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植物次生代谢产物对瘤胃发酵调控的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
瘤胃发酵调控在反刍动物营养与饲料产品研究中占有重要地位.近年来大量研究证实,植物提取物中含有生物碱、皂苷、萜类、挥发精油等多种生物活性成分,具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化等功能,同时具有调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,提高氮存留,减少甲烷排放的功能.因此,植物次生代谢产物作为反刍动物饲料添加剂研究和应用将成为研究的热点,对发展反刍动物绿色营养技术、提高饲料利用效率和保护环境起到积极作用.本文针对目前应用于反刍动物饲料添加剂的植物次生代谢产物的来源、种类、组成特性和应用做了综述,以期对今后我国该领域的研究和产品开发提供参考价值. 相似文献
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植物提取物中含有生物碱、皂苷、挥发油、单宁以及多糖等生物活性成分,具有杀菌、促生长及抗氧化等多种功能,被认为是可以替代抗生素药物的天然饲料添加剂之一。近年来,有关植物提取物在畜禽营养调控及生产应用方面的研究受到广泛关注。本文在总结植物提取物活性成分及功能的基础上,针对其在反刍动物营养调控及生产应用方面的研究进行了综述,重点评述了近年来植物提取物在提高反刍动物的采食量和饲料消化率、抑制甲烷生成、提高过瘤胃蛋白数量、调控瘤胃发酵及改善畜产品品质方面的研究进展,提出了目前植物提取物应用存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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《中国草食动物科学》2015,(4)
植物提取物中含有丰富的挥发油、生物碱、萜类、皂苷等化学物质,具有抗菌、促生长、抗氧化和提高免疫力等功能,对反刍动物具有调节发酵模式、提高蛋白利用率、减少甲烷排放等功能,在反刍动物瘤胃调控方面发挥着积极作用。文章针对植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量的调控进行了综述。 相似文献
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植物提取物因其低毒副作用及所具有的独特天然性、营养性和生物活性,成为抗生素的理想替代品之一。许多植物提取物可用于调控单胃动物和反刍动物的消化道功能。本文旨在阐述精油、皂苷和大蒜提取物等植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵的影响,探讨其作用机理及作为瘤胃发酵调控剂的可行性。 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物虽然可发酵饲料产生挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白为反刍动物供应能量和蛋白质,但是这种发酵过程会造成能量(甲烷排放)和蛋白质(氨氮流失)的损失,从而降低反刍动物的生产性能和污染环境。离子载体抗生素在减少瘤胃能量和蛋白质损失方面效果显著,但是其应用越来越受到限制。因此,寻求抗生素替代物来调控瘤胃发酵成为科学家们研究的热点。近年来,大量研究表明,植物提取物中含有皂苷、挥发精油和单宁等多种生物活性成分,具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化等功能,同时具有调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,降低饲料蛋白质损失,减少甲烷排放的功能。文章针对应用于反刍动物饲料的植物提取物的来源、种类、组成特性和应用做了综述,以期为我国植物提取物的产品开发和利用提供参考。 相似文献
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2007~2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展Ⅱ.瘤胃发酵调控 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
瘤胃调控是反刍动物营养调控的重要手段,人们期望通过瘤胃调控达到提高反刍动物饲料利用效率和生产性能的目的。改变日粮精粗比例、蛋白质组成和日粮物理形态对瘤胃发酵具有不同的影响作用。添加离子载体和有机酸是控制瘤胃甲烷产气和改善瘤胃发酵的有效方法。另外,添加外源酶制剂、饲用微生物和植物提取物都能达到改善瘤胃发酵的作用。作者综述了近年来通过改变日粮、添加离子载体、酶制剂、有机酸、饲用微生物、植物提取物等手段对瘤胃进行调控的研究进展,探讨瘤胃调控目前面临的问题和对未来的展望。 相似文献
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Makoto Mitsumori Toshiya Hasunuma Tomoko Okimura Takumi Shinkai Yosuke Kobayashi Makoto Hirako Shiro Kushibiki 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(12):1556-1566
Ruminant animals are able to convert plant materials (grain and the human‐indigestible portion of carbohydrates) to milk and meat. In this conversion, most of the plant materials are digested by rumen fermentation and are changed to short‐chain fatty acids, microbial cells, and methane, which is released into the atmosphere. The relationships among feed, rumen fermentation, and milk production are poorly understood. Here we report a novel indicator of characteristics of rumen fermentation, theoretical turnover rate (TTOR) of the rumen liquid fraction. The TTOR was calculated from the presumed rumen volume (PRV) which is estimated by dividing the methane yield by the methane concentration of rumen fluid. The formula for the TTOR is: TTOR = PRV/body weight0.75. Our present analyses confirm that the TTOR as an indicator is capable of connecting feed, rumen fermentation, and milk production, because dry matter intake/TTOR showed a strong correlation with milk yield/TTOR. In addition, the TTOR may be related to ruminal pH, as we observed that the ruminal pH decreased as the TTOR increased. We propose that the TTOR is a factor characterizing rumen fermentation and a good indicator of the productivity of ruminants and dysbiosis of the rumen microbiome. 相似文献
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《动物营养（英文）》2015,(3)
Animal agriculture has been an important component in the integrated farming systems in developing countries. It serves in a paramount diversified role in producing animal protein food, draft power, farm manure as well as ensuring social status-quo and enriching livelihood. Ruminants are importantly contributable to the well-being and the livelihood of the global population. Ruminant production systems can vary from subsistence to intensive type of farming depending on locality, resource availability,infrastructure accessibility, food demand and market potentials. The growing demand for sustainable animal production is compelling to researchers exploring the potential approaches to reduce greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions from livestock. Global warming has been an issue of concern and importance for all especially those engaged in animal agriculture. Methane(CH_4) is one of the major GHG accounted for at least 14% of the total GHG with a global warming potential 25-fold of carbon dioxide and a 12-year atmospheric lifetime. Agricultural sector has a contribution of 50 to 60% methane emission and ruminants are the major source of methane contribution(15 to 33%). Methane emission by enteric fermentation of ruminants represents a loss of energy intake(5 to 15% of total) and is produced by methanogens(archae) as a result of fermentation end-products. Ruminants' digestive fermentation results in fermentation end-products of volatile fatty acids(VFA), microbial protein and methane production in the rumen. Rumen microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa and fungal zoospores are closely associated with the rumen fermentation efficiency. Besides using feed formulation and feeding management, local feed resources have been used as alternative feed additives for manipulation of rumen ecology with promising results for replacement in ruminant feeding. Those potential feed additive practices are as follows: 1) the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds(e.g., condensed tannins and saponins) such as mangosteen peel powder, rain tree pod; 2) plants rich in minerals, e.g., banana flower powder; and 3) plant essential oils, e.g., garlic, eucalyptus leaf powder, etc. Implementation of the-feed-system using cash crop and leguminous shrubs or fodder trees are of promising results. 相似文献
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The availability of local feed resources in various seasons can contribute as essential sources of carbohydrate and protein which significantly impact rumen fermentation and the subsequent productivity of the ruminant. Recent developments, based on enriching protein in cassava chips, have yielded yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) providing up to 47.5% crude protein (CP), which can be used to replace soybean meal. The use of fodder trees has been developed through the process of pelleting; Leucaena leucocephala leaf pellets (LLP), mulberry leaf pellets (MUP) and mangosteen peel and/or garlic pellets, can be used as good sources of protein to supplement ruminant feeding. Apart from producing volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins, greenhouse gases such as methane are also produced in the rumen. Several methods have been used to reduce rumen methane. However, among many approaches, nutritional manipulation using feed formulation and feeding management, especially the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds (condensed tannins and saponins) and plant oils, has been reported. This approach could help todecrease rumen protozoa and methanogens and thus mitigate the production of methane. At present, more research concerning this burning issue - the role of livestock in global warming - warrants undertaking further research with regard to economic viability and practical feasibility. 相似文献
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表面活性剂是一种新型的反刍动物饲料添加剂,根据表面活性剂的分子结构,可将其分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性离子型和非离子型表面活性剂,其作用机理是通过改变瘤胃微生物种群数量进而增加瘤胃内源性酶的分泌量、分泌酶活性或促进酶与底物之间的相互作用,改变瘤胃发酵模式,提高瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。作者主要综述了表面活性剂的分类及几种常见的表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的影响,其中包括非离子型（吐温、烷基多糖苷、茶皂素）、两性离子型（甜菜碱、大豆磷脂）和阴离子型（十二烷基苯磺酸钠、磺基丁二酸钠二辛酯）;介绍了日粮中添加不同离子型表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃微生物种群数量、内源酶活、发酵产物等影响,为新型表面活性剂的开发和表面活性剂在反刍动物日粮中的合理应用提供参考依据。 相似文献
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Peiqiang YU 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(2):143-151
Recently obtained information on applications of the unique degradation ratio system (DRS) as an alternative method for feed evaluation and diet formulation is reviewed, in relation to optimum rumen fermentation and nutrient utilization and availability. The DRS ratio values show the balance between potentially microbial protein synthesis from rumen degradable crude protein and that potentially from the energy extracted during anaerobic fermentation in the rumen. In modeling feed evaluation and diet formulation, the degradation ratios can be used in assisting to detect effects of feed processing and optimize the composition of ruminant diets. Unfortunately, few researchers provide such crucial ratio data when they studied rumen degradation characteristics of a feed or diet mainly due to lack of knowledge of the DRS system. The emphasis of this article is on: (i) systematic introduction of the DRS system; and (ii) prediction the optimal rumen fermentation using the DRS system. The information described in this article may give better insight into the principal, computation and applications of the DRS system for feed and diet evaluation. A focus of the article is on evaluation of the DRS system as an alternative new approach to establishment of a feed evaluation system that more accurately accounts for feed digestive processes in the ruminant on a quantitative basis. 相似文献
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Comparative aspects of plant tannins on digestive physiology,nutrition and microbial community changes in sheep and goats: A review 
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下载免费PDF全文 Byeng Ryel Min Sandra Solaiman 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(5):1181-1193
Comparative aspects of plant tannins on digestive physiology, nutrition and microbial community in sheep and goats are discussed in the context of differences due to feed intake, digestibility, utilization of nutrients and microbial community. The purpose of this review was to present an overview of the potential benefits of tannin‐containing diets for sheep and goats and specie differences in their response to tannins. It is well established that moderate level of tannins in the diet (3%–4% tannins DM) can precipitate with soluble proteins and increase protein supply to the sheep, but comparative aspects of tannin‐containing diets in sheep and goats on animal performance, digestive physiology, rumen microbial changes and potential benefits to sustainable animal production by those compounds have received little attention. In addition, developing plant‐based tannin‐containing diets for control of rumen microbiota and rumen fermentation (e.g., methane gas) would be expected to have a greater impact on the ruminant health, productivity and emission of greenhouse gasses. The positive impacts of the plant tannin compounds mainly depend on their influence on the gut microbiome diversity and ability to generate fermentation end products (short‐chain fatty acids) that have diverse biological roles. Diets which contain optimal levels of tannins have potential benefits for sustainability of small ruminant production systems. However, there is a need for an improved understanding of the utilization of tannin‐containing forages to improve their management. This implies investigations of animal responses to tannin‐containing forages or browse species and, in particular, a better understanding of the interactions that can arise between sheep and goats on digestion, DMD, rumen fermentation and microbial community changes. This knowledge could help to improve current feeding systems in terms of efficiency of feed use and environmental impacts (reduce methane gas production) and thus contribute to the development of a sustainable sheep and goat production. 相似文献
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Effects of tea saponins on rumen microbiota,rumen fermentation,methane production and growth performance—a review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Reducing methane emission from ruminant animals has implications not only for global environmental protection but also for
efficient animal production. Tea saponins (TS) extracted from seeds, leaves or roots of tea plant are pentacyclic triterpenes.
They have a lasting antiprotozoal effect, but little effect on the methanogen population in sheep. There was no significant
correlation between the protozoa counts and methanogens. The TS decreased methanogen activity. It seems that TS influenced
the activity of the methanogens indirectly via the depressed ciliate protozoal population. The TS addition decreased fungal
population in the medium containing rumen liquor in in vitro fermentation, but no such effect was observed in the rumen liquor
of sheep fed TS. Tea saponins had a minor effect on the pattern of rumen fermentation and hence on nutrient digestion. When
added at 3 g/day in diets, TS could improve daily weight gain and feed efficiency in goats. No positive associative effect
existed between TS and disodium fumarate or soybean oil on methane suppression. Inclusion of TS in diets may be an effective
way for improving feed efficiency in ruminants. 相似文献
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《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2017,(2)
Methanogenic archaea reside primarily in the rumen and the lower segments of the intestines of ruminants, where they utilize the reducing equivalents derived from rumen fermentation to reduce carbon dioxide, formic acid, or methylamines to methane(CH_4). Research on methanogens in the rumen has attracted great interest in the last decade because CH_4 emission from ruminants contributes to global greenhouse gas emission and represents a loss of feed energy. Some DNA-based phylogenetic studies have depicted a diverse and dynamic community of methanogens in the rumen. In the past decade, researchers have focused on elucidating the underpinning that determines and affects the diversity, composition, structure, and dynamics of methanogen community of the rumen. Concurrently, many researchers have attempted to develop and evaluate interventions to mitigate enteric CH_4 emission. Although much work has been done using plant secondary metabolites, other approaches such as using nitrate and 3-nitrooxy propanol have also yielded promising results. Most of these antimethanogenic compounds or substances often show inconsistent results among studies and also lead to adverse effects on feed intake and digestion and other aspects of rumen fermentation when fed at doses high enough to achieve effective mitigation. This review provides a brief overview of the rumen methanogens and then an appraisal of most of the antimethanogenic compounds and substances that have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Knowledge gaps and future research needs are also discussed with a focus on methanogens and methane mitigation. 相似文献