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1.
In order to establish the migration route of Pacific saury Cololabis saira, we measured the radius of otolith annual rings (ROA) in fish collected from areas off the Japanese coast up to 165°W in June and July (pre-fishing season) and from fishing grounds in August?CNovember (fishing season). The average ROA for six sea areas that each spanned 10° of longitude sampled during the pre-fishing season were compared with data obtained during each month of the fishing season. The average ROA decreased from west to east and also decreased monthly from August to November. The average ROA of fish caught after October at the peak of the fishing season was equivalent to that of the fish caught in the areas east of 160°E or 170°E. We conclude that Pacific saury caught by Japanese fishing vessels during the peak of the fishing season migrate from an area east of 160°E.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of high carbohydrate and high lipid diets on the growth, body composition and glucose metabolism in the southern catfish were determined at 17.5 °C and 27.5 °C. At each temperature, the feeding rate, specific growth rate and protein productive value decreased with increasing dietary carbohydrate (P<0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were lower in the fish fed a high dietary carbohydrate diet at 17.5 °C, but were not significantly different between diets at 27.5 °C. Plasma glucose and activities of pyruvate kinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase were higher in fish reared at 27.5 °C than those reared at 17.5 °C, and within each temperature, they were higher in fish fed the high‐carbohydrate diet. Hepatosomatic index was higher in fish fed the high‐carbohydrate diet than those fed the high‐lipid diet at 27.5 °C, but no significant difference was found at 17.5 °C. The results indicate that higher temperatures enhance glycogen deposition and lipogenous enzyme activities when fed with a high‐carbohydrate diet; thus, at higher temperatures, this fish uses carbohydrate more efficiently for protein sparing.  相似文献   

3.
于2012年5月至2013年11月,对池养中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)全程投喂配合饲料,观测扣蟹和成蟹阶段的生长规律、成活率、早熟率、性腺发育速度、产量、规格分布和饲料系数等。结果表明:(1)扣蟹阶段雌雄生长差异不显著(P0.05),增重率(WG)和特定增长率(SGR)为先上升后下降,整个扣蟹培育阶段的平均SGR为1.9%/d左右;平均成活率和早熟率分别为10.0%和4.9%,雌体的早熟率显著高于雄体(P0.05);一龄早熟蟹和正常扣蟹的平均体重分别为19.8 g和7.5 g左右,一龄早熟蟹和正常扣蟹的平均产量分别为229 kg/hm~2和2433 kg/hm~2;扣蟹培育阶段饲料投喂主要发生在7—10月,占全部饲料用量的80%以上,饲料投喂量与扣蟹体重及池塘水温具有一定的关系,扣蟹阶段饲料系数(FCR)为2.15。(2)成蟹养殖过程中,自6月份起雄体体重大于雌体,整个养殖阶段雄体的SGR显著高于雌体(P0.05);雌雄成蟹最终平均体重分别为126.1 g和181.1 g,雌、雄及总体成活率分别为61.30%、53.47%和58.4%,产量分别为412.20 kg/hm~2、536.10 kg/hm~2和950 kg/hm~2;成蟹养殖的饲料消耗主要发生在7—10月,其中育肥前期(9—11月)的饲料用量占50%左右,整个成蟹养殖阶段的FCR为2.63。(3)池养成蟹的生殖蜕壳主要发生在8—9月,雌体比雄体早20 d左右;雌体的性腺发育主要发生在生殖蜕壳后的9—10月,雄体的性腺发育时间跨度较长,生殖蜕壳前性腺指数已达0.8%左右;雌雄成蟹性腺发育期间肝胰腺指数均呈下降趋势。综上,全程投喂配合饲料能保证池养中华绒螯蟹的正常生长发育,可大规模推广应用于中华绒螯蟹养殖产业。  相似文献   

4.
为了探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)最适宜的投喂时间,本实验将120只初重约68 g的幼蟹随机分养在24个塑料缸(70 cm×40 cm×50 cm)中。采用一次饱食投喂(将昼夜分为8个时间点:10:00、13:00、16:00、19:00、22:00、01:00、04:00、07:00,每个时间段作为1个处理组,每天每个处理组饱食投喂1次)的方法研究中华绒螯蟹的昼夜摄食节律。结果显示,幼蟹在不同投喂时间点表现出24 h周期性的摄食节律,且总摄食高峰期在22:00。从其中6d的平均摄食量可以看出,河蟹主要在19:00~22:00时间段摄食;在肝胰腺酶活性方面,淀粉酶活性在19:00~22:00内高于其他各组,且在22:00获得最高值;脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和钠钾ATP酶酶活性有相似的变化趋势,在13:00~22:00时间段这些酶的酶活呈现上升的趋势,且最高值均在22:00获得。在相关摄食基因表达方面,肝胰腺中Leptin基因的相对表达量在22:00点显著低于13:00和16:00,与其他各组相比差异不显著(P0.05);肠道中胆囊收缩素(CCK)基因的相对表达量在22:00点显示出最低值,与10:00、13:00、04:00和07:00点相比差异显著(P0.05)。综上所述,中华绒螯蟹存在明显的摄食节律,这可能与光照紧密相关,最适宜的投喂时间为22:00。  相似文献   

5.
The aquafeed development has been initiated for horseshoe crabs in captivity. However, much of the attentions were to the juveniles for their widely used in research. Until recently, the research had incorporated the adult horseshoe crabs. This study aims to 1) determine the best alternative feeds for adult males of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, 2) measure the acceptance rate of feed, and 3) feeding utilization. Three semi‐moist pellets were either developed or purchased: fish (Decapterus russeli) and cockle (Anadara granosa) pellets (A), fish pellets (B) and keropok pellets (C). Natural feeds act as control: cockle, Anadara granosa (D) and fish, D. russeli (E). The horseshoe crabs were fed daily for 5 weeks and were analysed on their feed percentage consumption, body weight changes, feeding rate (FR), absorption efficiency (AE), feeding conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR). Feed A was consumed the most (56.21%) with the highest FR (1.88%). It was influenced by the pellet's hardness, where horseshoe crabs favoured softer pellets. Body weight changes, FCR and SGR also showed a similar trend of favouring alternative feed over natural feed. Alternative feeds served a better feed than the natural feed and can be an option for future natural feed replacement for adult horseshoe crabs in captivity. Alternative feed served a better diet than the natural feed and Feed B served the best feed among the three alternative feeds with good C. rotundicauda growth performance and the feed itself is cost‐wise.  相似文献   

6.
为进一步了解不同水系野生中华绒螯蟹繁育数代后子代的生长性能和生殖蜕壳时间差异,在相同的养殖条件下进行长江、黄河和辽河水系野生中华绒螯蟹人工繁殖并养殖至第三代(G3),系统地比较了长江、黄河和辽河水系野生中华绒螯蟹人工繁育子三代(G3)在成蟹阶段的生长性能、性腺发育及养殖效果.结果显示:(1)在生长性能方面,3个水系G3...  相似文献   

7.
Abstract. The reproductive biology of a popular and abundant freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus Cuvier & Valenciennes, was examined, including sex ratio, gonadosomatic index, ova diameter and fecundity. The numerical ratio of male to female was 1:1.06 and was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Mean female gonadosomatic indices (GSI) in April and September corresponding to north-east and south-west monsoons were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the dry season (May, June, July and August). Thus the apparent GSI maxima in April and September were indicative of peak spawning period. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the fluctuation of the measure of GSI except for those in the dry months, which probably suggested the existence of a protracted breeding season. Mean male GSI in February and November were similarly significant (P < 0.05) to the dry season, although not statistically different (P > 0.05) from those of January, March, April, July, August, October and November. This was probably attributable to an extended breeding period with spawning peaks in February and November corresponding to early and late monsoons. The aseasonal reproduction is common in tropical fishes. GSI were positively correlated with rainfall and water level fluctuations. Fecundity varied from a minimum 6900 to a maximum 93510 in specimens with total lengths of 34.8cm and 45.0cm respectively. Fecundity was found to increase linearly with length and weight and was significantly different (P < 0.05) from them.  相似文献   

8.
The nutritional values of edible gonad, hepatopancreas and muscle tissues from normal and precocious adult male Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were investigated herein. The results showed that the average weight and meat yield (MY) of normal crabs were significantly higher than those of precocious crabs, while the hepatopancreas indexes (HSI) and gonadosomatic indexes (GSI) had no significant differences. Precocious and normal crabs had greater protein and lipid contents, respectively, and the differences were mainly reflected in gonads and hepatopancreas. While assessing the amino acid profiles, both precocious and normal crabs could be high‐quality protein sources, particularly the precocious crabs which showed higher levels of essential amino acids. In fatty acid profiling experiments, precocious crabs revealed higher EPA, ∑n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ∑n‐3/∑n‐6 ratios than normal crabs; however, DHA and ∑n‐6 PUFA contents were considerably lower. Additionally, contents of nutritious minerals K and Ca in precocious crabs were significantly higher than those in normal crabs, while Zn and Fe were significantly lower. In short, our data indicated that precocious Chinese mitten crabs are also a nutritious food, and even in some respects their nutritional value is higher than normal crabs.  相似文献   

9.
One hundred and twenty crabs (initial weight: 51.32 ± 0.06 g) were fed three experimental diets with cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) at 0, 6 and 12 g/kg for 60 days. The results showed that CPH0.6 diet significantly improved the 1‐hr feed intake, protease activity and weight gain of crabs. In thoracic ganglia, 4E‐binding protein (4E‐BP) expression level of crab fed the diets containing CPH was significantly higher than CPH0 group. In cerebral ganglia, protein kinase B and 4E‐BP expression levels of crab fed CPH0.6 diets were significantly lower than CPH0 group. In mid‐intestine, target of rapamycin (TOR) relative expression level of crabs fed the diets containing CPH was significantly lower than CPH0 group. 4E‐BP expression level showed an opposite pattern. In thoracic ganglia, cerebral ganglia and mid‐intestine, leptin receptor expression level of crabs fed CPH0.6 diet was significantly lower than CPH0 group. Neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y receptor expression level of crab fed CPH0.6 diet was significantly higher than CPH0 group. In conclusion, our results indicated that dietary supplementation of 6 g/kg CPH could stimulate appetite and quicken feeding rate via the TOR signalling pathway.  相似文献   

10.
The feeding energetics of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) were examined with respect to the effect of dietary fibre. Adult animals were fed semi‐purified diets with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%α‐cellulose to determine the maximum aerobic scope that could be elicited by the increase in metabolism as specific dynamic action (SDA). The excretion rates of ammonia were also measured. Prawns fed all diets had significantly higher respiration rates after feeding due to SDA. Feed intake was not related to metabolism rate. Both oxygen uptake and ammonia excretion were affected by feed intake, dietary cellulose and time after feeding. SDA was related to dietary fibre, indicated by increments varying from 37% to 386%. O:N ratios were influenced by feed intake, dietary cellulose levels and time after feeding. O:N ratios of between 10 and 49 indicate that the prawns predominately metabolize carbohydrate.  相似文献   

11.
The current study investigates whether it is possible to increase the meat content of captive male king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) (average = 2.2 kg) by feeding manufactured diets at different temperatures (4°C, 8°C and 12°C). A 110 days trial was undertaken with groups of male king crabs held in 12 land‐based holding tanks. All crabs survival in the lowest temperature treatment, one animal died in the medium‐temperature group (8°C) and four animals in the highest temperature treatment (12°C). The results showed that feed intake increased with increasing temperature from an average of 1.0 g kg?1 day?1 at 4°C to 2.8 g kg?1 day?1 crab at 12°C. The percentage meat content was significantly higher at the final census (60.0%) compared with the initial census (37.5%) in all temperature groups, but there were no significant differences in the percentage meat content of the king crabs held in the different temperature treatments at the conclusion of the experiment. Oxygen consumption was also significantly affected by temperature and increased with increasing temperature. The results of the experiment show that the optimal temperature to maintain, and enhance, the meat content of king crab is close to 4°C.  相似文献   

12.
The design and testing of a feed intake monitoring system based on feed waste collection is described. The system was used in a study of feed intake and growth of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr in relation to temperature (2 °C or 8 °C) and feed composition (21% fat, 50% protein and 22.5 MJ kg?1 or 34% fat, 40% protein and 24.8 MJ kg?1). Fish had lower feed intake and slower growth at the lower temperature, but temperature‐corrected growth (TGC) was better in fish held at the lower temperature. There was an increase in TGC over time at low temperature, probably as a result of long‐term thermal acclimation. Feed conversion for an increase in body size from 19 to 38 g was better for the fish held at low temperature. Feed consumption of low‐fat feed was higher than that of high‐fat feed, and growth of the fish fed the low‐fat feed was better at the higher temperature. These data are consistent with the ideas that the fish compensated for differences in feed energy densities to maintain energy and nutrient intakes, and that lipostatic factors may be operating to regulate feed intake and growth.  相似文献   

13.
Two studies were conducted in 110‐L flow‐through aquaria and 0.4‐ha ponds to evaluate effects of periodic feed deprivation on the growth performance of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fish were deprived of feed 0, 1, 2, or 3 consecutive d/wk, l d per 5‐d period, or 3 consecutive d per 10‐d period and fed to satiation on days fish were fed. In Experiment 1, fish fed less frequently than daily consumed significantly less feed (over the experimental period) and gained significantly less weight than fish fed daily, except that feed consumption of fish deprived of feed 1 d/wk was not significantly different from that of fish fed daily. Compared with fish fed daily, fish deprived of feed 2 d/wk had significantly lower feed conversion ratio (FCR). Visceral fat of fish deprived of feed 1 or 2 d/wk was similar to that of fish fed daily, but fish deprived of feed for longer periods had significantly lower visceral fat than fish fed daily. Regression analysis indicated that feed consumption, weight gain, and visceral fat increased linearly as the number of days that fish were fed increased. In Experiment 2, there were no significant differences in the amount of feed fed between fish deprived of feed 1 d/wk and those fed daily. Net production of fish deprived of feed 1 or 2 d/wk or 1 d per 5‐d period was not significantly different from that of fish fed daily, but fish deprived of feed for longer periods had significantly lower net production than fish fed daily. Visceral fat of fish deprived of feed 1 d/wk or 1 d per 5‐d period was similar to that of fish fed daily, but fish on other treatments had significantly lower visceral fat than fish fed daily. Regression analysis showed that as the number of days fed increased the amount of feed fed and net production increased quadratically. Feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, visceral fat, and fillet fat increased, while fillet moisture decreased linearly as the number of days fed increased. Although feeding less frequently than daily may improve feed efficiency, and fish deprived of feed may demonstrate compensatory growth when a full feeding regime is resumed, it may be difficult to provide enough feed to satiate all size‐classes of fish under a multiple‐batch cropping system without causing water quality problems. Under normal economic conditions, fish should be fed daily to apparent satiation without waste and without causing water quality problems. However, during periods of unfavorable economic conditions, channel catfish raised from advanced fingerlings to market size may be fed less frequently than daily to reduce production cost. Results from the present study indicated that feeding channel catfish to satiation 5 or 6 d/wk (not feeding on one or two weekend days) could provide some benefits in reducing production cost through reduced feed and labor costs for food‐sized channel catfish during periods of low fish prices and high feed prices.  相似文献   

14.
A 6‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary lipid levels and feeding frequencies on the growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus. Two experimental diets were prepared with two different dietary lipid contents, low lipid (7%; LL) and high lipid (14%; HL). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (5.5 ± 0.01 g) to apparent satiation at three meals per day, two meals per day, one meal per day, and one meal every 2 d, respectively, for 6 wk. Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly affected by frequency of feeding, with increasing values as feeding frequency increased up to twice daily, regardless of dietary lipid content. In addition, fish fed the diet with the HL level (14%) showed significantly higher WG and SGR than those fed the LL diet (7%) at all the feeding frequencies tested. Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were affected by both dietary lipid level and feeding frequency. FE and PER values were significantly higher in fish fed the HL diet and/or when fish were fed twice or thrice a day. However, daily feed intake and daily energy intake were significantly affected only by feeding frequency and were significantly reduced when the fish were fed only once every 2 d compared with those fed more frequently. Whole‐body moisture content of fish tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid level and frequency of feeding. In contrast, whole‐body lipid content increased in fish as dietary lipid level and feeding frequency increased. Consequently, we can conclude that feeding spotted seabass twice daily to apparent satiation is acceptable and sufficient to achieve good growth and FE, as fish performance was not significantly enhanced when feeding was increased from two to three times daily.  相似文献   

15.
Two experiments were conducted for red sea bream (Pagrus major). In experiment 1, the optimum level of glutamic acid and natural feeding stimulants to enhance feed intake were determined and found that glutamic acid level of 0.5% and fish meat hydrolysate (FMH) were effective. In experiment 2, fish were fed with soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diet with synthetic feeding stimulants (Basal diet), the Basal diet with FMH (FMH diet), the FMH diet with glutamic acid (FMHG diet) and with fish meal diet (FM diet) as a control until satiation for 8 weeks. Feed intake of FMHG‐fed fish was significantly higher than others (p < 0.05). Specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio of FMHG were comparable to those of FM‐fed fish (p > 0.05). Relative visceral fat ratio and crude lipid content of any SPC‐based diet‐fed fish tended to be lower than those of FM diet‐fed fish. There were no significant differences in trypsin and lipase activities hepatopancreas among treatments. SPC can be utilized as a sole protein source in a diet for red sea bream. The lower growth performance in SPC‐based diet‐ fed fish was not due to poor digestive enzyme secretion but could be associated with lipid utilization disorder.  相似文献   

16.
It has long been hoped that sea urchins could be served to visitors to seafood restaurants, hotels, and summer festivals in Rausu, located in the world natural heritage site ??Shiretoko,?? during the summer tourist season. However, to date this has not been feasible because of the sea urchin spawning season (July?CSeptember), during which the quality of the gonads, the edible part of the sea urchin, decreases due to maturation. In this study, we examined the possibility of suppressing gonadal maturation and maintaining high-quality sea urchin gonads by low-temperature rearing using deep-sea water. Unripe sea urchins captured before the spawning season were reared under two temperature conditions from June to September. In those groups reared at ambient temperatures (2.8?C19.6?°C), gametogenesis in both sexes progressed rapidly with increased temperature, and almost all sea urchins reached full maturity by late July. In contrast, in groups reared at low temperatures (2.1?C5.1?°C), gametogenesis progressed slowly and >60?% of the sea urchins did not reach maturity even by early September. The feeding experiment also revealed that feeding with live Saccharina diabolica could increase the gonadal volume efficiently under low-temperature rearing conditions. These results demonstrate that low-temperature rearing, supplemented with feeding, is effective in suppressing gametogenesis to allow for the harvesting of high-quality sea urchins during the summer tourist season.  相似文献   

17.
Measurements of either heartbeats or heart rate variability provide important information on metabolic changes and stress responses. In this study, we aimed to determine the suitable temperature conditions for maintaining product quality for post‐harvest processing of mud crab (Scylla serrata) through measuring cardiac performance. A bundle of implanted electrodes was used to record the electrocardiogram, from which the heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were derived to evaluate the physiological performances of the crabs under tying at different seawater temperatures. The lowest standard deviation of HR was detected at the seawater temperature of 18°C for the group of ascending temperatures and at 10°C for the group of descending temperatures. Lower HRV was detected at the range from 10 to 14°C. The results suggest that the temperature range of 14–18°C is suitable to reduce variability in heart rate and may decrease physiological stress. These conditions might help maintain the quality of live crabs during post‐harvest processing and transportation.  相似文献   

18.
This study determined impacts of dietary methionine concentrations at two temperatures on growth, feeding efficiency and N‐metabolites in juvenile cobia. Methionine concentrations of the experimental diets were deficient (M9; 9 g/kg), sufficient (M12; 12 g/kg) and surplus (M16, 16 g/kg). Water temperature was normal (30°C) or elevated (34°C). Twenty cobia in triplicate tanks were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Both methionine and temperature affected cobia's growth and feeding efficiency. Cobia fed M9 performed lower than the fish fed M12 and M16 diets. Additionally, cobia reared at 34°C performed poorer than at 30°C, probably due to lower voluntary feed intake in the fish reared at 34°C. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value in cobia fed M9 diet were less than M12 or M16 diets. This was confirmed with the improved retentions of indispensable amino acids (AAs). No interactions between methionine and temperature were observed in growth and protein accretion. At 30°C, CF improved, while HSI and VSI declined upon methionine supplementation levels. Of which an interaction between temperature and methionine was present. Plasma, muscle and liver free AA and N‐metabolites were affected by methionine and temperature. Furthermore, temperature affected cobia's lipid class composition, resulting in increased phospholipids and cholesterol at 34°C.  相似文献   

19.
Although wild Yangtze Eriocheir sinensis juveniles (coin‐sized seed) have better culture performance than the pond‐reared juveniles during the adult crab culture stage, the culture performance of wild‐caught megalopae (WC) remains unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the growth, survival rate, crab yield, feed conversion rate (FCR), precocity, final weight and size distribution between WC and hatchery‐produced megalopae (HP) during the juvenile culture stage. Wild‐caught megalopae had significantly higher body weight, weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) during 0–4 weeks but lower WGR and SGR than HP during 4–8 weeks (p < .05). Although WC had a significantly lower survival rate and yield of normal juvenile crabs than HP, total yields of normal juveniles and precocious crabs were similar. Wild‐caught megalopae had a significantly higher precocious rate and yield of precocious crabs than HP (p < .05). Regardless of sex, no significant differences were found in the gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and final weight of normal juveniles and precocious crabs between WC and HP. As for the size distribution of normal crabs, WC had a higher percentage of small female juveniles (<3 g) but a lower proportion of middle size ranges (3–5.99 g and 6–8.99 g) than HP for females (p < .05), and there was no significant difference for males. In conclusion, wild megalopae of the Yangtze E. sinensis had worse culture performance than the hatchery‐produced seeds; therefore, wild megalopae would not be recommended for commercially juvenile culture of E. sinensis.  相似文献   

20.
The growth, condition, and feed utilization patterns of juvenile southern bluefin tuna (SBT) fed moist‐pellets were examined over a 19‐wk period from March to July 1999. The SBT had significant weight gain over the course of the study, increasing on average from about 27 to 34 kg (dependent on size class). No significant weight gain by the SBT occurred in the first 5 wk of the study. Following this initial period of slow growth, the rate of weight gain increased, ranging between 40 to 90 g/d. Weight gain peaked after 11 wk, with no further gain occurring after this time point. Weight gain was strongly related to average daily feed intake (AFI) which was predominantly influenced by water temperature. Weight gain was minimal following the decrease of water temperatures below 15 C, consistent with a decrease in feed intake from peak values at the beginning of the study to basal levels by week 13. Basal feeding levels were maintained for the remainder of the study through to week 19. Although water temperature and AFI were strongly related, other time related effects also appeared to be signillcant. A relationship between condition index and feed intake was also identified. Condition index of the SBT increased from about 19 kg/m3 to 22 kg/m3 over the 19‐wk period. Similar to the patterns observed in growth, there was also an initial delay in increases of condition index. The results from this study support that the majority of weight gain by juvenile SBT occurs during the early part of the production season and that this is most likely influenced indirectly through responses to water temperature. The results of this study also suggest that there is little value in conducting growth trials beyond the point where water temperatures decrease below 15 C. Although there was minimal weight gain or improvement in condition beyond the 11‐wk time point, these parameters would need to be considered in conjunction with flesh quality characteristics to identify optimum harvesting regimes.  相似文献   

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