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1.
Input/output data from tree growing experiments in Southeast Asia were analysed within the framework of a model of a smallholder farm. Data on cropping were obtained from surveys of farmers. Prior to formulating a whole farm model, this input/output data were modified in two ways: (a) a yield penalty was imposed upon a continuous cropping regime to reflect the impact of land degradation; (b) an agroforestry (intercropping) activity was synthesised by reference to an existing agroforestry bioeconomic model. The modelling framework was conventional linear programming. The interplay of land area availability, land and labour productivity, and interest rates lead to a relatively complex picture, even for the simplified farming systems that were examined. Model results showed a clear indication of the potential role of trees, but this potential role decreased with increasing interest rates. The analysis suggested that smaller farms will be less inclined towards tree growing. A mixture of trees and crops appears attractive, on purely economic grounds, over a wide range of interest rates and land areas. Consideration of factors outside the model, such as risk aversion objectives of smallholders, and their limited opportunities to borrow for investments in tree planting, reinforce the tendency to combine trees and crops. 相似文献
2.
In the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, family farmers are adjusting to agroecological principles to reconcile
sustainable agriculture, livelihood improvements and biodiversity conservation. Starting in 1993, experimentation with coffee
agroforestry was gradually initiated on an increasing number of farms (37 in total), resulting in the simultaneous management
of sun coffee (SC) and agroforestry coffee (AF) plots. We aimed (1) to identify factors that determine the farmers’ selection
of trees used in AF; (2) to describe the agroecological farms in transition; and (3) to perform an economic comparison between
AF and SC. These objectives were addressed by combining data from botanical surveys in 1993/1994 and 2007, by interviews with
farmers and by detailed data on the production value and costs of labour and material inputs. The results showed considerable
diversity in farming strategies and management among the farmers. Early adopters of AF had diversified towards production
of different marketable products. The use of native trees in AF for this purpose, and for restoration of soil fertility (e.g.,
leguminous trees), had increased since the start of the experiments, while exotic tree species were eliminated. Over a period
of 12 years AF was more profitable than SC due to the production of a diversity of agricultural goods, despite somewhat higher
establishment costs. Other ecosystem services delivered by AF, such as biodiversity and cultural services are currently not
valorized. Payment schemes for environmental services could further improve the economic benefits of AF for family farmers
and alleviate establishment and learning costs. 相似文献
3.
Do socio-psychological factors matter in agroforestry planning? Lessons from smallholder traditional agroforestry systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Most of the well planned rural development forestry programs of the 1970s, and agroforestry in particular, were either not
adopted by the intended beneficiaries or failed to meet the needs and aspirations of the rural people, particularly in the
developing countries. The reasons for non-adoption in some cases appear to be technical, bio-physical, social and economic
(termed as rational reasons by the planners), but in other situations the reasons are not so easily recognisable and comprehended
(termed irrational reasons). These irrational reasons are the perceptions and attitude of the farmer towards farm practices,
and their role in agroforestry planning has remained almost completely neglected. The present study is based on a household
survey of the farmers in traditional agroforestry systems of Western Himalaya and investigates the importance of perceptional
and attitudinal aspects of the farmers with regard to agroforestry adoption and extension. In the present study, farmers’
perceptions of restrictions on felling of trees from their own land and attitudes towards agroforestry were the most important
sociopsychological factors which influenced tree growing. This study implies a need to take into account the socio-psychological
factors of the farmers for planning socially acceptable agroforestry programs. The importance of study of various de jure rules and regulations controlling the use of on-farm tree resources and related exemptions and their association with farmers’
perceptions and tree growing is highlighted to develop policies to encourage tree growing in agroforestry. 相似文献
4.
Abebe Mekoya Simon J. Oosting Salvador Fernandez-Rivera Akke J. Van der Zijpp 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,73(2):141-153
Many organizations in Ethiopia have for many years promoted exotic multipurpose fodder trees (EMPFT) for livestock feed and
soil improvement. Despite the apparent benefits, the number of farmers planting these trees was low. The objectives were to
elucidate farmers’ perceptions about their use value, management practices and constraints to adoption in three districts
representing annual (one wheat-based and one teff-based) and perennial (coffee-based) crop-livestock systems in the Ethiopian
highlands. Data were collected from 235 farm households. Most farmers (95.3%) had awareness of EMPFTs and the principal information
sources were development agents (75.3%). Over half of the farmers were motivated to plant EMPFTs for feed value. Motivation
for other purposes depended on cropping system, vegetation cover and availability of alternative local fodder trees in the
area. Farmers had positive perceptions about EMPFTs for their feed value and contribution to soil conservation. Current adopters
had a mean number of 587 (SE ± 84) EMPFTs per farm. Major constraints to adoption of EMPFTs were agronomic problems, low multipurpose
value, and land shortage. Majority of farmers (89.8%) were interested to either continue or begin fodder tree development.
Of the interested respondents, 44.5% preferred local fodder trees whereas 55.5% preferred EMPFTs. We conclude that farmers
are aware of use values of EMPFTs while perceived constraints suggest that introduction of EMPFTs need consideration of farmers
multiple criteria, but also awareness of feeding fodder trees and resource availability. Moreover, current development approaches
have to recognize the importance of involving the end-users at all stages through participatory approaches to enhance adoption. 相似文献
5.
M. Rois-Díaz N. Lovric M. Lovric N. Ferreiro-Domínguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada M. den Herder A. Graves J. H. N. Palma J. A. Paulo A. Pisanelli J. Smith G. Moreno S. García A. Varga A. Pantera J. Mirck P. Burgess 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(4):811-828
Potential benefits and costs of agroforestry practices have been analysed by experts, but few studies have captured farmers’ perspectives on why agroforestry might be adopted on a European scale. This study provides answers to this question, through an analysis of 183 farmer interviews in 14 case study systems in eight European countries. The study systems included high natural and cultural value agroforestry systems, silvoarable systems, high value tree systems, and silvopasture systems, as well as systems where no agroforestry practices were occurring. A mixed method approach combining quantitative and qualitative approaches was taken throughout the interviews. Narrative thematic data analysis was performed. Data collection proceeded until no new themes emerged. Within a given case study, i.e. the different systems in different European regions, this sampling was performed both for farmers who practice agroforestry and farmers who did not. Results point to a great diversity of agroforestry practices, although many of the farmers are not aware of the term or concept of agroforestry, despite implementing the practice in their own farms. While only a few farmers mentioned eligibility for direct payments in the CAP as the main reason to remove trees from their land, to avoid the reduction of the funded area, the tradition in the family or the region, learning from others, and increasing the diversification of products play the most important role in adopting or not agroforestry systems. 相似文献
6.
Why tree-crop interactions in agroforestry appear at odds with tree-grass interactions in tropical savannahs 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This paper describes recent research findings on resource sharing between trees and crops in the semiarid tropics and attempts
to reconcile this information with current knowledge of the interactions between savannah trees and understorey vegetation
by examining agroforestry systems from the perspective of succession. In general, productivity of natural vegetation under
savannah trees increases as rainfall decreases, while the opposite occurs in agroforestry. One explanation is that in the
savannah, the beneficial effects of microclimatic improvements (e.g. lower temperatures and evaporation losses) are greater
in more xeric environments. Mature savannah trees have a high proportion of woody above-ground structure compared to foliage,
so that the amount of water 'saved' (largely by reduction in soil evaporation) is greater than water 'lost' through transpiration
by trees. By contrast, in agroforestry practices such as alley cropping where tree density is high, any beneficial effects
of the trees on microclimate are negated by reductions in soil moisture due to increasing interception losses and tree transpiration.
While investment in woody structure can improve the water economy beneath agroforestry trees, it inevitably reduces the growth
rate of the trees and thus increases the time required for improved understorey productivity. Therefore, agroforesters prefer
trees with more direct and immediate benefits to farmers. The greatest opportunity for simultaneous agroforestry practices
is therefore to fill niches within the landscape where resources are currently under-utilised by crops. In this way, agroforestry
can mimic the large scale patch dynamics and successional progression of a natural ecosystem.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Information about traditional and unreported agroforestry systems could be useful as a basis for developing adoptable innovations.
The Quezungual System, found in the department of Lempira in western Honduras near the border with El Salvador, is one such
indigenous system. The distinctive feature of the system is the existence of various naturally-regenerated trees and shrubs
that are pollared to a height of approximately 1.5 metres. Farmers also leave taller trees in the fields and these include
Cordia alliodora (laurel) and various fruit trees such as Psidium guajava (guayabo). A variety of crops is grown within the
System including Zea mays (maize), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) and Phaseolus vulgaris (beans). Advantages of the System, identified
by farmers, include retention of soil moisture, production of fruits and timber, and the fact that plots can be cultivated
for longer periods than is normal practice before being left in fallow. One of the prerequisites for the establishment of
the System is that farmers abandon the practice of burning their fields prior to the beginning of the rains in April. Those
practising the Quezungual System are smallholder farmers living in areas with a scarcity of land. Farmers have customary but
not legally- recognised title to their land and many of them have fewer than 2.5 ha of land, much of it on slopes from 5%
to 50%. There is growing adoption of the System because of the direct benefits to the smallholder farmer.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Agroforestry is a traditional land use system that may contribute to the solution of environmental problems in agriculture. Agroforestry is the practice of deliberately integrating woody vegetation (trees or shrubs) with crops and/or animal systems to benefit from the resulting ecological and economic interactions. Recent research indicates that a wider adoption of agroforestry principles and practices is a key means by which the global agri-food sector might achieve more sustainable methods of food and fiber production by producing both economic benefits for farmers and environmental benefits for society. Agroforestry provides numerous provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services and environmental benefits while promoting eco-intensification based on a more efficient use of the resources. Nevertheless, there is only little published recent information on the contribution of agroforestry to the environment in general and on climate change, carbon sequestration and forest fires in particular. In this special issue a number of articles are included that provide a kaleidoscope of the environmental benefits that agroforestry provides to the environment.
相似文献9.
Muhammad Khan Hafiz Zahid Mahmood Ghulam Abbas Christos A. Damalas 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(4):553-569
Agroforestry offers unique opportunities for increasing biodiversity, preventing land degradation, and alleviating poverty, particularly in developing countries, but factors explaining the adoption by farmers are not well understood. A survey of 524 farm households was conducted in Bhakkar district of Punjab, Pakistan to study factors that determine the adoption of agroforestry on the sand dunes in the resource-deficient region of Thal. Two types of agroforestry systems were studied: intercropping and border cropping (also known as boundary or perimeter planting). Both agroforestry systems included irrigated cultivation of the timber trees Eucalyptus camaldulensis (local name: sufeda) and Tamarix aphylla (local name: sars) with wheat, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) (local name: chana) or cluster beans (Cyamous tetragocalobe) (local name: guars). The majority of the farmers was in favour of intercropping and border cropping. Most farmers reported the protection of nearby crops from dust storms as the most important positive perception about both agroforestry systems. Age, education, and farm to market distance were significant determinants of agroforestry adoption. Older and less-educated farmers, with farms closer to markets were less likely to adopt tree planting or border cropping in Thal. In general, the agroforestry systems examined were more likely to be adopted by farmers who can wait 3–4 years for harvesting crop outputs, but not by poorer farmers who are totally dependent on subsistence agriculture and cannot afford the high initial cost of agroforestry establishment, nor can they wait for crop output for extended periods. Furthermore, the adoption of both agroforestry systems was more likely in remote marginal areas than in areas close to markets. To increase agroforestry adoption rates, government policies should strengthen farmers’ knowledge of every stage of agroforestry through extension services, focusing particularly among the prime prospects, i.e. farmers who will be most likely to adopt agroforestry. Once the prime prospects have adopted it, the older, less-educated, and poor farmers of the rural population can be also focused on to motivate adoption. 相似文献
10.
The foresters' perspectives of agroforestry is an important aspect that can influence strategies concerned with agroforestry uptake by the farmers. Keeping this in view the empirical studies of foresters' perspective of agroforestry have gained considerable importance. Present study, therefore, investigates foresters' perspectives on different aspects related to agroforestry. This study was conducted in Mandi district located in Indian Western Himalayan province of Himachal Pradesh. Not only the traditional forest management but also agroforestry training of foresters has remained oriented towards learning silvi-technical (plantation management and nursery management) rather than extension (social) and agricultural aspects. Consequently, there was a felt need amongst foresters for training in extension and agricultural aspects for effective implementation of agroforestry programmes. This provides a window of opportunity for re-orienting their training curriculum towards learning extension (social) and agricultural besides the silvi-technical skills. For effective implementation of agroforestry programmes the manpower requirement, particularly that of extension specialist and well trained agroforesters, of the department needs to be estimated and strategy should be devised to minimise political interference. The study emphasises a need for interaction between foresters and farmers, mechanism for better co-ordination with other departments and absolving agroforesters of their policing role for effective planning and implementation of agroforestry programmes. There were significant variations in the opinion of forestry staff about the effectiveness of various strategies to meet farmers tree-based needs, increase tree cover in the state and expected plantation survival rate. There were significant variations in the opinion of foresters about the different factors discouraging private tree growing but ‘restriction on felling green trees growing on private land and selling them in the market’ was viewed as the most important factor. “Provision of incentives to the villagers for tree growing on private land” was the major factor from the foresters' perspective that will encourage tree growing on private land. As there was a lack of congruence of foresters' perception on majority of issues pertaining to agroforestry, a need to incorporate the uniform understanding of issues pertaining to agroforestry amongst the foresters was emphasised. This study also identifies a need to investigate the perspectives staff of agriculture, horticulture departments for better planning and execution of agroforestry programmes, and their uptake by the farmers. 相似文献
11.
An empirical study was conducted of the attitudes, perceptions and preferences of owners of homegardens in Bangladesh. A wide
spectrum of opinions regarding various agroforestry issues was observed. Landholders were found to maintain their homegardens
mainly for subsistence, although some additional family income was derived from selling surplus products. Due to lack of scientific
knowledge the growing stock of homegardens was not of high quality. Seedlings were mostly preferred to other planting materials.
Mango was accorded the highest ‘preference ranking’ among the available species. The farmers expected a number of external
support measures, including high quality planting materials, assured credit facilities, and access to state-of-the-art management
knowledge. It was concluded that various perceptions, preferences and attitude of the farmers would provide a framework for
future policy formulation, preparation of homegarden management plans and development of homegardens in the study area and
more generally in Bangladesh. 相似文献
12.
In global terms, European farms produce high yields of safe and high quality food but this depends on the use of many off-farm inputs and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, loss of soil nutrients and other negative environmental impacts incur substantial societal costs. Farmers in the European Union receive support through a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that comprises direct payments to farmers (Pillar I) and payments related to rural development measures (Pillar II). This paper examines the ways in which agroforestry can support European agriculture and rural development drawing on the conclusions of 23 papers presented in this Special Issue of Agroforestry Systems which have been produced during a 4-year research project called AGFORWARD. The project had the goal of promoting agroforestry in Europe and focused on four types of agroforestry: (1) existing systems of high nature and cultural value, and agroforestry for (2) high value tree, (3) arable, and (4) livestock systems. The project has advanced our understanding of the extent of agroforestry in Europe and of farmers’ perceptions of agroforestry, including the reasons for adoption or non-adoption. A participatory approach was used with over 40 stakeholder groups across Europe to test selected agroforestry innovations through field trials and experiments. Innovations included improved grazing management in agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value and the introduction of nitrogen fixing plants in high value timber plantations and olive groves. Other innovations included shelter benefits for arable crops, and disease-control, nutrient-retention, and food diversification benefits from integrating trees in livestock enterprises. Biophysical and economic models have also been developed to predict the effect of different agroforestry designs on crop and tree production, and on carbon sequestration, nutrient loss and ecosystems services in general. These models help us to quantify the potential environmental benefits of agroforestry, relative to agriculture without trees. In view of the substantial area of European agroforestry and its wider societal and environmental benefits, the final policy papers in this Special Issue argue that agroforestry should play a more significant role in future versions of the CAP than it does at present. 相似文献
13.
In the Philippines, smallholder farmers have become major timber producers. But the systems of timber production practiced
have several limitations. In intercropping systems, the practice of severe branch and/or root pruning reduces tree-crop competition
and increases annual crop yields, but is detrimental to tree growth and incompatible with commercial timber production. In
even-aged woodlots, lack of regular income and poor tree growth, resulting from farmers’ reluctance to thin their plantations,
are major constraints to adoption and profitable tree farming. In the municipality of Claveria, Misamis Oriental, the recent
practice of planting trees on widely spaced (6–8 m) contour grass strips established for soil conservation suggests ways to
improve the adoptability (i.e., profitability, feasibility and acceptability) of timber-based agroforestry systems. Assuming
that financial benefits are the main objective of timber tree farmers, we develop a simple linear programming (LP) model for
the optimal allocation of land to monocropping and tree intercropping that maximizes the net present value of an infinite
number of rotations and satisfies farmers’ resource constraints and regular income requirements. The application of the LP
model to an average farmer in Claveria showed that cumulative additions of widely spaced tree hedgerows provides higher returns
to land, and reduce the risk of agroforestry adoption by spreading over the years labour and capital investment costs and
the economic benefits accruing to farmers from trees. Therefore, incremental planting of widely spaced tree hedgerows can
make farm forestry more adoptable and thus benefit a larger number of resource-constrained farmers in their evolution towards
more diverse and productive agroforestry systems. 相似文献
14.
Md. Abu Hanif Ranjan Mitra Roy Md. Shafiqul Bari Polash Chandra Ray Md. Shoaibur Rahman Md. Faruq Hasan 《Small-Scale Forestry》2018,17(4):505-522
Agroforestry is one of the most sustainable land management systems practiced around the world due to the socioeconomic benefits that it brings to farmers. In Bangladesh, farmers practice agroforestry, applying indigenous knowledge. The present study was designed to identify the present status, management practices and its role in improving the livelihoods of farmers in northern Bangladesh. Data for the study were collected through quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 29 tree and 38 agricultural crop species were planted by the102 farmers interviewed. Mangifera indica (relative prevalence 49%) is the most predominant species, followed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (relative prevalence 35.4%). Farmers of northern Bangladesh plant trees in cropland for fruits (90%), fuel wood (87%) and timber production (79%). Fruit trees were planted with wider spacing while forest and fuel wood species were planted with narrower spacing. Farmer’s livelihoods improved enormously by practicing agroforestry as they have more access to food, fodder and fuel wood which is reflected by greater access to livelihood capitals (except social capital). However, farmers have experienced increased incidences of pests and diseases to the annual crops and trees. Agroforestry practices increases species diversity, ensure economic return and sustain farmer’s livelihoods. 相似文献
15.
Perceptions of the benefits of agroforestry practices (AFPs) and the level of utilization of these practices by male and female
participants were examined in the agroforestry programs of the Akwa Ibom and Cross River State Governments of the South–South
region of Nigeria. Responses were derived from 250 randomly selected respondents. Overall, respondents perceived the major
benefit of agroforestry practices as enhancement of environmental conservation. Female respondents however perceived increased
income as the major benefit of agroforestry practices. A composite perception index revealed that women farmers were more
favourably disposed than male respondents to the utilization of agroforestry practices. The farmers were favourably disposed
to the utilization of only five of the 16 identified AFPs in the study area, including ‘leaving of isolated woody trees on
farmlands’, ‘utilizing woody trees as windbreaks’ and to ‘demarcate farm boundaries’, ‘planting of woody trees in combination
with fruit trees’, and ‘planting of woody trees in combination with vegetable crops’. Male and female responses were generally
similar although a major difference was observed with regard to ‘planting of trees for fuel wood’. The composite index, however,
revealed a general low level of utilization of AFPs, although female farmers were relatively more disposed to the utilization
of AFPs. The key policy implication of the study is the necessity to embark on sustained education and environmental awareness
campaign, with a focus on presenting AFPs as livelihood sustaining and risk mitigation activities, against its present misperception
as simply a government strategy to increase the stock of woody trees in the environment. This policy should endeavour to target
landless women farmers who have been found to be more interested in the adoption of AFPs into their farming system. 相似文献
16.
Merrill E. Warkentin P. K. R. Nair Stephen R. Ruth Kristopher Sprague 《Agroforestry Systems》1990,11(1):71-83
Computer-based Expert Systems that use knowledge, facts, and reasoning techniques to solve problems, normally requiring the abilities of human experts, are increasingly being used in many activities. The United Nations University (UNU) Agroforestry Expert System (AES) is a first attempt to apply this technique to agroforestry. UNU-AES is a prototype Knowledge-Based Expert System (KBES) designed to support land-use (agricultural, forestry, etc.) officials, research scientists, farmers, and individuals interested in maximizing benefits gained from applying agroforestry management techniques in developing countries. This prototype addresses the options for alley cropping, a promising agroforestry technology which has potential applicability when used under defined conditions in the tropics and subtropics. Alley cropping involves the planting of crops in alleys or interspaces between repeatedly pruned hedgerows of fast-growing, preferably leguminous, woody perennials. The primary benefits from this technique include nutrient enrichment, soil improvement, and erosion control. UNU-AES, which is the first known attempt at the application of expert system procedures in the field of agroforestry, uses a total of 235 decision rules to develop its recommendations. With the inclusion of more climatic and socio-economic data and improved advisory recommendations, UNU-AES can be expanded to provide advice on alley cropping in more diverse geographical and ecological conditions and eventually address other agroforestry techniques. 相似文献
17.
Bishnu Hari Pandit Ramji Prasad Neupane Bishal K. Sitaula Roshan M. Bajracharya 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(3):475-487
In view of the heavy people’s dependence (80 %) on various forms of land-based resources, carbon sequestration should not only be targeted in forests, but also on private land agroforestry. A survey was conducted in 2011 to investigate the gap in contribution of agroforestry carbon to the household economy in the middle hills region of Rasuwa district of Nepal. A total of 120 households were randomly selected and surveyed, of which eight were further examined for detailed tree carbon measurement. It is estimated that a total of 48.60 ton C per hectare has been stocked in agroforestry sites in the middle hills region. Assuming a carbon price of $US12/ton, the total potential income from carbon sequestration per household would amount to NPR 45,490/ha in 20 years of agroforestry if a payment scheme were introduced. The income from carbon sequestration is quite low compared with other agroforestry income. Policy implications are thus oriented towards farmers reaping multiple benefits from the existing international mechanisms by having negotiations based on contribution of all agroforestry components (farm trees, crops and animals) rather than limited to forest carbon stock. To benefit from these multiple functions of farms and forests, the policy framework to address the climate-related affects and risks (e.g., of landslides, burst of Himalayan lakes) should be broad enough to produce potential synergy between the negative effect of climate change and agroforestry income. 相似文献
18.
Patrick Jagoret Isabelle Michel-Dounias Didier Snoeck Hervé Todem Ngnogué Eric Malézieux 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(3):493-504
Cocoa cultivation is generally considered to foster deforestation. Contrary to this view, in the forest–savannah interface area in Cameroon, farmers have planted cocoa agroforestry systems on Imperata cylindrica grasslands, a soil-climate zone generally considered unsuitable for cocoa cultivation. We undertook a survey to understand the agricultural and ecological bases of this innovation. Age, cropping history and marketable cocoa yield were assessed in a sample of 157 cocoa plantations established on grasslands and 182 cocoa plantations established in gallery forests. In a sub-sample of 47 grassland cocoa plantations, we inventoried tree species associated with cocoa trees and measured soil organic matter levels. Marketable cocoa yields were similar for the two types of cocoa plantations, regardless of their age: 321?kg?ha?1 in cocoa plantations on grasslands and 354?kg?ha?1 in cocoa plantations in gallery forests. Two strategies were used by farmers to eliminate I. cylindrica prior to the establishment of cocoa plantations, i.e., cropping oil palms in dense stands and planting annual crops. Farmers then planted cocoa trees and fruit tree species, while preserving specific forest trees. The fruit tree and forest tree densities respectively averaged 223 and 68 trees?ha?1 in plantations under 10?years old, and 44 and 27 trees?ha?1 in plantations over 40?years old, whereas the cocoa tree density remained stable at 1,315 trees?ha?1. The Shannon–Weaver index increased from 1.97 to 2.26 over the same period although the difference was not statistically significant. The soil organic matter level was 3.13?% in old cocoa plantations, as compared to 1.7?% in grasslands. In conclusion, our results show that the occupation of grasslands by cocoa agroforestry systems is both an important example of ecological intensification and a significant farmer innovation in the history of cocoa growing. 相似文献
19.
In the água de Gato Watershed on the island of Santiago, Cape Verde Islands, 51 farmers were surveyed regarding their attitudes
and knowledge of agroforestry. The farmers identified eight constraints to agroforestry implementation, with virtually all
indicating that a source of loan funds was the major concern. Space or land constraints and availability of tree seedlings
were identified as constraints by 94% and 88%, respectively. Despite these concerns, 92% of the farmers expressed a willingness
to adopt or improve agroforestry practices in the watershed, with 73% expressing a willingness to establish fruit trees, 53%
willing to establish trees or shrubs for fuelwood, and 16% willing to plant trees for shade. 相似文献
20.
A diagnostic survey of agroforestry practice carried out in seven Districts within Zone III of Niger State of Nigeria revealed that the agro-silvi-pastoral and the scattered farm trees systems were the most common agroforestry practices adopted by the farmers. About 99.5% of agroforestry trees planted by the farmers were fruit/vegetable-producing while the remaining 0.5% were meant for other purposes. Tree-planting appears to be more linked with farmers' awareness rather than age, family size and farm size. The farmers' earnings could be increased by intensified agroforestry practice, while the latter can be achieved by intensified agroforestry extension and provision of incentives. 相似文献