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1.
In this study, the left and right cranial cervical ganglia (ganglion cervicale craniale) of eight young (four male, four female) domestic pigs weighing around 70-80 kg were inspected macro anatomically. The cranial cervical ganglion (CCG) was found cranio-ventrally of the distal ganglion of the vagus nerve, medial of the jugular process extremity, ventral of the atlas, dorsal of the epiglottis base and medial of the common root (CR) established by the internal carotid and occipital arteries. The internal carotid nerve and jugular nerve ramified from the cranial part of CCG. The jugular nerve gave branches that merged with the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Other nerve branches originating from the cranial part of the ganglion reached to the external carotid artery and CR. The internal carotid nerve varied among cadavers in number of branches (two to four). These branches did not travel along the side of the internal carotid artery. The central part of CCG gave thin nerve branches that reached to various anatomical structures including the first and second cervical nerves, wall of the pharynx, accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, external carotid artery and CR. The caudal part of CCG gave nerve branches that merged with the vagus, cranial laryngeal nerves, and common carotid artery. The external carotid nerves, which were two or three in number, also originated from the caudal part of CCG. In conclusion, the nerves ramifying from CCG of the pig varied in number among cadavers. Compared with literature raised in other species, there are also differences in number of nerve branches and course pattern of these nerves. 相似文献
2.
The heads of 12 White yaks (four castrated, four male and four female, 3-8 years old) were dissected to study the shape, location and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion macroscopically. The ganglion was a greyish arciform structure, with a mean length of 17.3 mm, a width of 8.0 mm and a thickness of 3.9 mm, located on the rostrolateral surface of m. longus capitis. Approximately 5% of the ganglion was covered laterally by the tympanic bulla and the rest by the m. stylohyoideus. The branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal and external carotid nerves, the sympathetic trunk and communicating branches to the glossopharyngeal nerve, the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve and the hypoglossal nerve. In one specimen, the left cranial cervical ganglion was fusiform and only covered by the m. stylohyoideus. Gender differences of the cranial cervical ganglion in the White yak were not observed. 相似文献
3.
Ten specimens of the head and neck of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) were dissected to study the situation, arrangement and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion (ganglion cervicale craniale). The ganglion was a greyish fusiform structure, averaging 15–20 mm in length, 4–6 mm in width and 3 mm in thickness, located on the rostro-lateral surface of the longus capitis and covered by the mandibular gland. The branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal carotid nerve, external carotid nerve, jugular nerve and the branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal and first cervical nerves. 相似文献
4.
Shao BP Ding YP Xie ZH Yu HX Brand-Saberi B Wang JL 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2007,173(1):174-177
The heads and necks of 10 yaks were dissected to study the shape, location, arrangement, and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion. The ganglion was a greyish fusiform structure, mean length 19.72 mm, width 7.65 mm and depth 4.55 mm, located on the rostrolateral surface of the m. longus capitis. Approximately 25% of the ganglion was covered by the tympanic bulla, the rest by the m. stylohyoideus. The branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal and external carotid nerves, sympathetic trunk and the branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal nerves. In one animal the right cranial cervical ganglia was a greyish pyramidal structure 10 mm long, 8 mm wide and 5 mm thick but the left ganglion was similar to those found in the other specimens examined. 相似文献
5.
Seven heads and necks of Bactrian camels were dissected to investigate the origin, course, branches anddistribution of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve in the cranial cervical region. The spinal root and external branch of the accessory nerve were not present, but there was a delicate communicating branch between the dorsal root of the first cervical nerve and the root of the vagus nerve. The sternocephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve while the brachiocephalic and trapezius muscles were supplied by the sixth and seventh cervical nerves. In the head and cranial cervical region of the Bactrian camel the vagus nerve gave oft the auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, cranial laryngeal nerve, a common trunk to the larynx, oesophagus and trachea, and some communicating branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, first cervical nerves and the cranial cervical ganglion. 相似文献
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7.
艇ＨＲＰ法对兔减压神经进行了研究，标记的传入神经元绝大多数位于迷走神经结状节尾侧半部偏一侧，少数见于颈静脉神经节，其中枢突标记终末见于延髓闩以上的孤束核内侧部，腹侧部以及迷背核内。在颈前节也出现标记细胞，表明减压神经中也含有起源于 前节的交感节后纤维成分。主动脉压力感受器有经减压神经来的感觉神经交感节后神经纤维支配。提示减压神经是含有一般内脏传入和一般内脏传出纤维的混合神经，为研究心血管生理提供了 相似文献
8.
The vascularization of the cranial cervical ganglion [superior cervical ganglion (SCG)] of 10 adult guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus) was investigated by latex injection and dissection techniques. Compared with other species, there were differences in the arterial supply of SCG and in the number of branches originating from these vessels. The SCG received arterial blood from branches of the ascending pharyngeal and internal carotid arteries. In addition, it was demonstrated that the superior thyroid and occipital arteries contribute rarely to the vascularization of the SCG. 相似文献
9.
A study of the origin of the sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating the trachealis muscle of the dog was carried out using horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde neuronal marker. It was demonstrated that this technique is not fruitful in adult dogs, but in 12 puppies demonstrated that these neurons arise from the cervicothoracic, middle cervical and cranial cervical ganglia. Contributions of nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of the vagus nerve and the distal ganglion of the vagus nerve to innervation of the trachealis muscle were also demonstrated. 相似文献
10.
L R Whalen 《American journal of veterinary research》1985,46(1):229-234
Reflexes associated with the trigeminal and facial nerves were investigated electromyographically in 14 barbiturate-anesthetized dogs. Using subcutaneous needle electrodes, electrical stimulation of the infraorbital, frontal, and zygomaticofacial branches of the trigeminal nerve produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Cutaneous and subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the internal auricular branches of the facial nerve also produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After sectioning of this branch between the vagus and facial nerves, electrical stimulation of the proximal portion of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After sectioning of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve; electrical stimulation of the proximal portion of the caudal and middle internal auricular nerves did not produce reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the palpebral nerve produced reflex contractions and direct-evoked muscle activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the infraorbital and middle mental nerves produced reflex contractions of the rostral belly of the digastricus muscle. 相似文献
11.
Extrinsic cardiac nerves and their patterns are described based on anatomical dissections of five goitred gazelle. Sympathetic cardiac innervation was mainly provided by the cervicothoracic and thoracic cardiac nerves. No left caudal cervicothoracic nerves, middle cervical cardiac nerves and vertebral cardiac nerves from the vertebral ganglion were observed. Parasympathetic cardiac innervation was supplied by the nerve fibres from the caudal vagal cardiac rami only. No cardiac rami from the cranial vagal cardiac nerves present in small ruminants were observed in this study. The caudal laryngeal and phrenic cardiac nerves also contributed to the cardiac innervation. 相似文献
12.
本实验用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪法对家兔下颌淋巴结的神经来源进行了研究。结果表明；在同侧三叉神经半月状神经节和Ｃ１－４脊神经出现标记神经原，以三叉神经经半月状神经的标记细胞最多，提示下颌淋巴结的初级感觉主要经三叉神经传入；在同侧的颈前节，星状神经节及Ｔ２－３椎旁节出现标记的交感后神经原，主要出现于颈前节的吻侧端。 相似文献
13.
The circulation and innervation to porcine cervical trachea were studied in 54 animals in situ. The antemortem response of porcine tracheal muscle was measured isometrically during selective injection of acetylcholine into the cranial thyroid arterial circulation. A predominantly unilateral (70.4%), rather than bilateral (3.7%), arterial circulation was identified; a cranial thyroid artery was not demonstrated in 25.9% of swine, suggesting dominant perfusion from the caudal thyroid circulation. After animals were killed, dye injection through the dominant cranial thyroid trunk demonstrated homogeneous perfusion of the muscle in all instances. In 20 of these animals, the distribution of parasympathetic innervation to porcine tracheal muscle was studied by selective electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves in situ. Tracheal smooth muscle response was measured isometrically, using settings (20 v, 20 Hz) causing maximal contractile force. Bilateral electrical stimulation caused active tracheal tension of 23.2 +/- 1.9 g/cm. Unilateral stimulation of the left vagus nerve caused 17.8 +/- 1.5 g/cm contraction, which was significantly greater than the response caused by selective stimulation of the right vagus nerve (12.1 +/- 1.6 g/cm; P less than 0.001). Innervation to porcine cervical trachea, although bilateral, is derived predominantly from the left vagus nerve; circulation is derived almost always from the left cranial thyroid artery. 相似文献
14.
The caudal mesenteric ganglion (CMG) is located ventral to the abdominal aorta involving the initial portion of the caudal mesenteric artery. Its macro and microstructural organization was studied in 40 domestic dogs. From the CMG, there were three nerves: the main hypogastric, the left hypogastric and the right hypogastric. The main hypogastric nerve emits two branches: the left colonic nerve and the cranial rectal nerve. Afterwards they give rise to branches to the descending colon (colonic nerves) and rectum (rectal nerves). The cranial rectal nerve, and left and right hypogastric nerves were directed to the pelvic ganglia. The microscopic study permitted the observation of the histological organization of the CMG, which is a ganglionic complex composed of an agglomeration of ganglionic units. Each ganglionic unit is composed of three major cell types: principal ganglion neurones (PGNs), glial cells and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and they were separated by nerve fibres, septa of connective tissue (types 1 and 3 collagen fibres), fibroblasts and intraganglionic capillaries. Hence, the ganglionic unit is the morphological support for the microstructural organization of the CMG complex. Further, each ganglionic unit is constituted by a cellular triad (SIF cells, PGN and glial cells), which is the cytological basis for each ganglionic unit. 相似文献
15.
机体内一种化学感受器--颈动脉体研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
颈动脉体是机体内一种化学感受器 ,在机体血液内出现缺氧、CO2 分压升高、H 浓度增加等变化时 ,颈动脉体接受刺激而使机体发生相应的变化 ,表现为呼吸加深加快 ,心跳加快 ,心输出量增多 ,脑和心脏血流量加大 ,而腹腔内脏的血流量减少等综合征 ,而且缺氧时颈动脉体细胞成分 ,电子致密核心囊泡 ,细胞内pH和膜电位等也发生变化。一般认为 ,颈动脉体主细胞胞浆内的电子致密核心囊泡是具有调节心血管及呼吸功能的神经分泌颗粒。颈动脉体接受交感神经颈前节、舌咽神经和迷走神经的支配 相似文献
16.
The distribution of sympathetic and sensory neurones innervating the submandibular gland (SMG) in sheep was studied using retrograde tracing technique. The retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) was unilaterally injected into the SMG in five juvenile male sheep under general anaesthesia. After a 4-week survival period, all the animals were reanaesthetized, perfused transcardially with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde and ganglia, which could be considered as a potential sources of sympathetic, and afferent innervation of the gland were bilaterally collected. The FB-labelled sympathetic neurones were found in the ipsilateral superior and middle cervical ganglion. Many labelled neurones were distributed in the ipsilateral jugular and nodose ganglia of the vagus nerve and smaller numbers of the nerve cells were also found in ipsilateral C1-C3 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). No labelled neurones were observed in the ipsilateral stellate ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, C4-C8 DRG and in all contralateral ganglia. The present study revealed that the majority of sympathetic neurones projecting to the sheep SMG are found in the superior cervical ganglion but some of them are also distributed in the middle cervical ganglion. Most of the afferent neurones are located in the jugular and nodose ganglia of vagus nerve but C1-C3 DRG also comprise some of these nerve cells. 相似文献
17.
猪颈前神经节脊髓颈部和胃内Leptin长形受体mRNA的分布定位 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用原位杂交法研究了10头长白猪(n=5)和梅山猪(n=5)颈前神经节、脊髓颈部和胃内Ob—Rb mRNA的分布定位。实验结果表明，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元位于长白猪和梅山猪颈前神经节、脊髓颈部和胃内。在颈前神经节，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元散在分布，胞体呈圆形或卵圆形。在脊髓颈部，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元分布于背侧角和腹侧角，以背侧角分布密集。在胃内，Ob—Rb mRNA标记细胞分布于黏膜层和黏膜下层。长白猪和梅山猪上述结构内Ob—Rb mRNA的分布定位无明显差异。 相似文献
18.
兔颈动脉窦和颈动脉体的神经支配 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
用ＨＲＰ法对兔颈动脉窦和颈动脉体的神经支配进行了分析,表明,支配颈动脉窦和颈动脉体的标记细胞均出现于舌咽神经远节和颈上节。颈动脉体感觉传入中枢突终未见于延髓闩部邻近极后区的腹外侧,颈上节的标记细胞分布于尾侧半部。提示颈动脉窦和颈动脉体对心血在管活动的调节存在着经舌咽神经将感觉传入中枢的通路和经颈上节进行交感神经活动支配的传出通路。为研究心和管生理提供了形态学资料。 相似文献
19.
Martinez-Pereira MA Rickes EM 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2011,82(3):150-154
In this study, the spinal nerves that constitute the lumbosacral plexus (plexus lumbosacrales) (LSP) and its distribution in Chinchilla lanigera were investigated. Ten chinchillas (6 males and 4 females) were used in this research. The spinal nerves that constitute the LSP were dissected and the distribution of pelvic limb nerves originating from the plexus was examined. The iliohypogastric nerve arose from L1 and L2, giving rise to the cranial and caudal nerves, and the ilioinguinal nerve arose from L3. The other branch of L3 gave rise to the genitofemoral nerve and 1 branch from L4 gave rise to the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve. The trunk formed by the union of L4-5 divided into medial (femoral nerve) and lateral branches (obturator nerve). It was found that the LSP was formed by all the ventral branches of L4 at L6 and S1 at S3. At the caudal part of the plexus, a thick branch, the ischiadic plexus, was formed by contributions from L5-6 and S1. This root gave rise to the nerve branches which were disseminated to the posterior limb (cranial and caudal gluteal nerves, caudal cutaneous femoral nerve and ischiadic nerve). The ischiadic nerve divided into the caudal cutaneous surae, lateral cutaneous surae, common fibular and tibial nerve. The pudendal nerve arose from S1-2 and the other branch of S2 and S3 formed the rectal caudal nerve. The results showed that the origins and distribution of spinal nerves that constitute the LSP of chinchillas were similar to those of a few rodents and other mammals. 相似文献
20.
David Mazensky Jan Danko Eva Petrovova Slavka Flesarova Peter Supuka Anna Supukova Lenka Luptakova Halina Purzyc 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(6):641-645
The aim of this study was to describe the arterial arrangement of the cervical spinal cord in the guinea pig. The study was carried out on 20 adult English self guinea pigs using corrosion and dissection technique. Batson's corrosion casting kit no. 17© was used as a casting medium. The origin of the ventral spinal artery from the left vertebral artery was found on average in 35% of the cases and from the right vertebral artery on average in 40% of the cases. The ventral spinal artery with origin from the anastomosis of two medial branches was found on average in 25% of the cases. The presence of ventral radicular branches of rami spinales entering the ventral spinal artery in the cervical region was observed in 42% of the cases on the right side and in 58% of the cases on the left side. The presence of dorsal radicular branches of rami spinales that reached the spinal cord was observed in 63% of the cases on the left side and in 37% of the cases on the right side. The number of radicular branches supplying the spinal cord is greater in guinea pig than in humans. 相似文献