. The application is implemented using an object-oriented programming approach. Sensitivity analyses were applied for evaluating the effects in terms of economic value and usable volume, and of altering the price system for saw wood. The data used consisted of 451 Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stems collected from 13 forest sites located in three regions in Norway. Grade I and Grade II saw wood and pulpwood were used. The mean timber value increased approximately 1% when the new price system was introduced. The value obtained by introducing the new prices varied between the sites (0.1%-1.6%) as well as between regions (0.3%-1.6%). The analyses based on taper equations over-estimated the total value for all the alternatives. Finally, decreasing the width of stem sections and increasing the number of log length alternatives increased the total value of the sample trees but increased the computation time. 相似文献
10.
介绍了当盗伐、滥伐林木已被造林的立木材积测算方法。首选要测算包括原条材积、原木材积、锯材材积等已被造材的材积，再根据该材种的出材率换算成立木材积。 相似文献
11.
采用截顶椭圆一抛物面原木数学模型，应用原木的四个实测参数，测定出经多锯片裁分锯剖分的各块毛边板、板皮的精确材积；精确算出锯路的损耗和出材率。应用本文提出的理论，可以设计出简单的多锯片裁分锯数控检测系统，使短周期工业用材加工实现数控化。 相似文献
12.
本文研究了国内外原条量材设计的理论和实践。同时,提出建立原条量材设计赋权有向图的模型。用最长路径法求解最优造材方案。并重点阐述了采用Visual Basic编写原条量材设计的Windows环境下的优化软件。 相似文献
13.
杉木人工林不同造材方式的效果分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
以福建顺昌130株杉木人工林采伐样木资料为基础,采用7种不同的造材方式进行实际造材,对不同造材方式的出材率和平均销售单价进行比较,分析结果表明,不同造材方式出材率、平均销售单价之间均有显著差异。采用第7种造材方式(遇到根部有缺陷的,则截1 m段头,4 m段造材,根部无缺陷的,则不截头,4 m段造材)出材率和平均销售单价均最大,为最佳的造材方式。 相似文献
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15.
E. Somarriba 《Agroforestry Systems》1992,18(1):69-82
Both model and field estimations were made of the damage inflicted to coffee plants due to the harvest of timber shade trees (Cordia alliodora) in coffee plantations. Economic analyses were made for different coffee planting densities, yields, and both coffee and timber prices.Damage due to tree felling and log skidding should not be a major limitation to the use of timber shade trees in coffee plantations. The timber price that would balance all discounted losses and benefits to zero, for scenarios with and without trees ranged between 8–20 US $/m3 (current overbark log volume at the saw mill yard is US$ 66/m3). There will be lower margins for coffee damage in high yielding plantations, specially in years of good coffee prices. Nevertheless, the use of timber shade trees is recommended even in these scenarios. 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):258-263
Abstract The objective of this study was to test harvester group-guiding methods by comparing how the total log output distribution of independent harvesters differs from the total log output distribution of group-guided harvesters. In this simulation study four harvesters worked in their own stands in the same region for an identical target, given by a sawmill. Group-guiding was done by utilizing other harvesters’ bucking outcomes to fulfil the target log distribution better. Harvesters were combined to form a group in an adapting phase where a new price list was formed. For group-guiding, four different price list adapting methods were developed. There were five different simulations: four with adaptation and one reference simulation without adaptation. Apportionment degree and log/pulpwood proportions were calculated to compare the difference between the methods and reference simulation. With group-guiding, by adapting the price list harvesters reached the target distribution better than working independently. The best group-guiding method fulfilled the target distribution almost 9% better than independently working harvesters. However, the pulpwood proportion increased as a result of using the group-guided method. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):120-127
Abstract This study quantified, across a landscape in Eastern Finland, the influence of administrative land-use and technical land-form constraints on timber production. Spatially explicit data about the nature conservation areas, land use plans and steep slopes were integrated with Multi-source National Forest Inventory (MS-NFI) data. The Finnish forestry model MELA was used in the calculations related to updating forest data and estimating different scenarios of timber production with and without constraints. In the study area, the annual volume of maximum sustainable cutting removal defined for the next 30 years was decreased by one-third due to restrictions. The presented approach could be used, for example, to assess timber availability at the landscape level. Future challenges include ensuring the compatibility of spatially explicit data obtained from different sources, identifying the feasibility of forest management operations in the restricted area, and incorporating near-nature forest management operations in the forest planning system in order to estimate the timber production. 相似文献
18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):57-64
The objective of this investigation was to determine the relationship between potential evaporation, according to the Penman‐Monteith evaporation formula, and measured evaporation in saw timber piles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The local climate and the water balance of a timber pile were investigated at two geographically different experimental sites, one in southern Norway and one in central Sweden. The results showed that the relationship was significant at both experimental sites, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.71 in Norway and 0.52 in Sweden. At both experimental sites, the potential evaporation had higher average values and between‐day variations than measured evaporation, probably because the Pen‐man‐Monteith formula is too sensitive to variation in meteorological variables. The formula overestimated the evaporation during periods with high evaporation demand, which might be explained by the stronger feed‐back between evaporation and cooling of the air at saw timber piles than at the position of the climate station. A seasonal variation of standard residuals between potential and measured values was observed at both experimental sites. The Penman‐Monteith evaporation formula estimated the evaporation well during July and August, whereas overestimation occurred during June and September. 相似文献
19.
采用30年生未间伐的杉木人工林连续观测数据,研究了不同林龄立地质量、林分密度对林分材种结构的影响。结果表明:初植密度相同时,立地质量越好各材种出现时间及达到最大出材率的时间越早,22立地指数初植密度1 667株·hm-2的小径材最大出材率出现时间较16立地指数初植密度1 667株·hm-2早4 a,中径材最大出材率出现的时间早6 a;立地指数相同时,随初植密度增加小径材出材率的峰度及峰值均减小,20立地指数样地中,初植密度为1 667株·hm-2的小径材出材率峰值较初植密度为10 000株·hm-2的高17%,而初植密度对中径材、大径材影响不大;在林分发展的不同时期,林分密度对材种出材率的影响不同,30年生时林分蓄积相近的但初植密度不同的样地,初植密度越大小径材出材率越高,大径材出材率越低。 相似文献
20.
根据洋口国有林场有代表性的杉木人工林样木资料,应用逐步回归技术和遗传算法建立可变参数削度方程,编制杉木人工林单木二元材种出材率表,为准确估算材种出材量提供了科学依据。 相似文献