共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 375 毫秒
1.
利用改进的漂浮箱法,通过直接测定水体释放的N2O、N2,在模拟实验中研究种养及未种养漂浮植物凤眼莲条件下富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2、N2O特征及其对消减水体氮的贡献。结果表明,种养或未种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮的产物以N2为主,硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2O而脱除的氮仅占水体TN损失量的0．01％＋0．003％。在实验设定的水体富营养化条件下（NH4^＋ —N浓度6．0～7．2mg·L^-1、NO3^- -N浓度0．81～5．14mg·L^-1、TN浓度为8．9～12．07mg·L^-1）,种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体（无底泥）以向大气界面累积释放N2形式损失的氮量（N2-N量,以N计）为（1609．1±303．4）-（2265．2±262．6）mg,占水体氮损失量的63．2％-17．0％,凤眼莲吸收的N仅占水体TN损失量的（23．7±3．1）％～（28．7±4．8）％,并不是净化水体氮的唯一途径。未种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体（无底泥）向大气界面累积释放N2形式损失的氮占整个水体N损失量的（40．7±8．6）％-（43．6±0．8）％,是富营养化水体自净脱氮的主要途径。施加底泥进一步促进了水体通过反硝化脱氮释放N2而损失的氮量。凤眼莲与底泥对促进反硝化脱氮过程具有良好的交互作用（P〈0．01）。种养凤眼莲的富营养化水体向大气界面释放N2的浓度显著（P〈0．05）高于相应处理下未种养凤眼莲的对照水体,说明凤眼莲可能对水体反硝化脱氮过程有促进作用。 相似文献
2.
农作措施对中国稻田氧化亚氮排放影响的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
农业是全球最主要的温室气体排放源之一,稻田不仅是全球重要的甲烷(CH4)排放源,亦是氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要排放源。灌溉、施肥、耕作等农作措施能够改变稻田生态系统土壤微环境,影响土壤硝化与反硝化过程,进而影响N2O的排放。目前,关于农作措施对农田生态系统N2O排放特征研究很多,但系统地综述农作措施对稻田N2O排放影响的研究还比较少。该文着眼于中国的农业发展趋势,基于稻田灌溉、施肥及耕作等方面的新技术,综合分析新型农作措施对中国稻田生态系统N2O排放的影响及其机制,为相关研究提供参考。在此基础上,提出了中国稻田生态系统N2O排放深入研究的方向:1)加强研究新型农作措施下稻田N2O产生及排放途径;2)系统研究稻田生态系统直接与间接N2O排放的影响及其机制;3)开展农作措施集成技术对稻田生态系统N2O排放影响的研究;4)加强模型模拟的调参验证并进行相关预测分析。 相似文献
3.
稻田反硝化速率测定方法研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
反硝化作用是淹水稻田肥料氮损失的主要途径之一。采用合适的反硝化测定方法是开展稻田反硝化作用研究的前提。然而，由于反硝化过程主要产物N2的大气背景值较高，以及反硝化作用具有高度时空异质性，淹水稻田反硝化作用损失氮量难以准确量化一直是阻碍科学评价稻田气态氮损失的关键难题。本文综述了研究稻田反硝化作用的4种方法（乙炔抑制法、15N同位素示踪法、密闭培养-氦气环境法和N2/Ar比值-膜进样质谱法），分析了这些方法各自的优缺点和适用性，并提出了稻田反硝化研究的参考建议，以期推动稻田反硝化的研究。 相似文献
4.
5.
农田土壤硝化反硝化作用及其对生物炭添加响应的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氧化亚氮（N2O）是重要的温室气体之一,还会破坏大气臭氧层,影响全球气候变化。农田土壤是N2O最主要的排放源,由微生物主导的硝化和反硝化作用是其最主要的排放途径,因此,土壤的硝化和反硝化作用备受关注。在综合国内外相关研究的基础上,就区分硝化和反硝化作用对N2O排放贡献的研究方法、土壤N2O产生途径及其影响因素以及施用生物炭对N2O排放的影响机理进行归纳总结。结果表明：硝化和反硝化作用对生物炭的响应不同,在N2O减排效应上也存在很大的不确定性,其内在机理尚不明确。在此基础上,提出区分硝化和反硝化作用对N2O排放贡献的最佳研究方法,并就农田土壤硝化反硝化作用的影响因素以及对生物炭的响应机制进行研究展望。 相似文献
6.
从2000年9月到2001年9月，每月两次采样连续监测太湖地区湖、河和井水水体中溶解的N2O浓度、NO3^-－N和NH4^ －N浓度及水温的变化，研究了湖、河、井水体NO3^--N和NH4^ -N浓度对水中溶解N2O浓度的影响。结果表明，湖、河和井水中溶解的N2O浓度与NO3^-－N浓度呈显著正相关关系，也与水温呈正相关，而与NH4^ -N浓度无显著相关关系。结果还表明，浅水型水体高浓度NO3^--N和NH4^ -N的存在均是N2O产生的源；水体反硝化作用和硝化－反硝化均是水中产生N2O的重要途径。 相似文献
7.
土壤是产生N2O的最主要来源之一。硝化和反硝化反应是产生N2O的主要机理,由于硝化和反硝化微生物同时存在于土壤中,因而硝化和反硝化作用能同时产生N2O。N2O的来源可通过使用选择性抑制剂,杀菌剂以及加入的标记底物确定。通过对生成N2O反应的每一步分析,主要从抑制反应发生的催化酶和细菌着手,总结了测量区分硝化、反硝化和DNRA反应对N2O产生的贡献方法。并对15N标记底物法,乙炔抑制法和环境因子抑制法作了详细介绍。 相似文献
8.
秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化及N2O排放的影响 总被引：23，自引：3，他引：23
运用乙炔抑制技术研究了不同施氮水平下秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化反应和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,土壤反硝化速率及N2O的排放受氮肥施用、秸秆处理方式及其交互作用的显著影响。与秸秆燃烧相比,不施氮或低施氮水平时,秸秆还田可刺激培养初期反硝化反应速率及N2O排放,增加培养期间N2O平均排放通量;高施氮水平时,秸秆还田可降低反硝化反应速率及反硝化过程中的N2O排放。秸秆还田可降低反硝化中N2O/N2的比例。 相似文献
9.
土壤是产生N2O的最主要来源之一.硝化和反硝化反应是产生N2O的主要机理,由于硝化和反硝化微生物同时存在于土壤中,因而硝化和反硝化作用能同时产生N2O.N2O的来源可通过使用选择性抑制剂,杀菌剂以及加入的标记底物确定.通过对生成N2O反应的每一步分析,主要从抑制反应发生的催化酶和细菌着手,总结了测量区分硝化、反硝化和DNRA反应对N2O产生的贡献方法.并对15N标记底物法,乙炔抑制法和环境因子抑制法作了详细介绍. 相似文献
10.
森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对大气氮沉降增加的响应研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
森林土壤N2O来源于土壤氮素的氧化还原反应,硝化、反硝化、硝化细菌反硝化以及化学反硝化是其产生的四个关键过程。当前,氮素富集条件下森林土壤N2O排放存在硝化和反硝化主导作用之争,对大气氮沉降增加的响应模式以及微生物驱动机制尚不清楚。综述了森林土壤N2O来源的稳定性同位素拆分,森林土壤总氮转化和N2O排放对增氮的响应规律,增氮对N2O产生菌群落活性和组成的影响,并指出研究的薄弱环节与未来的研究重点。总体而言,森林土壤N2O排放对大气氮沉降增加的响应呈现非线性,包括初期无明显响应、中期缓慢增加和后期急剧增加三个阶段,取决于森林生态系统"氮饱和"程度。施氮会引起森林土壤有效氮由贫氮向富氮的转变,相应地改变了土壤硝化细菌和反硝化细菌群落丰度与组成,进而影响土壤N2O排放。由于森林土壤N2O排放监测、土壤总氮转化和N2O产生菌群落动态研究多为独立进行的,难以阐明微生物功能群与N2O排放之间的耦合关系。未来研究应该有机结合15N-18O标记和分子生物学技术,准确量化森林土壤N2O的来源,揭示森林土壤N2O排放对增氮的非线性响应机理。 相似文献
11.
Martin Teri L. Kaushik N. K. Trevors J. T. Whiteley H. R. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1999,111(1-4):171-186
Excess nitrate (NO3-) in lakes and streams has deleterious effects for environmental and human health. Nitrate concentrations have become problematic in agricultural watersheds due to increased use of fertilizers and improper management of livestock wastes. Research has indicated that the planting and/or preservation of riparian buffer zones can be an effective means of reducing pollution from agricultural fields (Osborne and Kovacic, 1993; Jordan et al., 1992; Simmons et al., 1992). Biological denitrification is the most desirable means of nitrate attenuation as the microbial conversion of NO3- removes nitrate from the watershed in the form of N gases. Despite the inherent value of biological denitrification, a comprehensive review discussing the role of this process in removing nitrate from riparian zones is lacking. In this paper we examine the results and conclusions of past research on the topic of denitrification in riparian zones and make recommendations for future research in this area. The need for subsurface denitrification assays in riparian zones is emphasized. 相似文献
12.
下层土壤反硝化作用的研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在夏玉米生长期间 ,采用乙炔抑制 -原状土柱培养方法研究了北京褐土下层 (15～ 6 0cm)土壤的反硝化作用 ,并探讨影响该层土壤反硝化作用的主要因素。试验结果表明 ,施氮量越高 ,反硝化量越大。随着土壤层次的加深 ,反硝化量呈直线下降 ,但在亚表层土壤 (15～ 30cm)反硝化值仍保持了较高的量 ,约相当于表层的 10 .7%～ 33.5 % ;下层土壤 (15～ 6 0cm)的总反硝化量约相当于表层土壤的 14%～ 51%。加入碳源无论对表层土壤还是下层土壤 ,其反硝化损失氮量大大增加 ,尤其是对下层土壤增加的趋势更为明显。在计算夏玉米季土壤反硝化损失氮量时 ,如果忽略下层土壤的反硝化作用 ,肯定会低估其数值 相似文献
13.
Review of denitrification in tropical and subtropical soils of terrestrial ecosystems 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Yongbo Xu Zhihong Xu Zucong Cai Frédérique Reverchon 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(4):699-710
Purpose
Denitrification has been extensively studied in soils from temperate zones in industrialized countries. However, few studies quantifying denitrification rates in soils from tropical and subtropical zones have been reported. Denitrification mechanisms in tropical/subtropical soils may be different from other soils due to their unique soil characteristics. The identification of denitrification in the area is crucial to understand the role of denitrification in the global nitrogen (N) cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and in the interaction between global environmental changes and ecosystem responses.Materials and methods
We review the existing literature on microbially mediated denitrification in tropical/subtropical soils, attempting to provide a better understanding about and new research directions for denitrification in these regions.Results and discussion
Tropical and subtropical soils might be characterized by generally lower denitrification capacity than temperate soils, with greater variability due to land use and management practices varying temporally and spatially. Factors that influence soil water content and the nature and rate of carbon (C) and N turnover are the landscape-scale and field-scale controls of denitrification. High redox potential in the field, which is mainly attributed to soil oxide enrichment, may be at least one critical edaphic variable responsible for slow denitrification rates in the humid tropical and subtropical soils. However, soil pH is not responsible for these slow denitrification rates. Organic C mineralization is more important than total N content and C/N in determining denitrification capacity in humid subtropical soils. There is increasing evidence that the ecological consequence of denitrification in tropical and subtropical soils may be different from that of temperate zones. Contribution of denitrification in tropical and subtropical regions to the global climate warming should be considered comprehensively since it could affect other greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and N deposition.Conclusions
Tropical/subtropical soils have developed several N conservation strategies to prevent N losses via denitrification from the ecosystems. However, the mechanisms involved in the biogeochemical regulation of tropical and subtropical ecosystem responses to environmental changes are largely unknown. These works are important for accurately modeling denitrification and all other simultaneously operating N transformations. 相似文献14.
氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要的痕量温室气体,对全球气温升高和酸雨形成起着重要作用,并对臭氧层造成严重损害。水产养殖是N_2O的潜在释放源,该研究以中国东南沿海的闽江河口湿地围垦养虾塘为研究对象,采用过程抑制法,通过室内培养试验区分N_2O不同产生过程及其对沉积物N_2O总产生速率的贡献,在此基础上分析沉积物理化性质对N_2O产生的影响。结果表明:养虾塘沉积物N_2O总产生速率在养殖初期、中期和末期的均值分别为1.80、5.95和8.70 nmol/(kg·h),其中硝化作用、反硝化作用、硝化细菌反硝化作用和非生物作用的贡献率均值分别为-162.04%、327.52%、-239.45%和90.27%,从而得出结论:反硝化作用和非生物作用是产生沉积物N_2O的主要来源,硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用则对沉积物N_2O的产生有所削弱;养虾塘沉积物N_2O总产生速率在高温低盐条件下最大,在低温高盐条件下出现最小值,总体呈现随着温度升高而增加,随着盐度升高而降低的趋势;相关分析表明N_2O总产生速率与总碳(total carbon,TC)、土壤有机碳(soil organiccarbon,SOC)、NH4+-N含量和C∶N比均呈显著正相关关系,而在其不同产生过程中仅有非生物过程受到TC、SOC含量的显著影响。 相似文献
15.
华北平原水浇玉米-小麦轮作农田氨挥发与反硝化损失 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：9
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitriflcation loss, and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission were investigated from an irrigated wheat-maize rotation field on the North China Plain, and the magnitude of gaseous N loss from denitrification and NH3 volatilization was assessed. The micrometeorological gradient diffusion method in conjunction with a Bowen Ratio system was utilized to measure actual NH3 fluxes over a large area, while the acetylene inhibition technique (intact soil cores) was employed for measurement of denitrification losses and N2O emissions. Ammonia volatilization loss was 26.62% of the applied fertilizer nitrogen (N) under maize, while 0.90% and 15.55% were lost from the wheat field at sowing and topdressing, respectively. The differences in NH3 volatilization between different measurement events may be due to differences between the fertilization methods, and to differences in climatic conditions such as soil temperature. Denitrification losses in the fertilized plots were 0.67%-2.87% and 0.31%-0.49% of the applied fertilizer N under maize and wheat after subtracting those of the controls, respectively. Nitrous oxide emissions in the fertilized plots were approximately 0.08%-0.41% and 0.26%-0.34% of the applied fertilizer N over the maize and wheat seasons after subtracting those of the controls, correspondingly. The fertilizer N losses due to NH3 volatilization were markedly higher than those through denitriflcation and nitrous oxide emissions. These results indicated that NH3 volatilization was an important N transformation in the crop-soil system and was likely to be the major cause of low efficiencies with N fertilizer in the study area. Denitriflcation was not a very important pathway of N fertilizer loss, but did result in important evolution of the greenhouse gas N2O and the effect of N2O emitted from agricultural fields on environment should not be overlooked. 相似文献
16.
土壤氮气排放研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
自20世纪初人类发明并掌握工业合成氨的技术以来,氮肥施用量迅速增长。在一部分国家或地区,氮肥的施入量已经超过作物对氮素的需求,导致大量氮素损失到环境中,造成氨挥发、氧化亚氮排放、地下水硝酸盐污染等环境问题。土壤在微生物的作用下可以通过反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等过程将活性氮素转化为惰性氮气,达到清除过多活性氮的目的。由于大气中氮气背景浓度太高,因此很难直接准确测定土壤的氮气排放速率,导致土壤氮气排放通量、过程与调控机制研究远远落后于土壤氮循环的其他方面。本文综述了土壤氮气排放主要途径(反硝化、厌氧氨氧化与共反硝化)及其对土壤氮气排放的贡献;测定土壤氮气排放速率的方法(乙炔抑制法、氮同位素示踪法、N2/Ar比率-膜进样质谱法、氦环境法与N2O同位素自然丰度法)及其优缺点;调控土壤氮气排放通量的主要因素(氧气、可溶性有机碳、硝酸盐、微生物群落结构与功能基因表达等)及其相关作用机制。最后指出研发新的测定原位无扰动土壤氮气通量的方法是推进本领域相关研究的关键;定量典型生态系统(如旱地农田、稻田、森林、草地与湿地)土壤氮气排放通量,阐明其中的微生物学机制,模拟并预测土壤氮气排放对全球变化的响应规律是本领域的研究热点与发展方向。 相似文献
17.
Hans‐Werner Olfs Klaus Blankenau Frank Brentrup Jrg Jasper Axel Link Joachim Lammel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(4):414-431
Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach. 相似文献