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为提高旱区作物蒸发蒸腾量估算精度,以石羊河流域春玉米为研究对象,分析灌水量对FAO-56估算作物蒸发蒸腾量精度的影响,并对估算误差进行讨论,提出使用部分根区含水量平均值用于土壤水分胁迫系数计算.结果表明:FAO-56对不同灌水处理下作物蒸发蒸腾量的估算精度存在较大差异,可较精确地估算低灌水处理下作物蒸发蒸腾量;随着灌水量增大,其估算精度有所降低,对高灌水处理下作物蒸发蒸腾量的估算误差达-14.13%;根区上部土层含水量与土壤水分胁迫状况关系紧密,以缓变层及以上土层含水量平均值代替整个根区含水量平均值用于土壤水分胁迫系数计算,可有效改善高灌水处理下旱区作物蒸发蒸腾量计算精度,亦可较为精确地估算低灌水处理下作物蒸发蒸腾量. 相似文献
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河西绿洲灌区主要作物需水量及作物系数试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了甘肃张掖绿洲主要作物各生育期参考作物蒸散量,利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算了作物实际蒸发蒸腾量,并计算比较了充分灌溉和非充分灌溉条件下不同生育期作物需水特征,确定了非充分灌溉条件下主要作物的作物系数。结果表明,非充分灌溉条件下,主要作物各生育期需水规律和充分灌溉具有一致变化趋势。非充分灌溉条件下,小麦、玉米、马铃薯全生育期作物系数平均值分别为0.81、0.7和0.73。在全生育期当中,随生育期的延续,主要作物叶面蒸腾比例逐渐增大,棵间蒸发逐渐减少。 相似文献
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基于泾惠渠灌区30a的气象资料,采用CROPWAT模型分析了泾惠渠灌区作物蒸发蒸腾量及灌溉需水量的变化,并运用SPSS软件,计算了灌区作物需水量与气象因子的相关系数。分析表明:玉米蒸发蒸腾量平均值为524.33mm,蒸发蒸腾量高峰期出现在7月中旬到8月下旬;棉花蒸发蒸腾量平均值为869.13mm,峰值出现时间与玉米一致;灌区玉米在抽雄-开花期灌溉需水量为130.12mm,籽粒形成-乳熟期灌溉需水量为359.32mm,9月下旬以后,灌溉需水量下降;棉花生育期需水量空间分布比较均匀,平均值为869 mm,整个灌区灌溉需水量平均值为453.6mm,棉花苗床期灌溉需水量开始增加,花铃期达到最大值,吐絮期灌溉需水量减小;灌区作物需水量与气温呈正相关,与降水呈负相关,与风速和相对湿度相关性较小,与日照时数相关性较大。 相似文献
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自适应粒子群优化算法（APSO）在膜下滴灌优化灌溉中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在考虑了灌溉水量、作物水分响应模型、降雨量、不同生育阶段缺水对产量敏感指数、作物市场价格、农业灌溉用水价格、膜下滴灌成本价格等因素下,建立了农作物经济效益最优的多约束、非线性灌溉模型。将APSO算法进行灌溉模型优化求解。利用新疆棉花膜下滴灌实验所得数据,得出了作物在不同范围有限灌水量下棉花各生育阶段间灌水量的最优效益分... 相似文献
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基于不确定性区间作物水分生产函数,选取春小麦、玉米、棉花和白兰瓜这4种典型作物,建立不确定性条件下灌溉水资源优化配置模型,并将气象因子(蒸发蒸腾量和相对湿度)的不确定性引入其中,以反映气候变化对灌区配水的影响.结果表明,在石羊河流域民勤地区,玉米单方水经济效益较低,故其优化灌溉定额相比现状灌溉定额变化较大.棉花是单方水经济效益最大的作物,其次是白兰瓜,所以当可用水量短缺时,在确保粮食安全的前提下,为降低因灌溉缺水而带来的经济损失,要优先保证棉花和白兰瓜灌溉用水.引入气象因子的灌区水资源优化配置模型区间优化配水定额范围更广,反映出气象因子对灌区配水的影响.本研究验证了不确定性方法在实际应用的可行性,可为灌区水资源合理分配提供更可靠的科学依据. 相似文献
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河南省主粮作物需水量变化趋势与成因分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
河南省是我国粮食主产区,研究河南省主粮作物的灌溉需水变化规律可为水分高效管理和节水增粮提供实践参考。基于河南省18个气象站点1958—2013年逐日气象观测资料,根据FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量及冬小麦和夏玉米各生育期需水量,利用时间序列分析法和Arc GIS普通克里金插值法研究需水量时空变化特征,采用通径分析法研究作物需水量的变化成因。结果表明:河南省近56 a来年均参考作物蒸发蒸腾量为807.0 mm/a,日均蒸发蒸腾量为2.2 mm/d,呈波动减少趋势,其中西北和东南地区参考作物蒸发蒸腾量最大,豫西地区的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量跨度较大。冬小麦和夏玉米的净灌溉需水量分别为350~525 mm和243~368 mm,灌溉需求指数随经度和纬度的增加而增大,冬小麦生长对灌溉的依赖程度高于夏玉米。影响河南省主粮作物需水量的气象因子主要为气温、水汽压、日照、最高气温和风速。 相似文献
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干旱区滴灌棉田生育期节水控盐灌溉模式研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《节水灌溉》2017,(7)
开展作物节水控盐研究,对于实现水资源的高效利用与农业的可持续发展意义重大。以新疆孔雀河流域为研究区域,采用两种灌溉定额研究了棉花在不同盐渍化程度土壤中的生长特性,结果表明:灌水频次相同时,灌溉定额和株高成正相关性;灌溉定额相同时,灌水频次和株高成正相关性;高盐渍化土壤,小灌溉定额时大灌水次数棉株成铃数多,且单铃较重。大灌水定额时,小灌水次数棉株成铃数多,但单铃重小;低盐渍化土壤,小灌溉定额时小灌水次数棉株成铃数多,但单铃重小。大灌水定额时大灌水次数棉株成铃数多,但单铃重小;从水分生产效率角度考虑,在盐渍化土壤中种植棉花,大频率灌水有利于提高棉花水分生产率。 相似文献
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Deficit irrigation in a production setting: canopy temperature as an adjunct to ET estimates 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Water available for agricultural use is declining worldwide as a result of both declining water resources and increasing application
costs. Managing crop irrigation under conditions where the water need cannot be fully met represents the future of irrigation
in many areas. On the southern high plains of Texas there is interest among producers to reduce the amount of water applied
to cotton. In this study, a producer’s efforts to reduce water application to a cotton crop were assessed in terms of a comparison
between evapotranspiration, rainfall, and irrigation that is widely used in the region. The producer was able to reduce water
application to meet intended reductions relative to the evapotranspiration estimates but, depending on the method used for
calculating the crop water need, he tended to over water the crop in two out of three intended deficit irrigation regimes.
Analysis of continuously monitored canopy temperatures provided verification of over-irrigation. Continuously monitored canopy
temperature is proposed as a useful adjunct to evapotranspiration approaches to deficit irrigation management. 相似文献
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Crop water use efficiency of irrigated cotton was hypothesized to be improved by a combination of minimum tillage and sowing a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation crop. This hypothesis was evaluated in a Vertisol near Narrabri, Australia from 1997 to 2003. The experimental treatments were: continuous cotton sown after conventional or minimum tillage and minimum-tilled cotton–wheat. Soil water content was measured with a neutron moisture meter, and runoff with trapezoidal flumes. Application efficiency of irrigation water was estimated as the amount of infiltrated water/total amount applied. Plant available water was estimated using the maximum and minimum soil water storage during the growing season. Evapotranspiration was estimated with the water balance method using measured and simulated soil water data. Seasonal evapotranspiration was partitioned into that coming from rainfall, irrigation and stored soil water. Crop water use efficiency was calculated as cotton lint yield per hectare/seasonal evapotranspiration. Rotation of cotton with wheat and minimum tillage improved water use efficiency in some years and application efficiency in all years. Average seasonal evapotranspiration was higher with minimum tillage than with conventional tillage. In years when cotton was sown in all plots, average cotton crop water use efficiencies were 0.23, 0.23 and 0.22 kg (lint)/m3 for minimum-tilled cotton–wheat and continuous cotton, and conventionally tilled continuous cotton, respectively. In-season rainfall efficiency, transpiration and soil evaporation were unaffected by cropping system. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》2005,75(1):54-70
Understanding reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is essential in planning the most effective use of water resources in the arid northwest China. The objective of the present work in the middle Heihe River basin were: (1) to determine the best model for calculating the areal distribution of reference crop evapotranspiration in this region, and (2) to estimate the spatial distribution of the irrigation requirements of spring wheat. Note that eight commonly used formulates were tested and that FAO-Penman was the best.The irrigation amount of spring wheat in 2000 was estimated by three steps. First, DEM-based and GIS-assisted methods were employed to estimate the spatial distribution of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) according to FAO-Penman model. Then, spring wheat evapotranspiration (ET) was calculated by ET0 and crop-coefficient (Kc). Finally, the maximum irrigation amount of spring wheat was estimated with the spring wheat evapotranspiration and precipitation in the different growing stage. The maximum irrigation has temporal–spatial variation. Temporally the irrigation amount appears the largest in June when it is the peak period of spring wheat development. The irrigation amount is the smallest in July because spring wheat was in late-season stage. In April, spring wheat was in seedling stage during which the water demand is also small. Spatially the irrigation amount increases from southeast to northwest. 相似文献
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节水灌溉的作物需水量试验研究 总被引：28，自引：6，他引：28
对节水灌溉条件下的冬小麦、夏玉米、棉花和水稻需水量进行试验研究 ,结果表明 ,节水灌溉模式对作物需水量变化产生较大影响。与浅水灌溉模式相比 ,控制灌溉模式的水稻需水量减少 3 4.6% ,覆膜旱作节水模式的水稻需水量减少 3 9.94%。采用节水灌溉模式后 ,冬小麦需水量减少 1 0 %左右 ,夏玉米需水量减少1 3 % ,棉花需水量减少 3 0 %。因此 ,对大田农作物进行高效节水灌溉 ,能在获得高产 (增产 )的前提下 ,较大幅度地减少作物的蒸发蒸腾量 ,其中无效蒸腾量的减少成为主要因素之一 相似文献
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在2个灌水水平下（I1：高水，I2：低水）以不同滴灌带间距（A1：1m，A2：0.5m）与覆膜方式（M1：全膜覆盖，M2：半膜覆盖）进行2a田间试验，结合作物产量、作物水分利用效率（WUE）以及产投比筛选适宜的膜下滴灌模式，并利用产量水分敏感系数（ky）确定最优的膜下滴灌模式。结果表明：在低频灌溉模式下，部分覆膜处理的蒸腾（ET）高于全覆膜处理，而产量和WUE低于全覆膜处理。尽管滴灌带间距对ET的影响不明显，然而在高水处理下，“一管单行”作物的产量与WUE高于“一管双行”。高频灌溉模式下，作物产量及WUE对灌溉量、覆膜方式、滴灌带间距的响应呈现耦合性。低频灌溉条件下，ky对灌溉量及滴灌带间距的响应均不显著，而部分覆盖处理WUE低，ky高，对水分胁迫的响应敏感。高频灌溉条件下，覆膜方式、灌溉量以及滴灌带间距均对ky 产生影响。高频灌溉条件下，ky能对经WUE筛选出的膜下滴灌处理进行进一步的优选。基于ky的结果，结合产量、水分利用效率与产投比，建议在高频灌溉条件下采取“全膜低水+一管双行”模式或“半膜高水+一管单行”模式，在低频灌溉条件下采取全膜高水模式。 相似文献
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J. E. Ayars R. B. Hutmacher J. J. Steiner A. B. Mantel S. S. Vail 《Irrigation Science》1991,12(4):193-198
Summary Little research has been reported which quantifies the response of a carrot (Daucus carrota L. var sativa DC.) seed crop to water management. While the area of seed production of this crop in the United States is less than 3000ha, the return ranges from US $2000 to $ 10 000 ha–1. Because of the need to mature and dry the seed on the plant, carrot seed is generally grown in areas with negligible summer rain and thus depends on irrigation to supply the crop water requirement. A study was conducted to determine the effect of irrigation water management on seed production and crop water use of carrots grown by the root-to-seed method. Two carrot types (Nantes and Imperator) were evaluated in 9 irrigation treatments over a three year study period. Irrigation treatments which replaced a percentage of the calculated crop evapotranspiration on either a daily basis or when a soil water depletion reached 30 mm were used. A trickle irrigation system with the laterals placed on the carrot bed was used to apply a uniform and accurate amount of water. There was a marked difference in the crop response to the water management of the two carrot types used. The Nantes type exhibited a positive response to moderate water deficits in terms of improved pure live seed (PLS) yield while the Imperator achieved its maximum yield when it was not stressed. Higher irrigation applications in the Nantes type resulted in reduced yields while the Imperator was not affected after its non-stress water requirement was met. Soil water data indicated that the most active zone of extraction of water was to a depth of 1.5 m in the soil profile. As the depth of applied water approached the crop water requirement, the depth of extraction was reduced. Increasing the frequency of irrigation also tended to reduce the depth of extraction of soil water. A total crop water use of approximately 550 to 620 mm was needed to achieve the best PLS yield which is roughly equal to potential evapotranspiration in the San Joaquin Valley, during the time that the crop water use was calculated. In such a climate, the irrigation interval should not exceed 3 to 5 days depending on the time of year. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》1998,38(2):135-146
The effect of sprinkler irrigation uniformity on crop yield is an important consideration for the design of sprinkler irrigation system. A model that relates yield response to evapotranspiration deficits at special growth stages to evaluate the impacts of uniformity on crop yield was developed from a crop water production function. The simulation results of the model showed that crop yield increased with increasing uniformity. Optimum irrigation amount and uniformity for the maximum net return were determined with the model. The optimum irrigation amount depends on irrigation uniformity and on economic factors, decreasing with the uniformity but increasing with the ratio of product price to water cost. The optimum uniformity increased with an increase of irrigation amount expressed by a ratio between gross and required irrigation amount, but approximated 90% when the ratio exceeded 0.85. Field experiments conducted to study the relationship between spatial distribution of soil moisture and sprinkler application uniformity demonstrated that the water in the soil was more uniformly distributed than that measured for the application at the soil surface. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》1998,37(1):55-74
High frequency irrigation with surface irrigation methods has been proposed as a means to increase cotton productivity in cases where drip irrigation or other pressurized systems are not economically justifiable. Field studies were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to evaluate the effects of surface irrigation frequency on the growth, lint yield and water use for a semi-determinate cotton cultivar in central Arizona. Cotton was grown in level basins on a sandy loam under three irrigation treatments defined as low frequency irrigation for the whole season (L), high frequency irrigation for the whole season (H), and low frequency irrigation until the initiation of rapid fruiting, high frequency during rapid fruiting, and low frequency after rapid fruiting (LHL). The treatments were governed by the percentage of allowable soil water depletion within the effective root zone, and the allowable depletion targets for low and high frequency irrigation were 55 and 30%, respectively. An irrigation scheduling program calculated the soil water depletion within the estimated cotton root depth on a daily basis for each treatment and was used to project the dates and amounts for treatment irrigations. In 1993, seven, 14, and 11 irrigations and in 1994 eight, 13 and 10 irrigations were given to the L, H, and LHL treatments, respectively. The total amount of water applied including rainfall differed among the treatments by 4% in 1993 and by 1% in 1994. Soil water measurements indicated that actual soil water depletion within the estimated cotton root depth immediately before treatment irrigations was close to the intended treatment allowable depletion targets for the majority of the growing season. Cotton growth and lint yields were maximized under the H treatment, and yields in this treatment averaged 15 and 21% more lint than the L treatment for the first and second seasons, respectively. The LHL treatment, although not as effective in increasing crop productivity as the H treatment, out yielded the low frequency treatment by an average of 10% in the two seasons. Crop evapotranspiration determined from the soil water balance was 8 and 9% higher for the H than the L treatment and 3 and 5% higher for the LHL than the L treatment in 1993 and 1994, respectively. 相似文献
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淮北平原冬小麦作物系数的变化规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】研究淮北平原冬小麦作物系数的时空变化规律。【方法】采用水量平衡法、涡度相关法和Bouchet互补关系理论,结合Penman-Montieth方程,计算得到1991—2018年淮北平原冬小麦的作物系数;采用线性拟合法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和突变检验法滑动t检验法,结合ArcGIS,研究了作物系数在淮北平原的时空变化规律,并对影响因素进行分析。【结果】①淮北平原冬小麦全生育期的实际蒸散量的多年平均值为429.3 mm,参考作物蒸散量为541.3 mm,作物系数为0.79;②作物系数在不同生育阶段的变化为先减小后增大再减小;③作物系数在淮北平原全生育期由西北角向周围逐渐增大,高值中心呈现北移趋势;④作物系数与气候因子紧密相关,其中气温的影响最为显著,相对湿度和降水次之,风速最不显著。【结论】作物系数存在显著上升趋势,与气候因子关系紧密,需要关注作物需水量的变化。 相似文献