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1.
为了给K型小麦雄性不育系、恢复系的选育及杂种组合选配提供依据,以4个K型小麦雄性不育系与9个恢复系组配成36个杂交组合,探讨不同小麦雄性不育系的易恢性差异和恢复系的恢复力差异,并对杂种F1代的有效小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等产量性状进行相关分析与通径分析。结果表明,4个小麦雄性不育系中,A116的易恢性最好,A306、A1129的易恢性适中,KJ32A的易恢性最差。9个恢复系中,RE9、R92、RE6、R45233是一组恢复力较强且稳定的恢复系,平均恢复度均超过70%;R538、R45231、R159、R198的平均恢复度在64%～70%之间,是一组恢复力中等的恢复系;R417的恢复力较弱。本研究还表明,不育系与恢复系间存在一定互作效应。在产量性状上,有效小穗数及穗粒数表现出明显的优势。说明在杂交小麦强优势组合选育上,K型小麦雄性不育系A116的应用价值较大,同时还应注意优势组合的有效穗数和穗粒数的选择。 相似文献
2.
细胞质对杂交水稻农艺性状遗传效应的研究（英文） 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
研究了野败、柳野、神奇、冈型、红野、包台、滇一和滇三等8种不育胞质对杂交水稻株高、穗颈长和产量等12个农艺性状的影响,分析了部分组合及其亲本花药的过氧化物酶同工酶。结果表明,8种不育胞质对杂种一代的株高、穗颈长、穗数、成穗率、实粒数、结实率、千粒重、单株粒重和小区产量表现负效应,使抽穗期明显延迟,不育系配制的杂种产量较低是由于产量各构成因素均不同程度降低的结果,但不育胞质对杂种优势的负效应只是一个相对的概念,对配合力好、恢复度高的组合来说,这种负效应并不足以改变杂种优势的方向和程度。供试杂交水稻三系及其所配组合子代在成熟花药过氧化物酶同工酶活性（条带数、宽窄和密度）上表现明显可辨的差异,不育系＞恢复系和保持系,籼粳两组异质同核不育系间也有明显差异。提出了“细胞质效应”或“细胞质优势”的概念,用于评价不同质源不育系对杂种优势影响的方向核程度。 相似文献
3.
8 5EA是通过电子束辐照获得的普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系 ,89AR是通过辐射结合远缘杂交获得的新疆小麦亚种细胞质雄性不育系 ,T型不育系 (Tcms)是采用核质互换获得的具有提莫菲维小麦 (T .timopheevi)细胞质的雄性不育系。 1993～ 1998年连续 5年恢保关系研究结果表明 :85EA和 89AR不育性容易稳定保持 ,育性又较易被恢复 ,恢复源较宽 ,除T型不育系的恢复系对其有较好的恢复性外 ,普通小麦品种 (BPM15,农大 8812 2等 )对其也有较高的恢复力。对同核异质的 3类不育系 (85EA、89AR、Tcms)与优良恢复系杂交的杂种F1杂种优势研究结果表明 :三类不育系杂种的产量优势存在显著差异 ,它们依次为 89AR >85EA >Tcms,85EA和 89AR的杂种优势大于Tcms,而 89AR的杂种优势最高。以上结果表明 ,85EA和 89AR在生产上具有应用潜力 相似文献
4.
为了明确斯卑尔脱（T．spelta）小麦和莫迦小麦（T．macha）1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复等的影响,利用1B／1R小麦K型不育系K3314A、YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系YS3314和YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314进行秋播、春播试验,考察3种类型不育系育性对温度的反应,并分别与普通小麦品种（系）90（13）21、L783、温6、陕354和邯6172杂交,测定和比较其F1的恢复性、单倍体发生频率和几个重要农艺性状。结果表明,Y$3314和YM3314秋播完全雄性不育,春播则自交结实,K3314秋播、春播皆雄性不育,说明T．spelta和T．macha的1BS染色体导入使K3314A获得温敏特性。YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系比YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系和1B／1R类型不育系更易恢复;YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系其杂交F1产生极少或不产生单倍体,且在单株有效穗数和有效小穗数等性状上具有明显的优势,YM型小麦温敏不育系则在穗粒数上具有明显的优势。 相似文献
5.
斯卑尔脱(T.spelta)小麦和莫迦小麦(T.macha)1BS染色体对K 型小麦不育系育性恢复和几个重要性状的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了明确斯卑尔脱(T.spelta)小麦和莫迦小麦(T.macha)1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复等的影响,利用1B/1R 小麦K 型不育系K3314A 、YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系YS3314和YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314进行秋播、春播试验,考察3种类型不育系育性对温度的反应,并分别与普通小麦品种(系) 90(13)21、L783、温6、陕354和邯6172杂交, 测定和比较其F1的恢复性、单倍体发生频率和几个重要农艺性状.结果表明,YS3314和YM3314秋播完全雄性不育,春播则自交结实,K3314秋播、春播皆雄性不育,说明T.spelta和T.macha的1BS染色体导入使K3314A 获得温敏特性.YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系比YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系和1B/1R 类型不育系更易恢复; YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系其杂交F1产生极少或不产生单倍体,且在单株有效穗数和有效小穗数等性状上具有明显的优势,YM型小麦温敏不育系则在穗粒数上具有明显的优势. 相似文献
6.
收集不同熟期、不同类型的BT型粳稻不育系(保持系)和恢复系,对亲本分别按不同性状进行聚类,比较分析不同类型亲本配组杂种后代的性状表现,结果表明:1)不同类型亲本配组,杂种的性状一般表现为中间类型;2)亲本的抽穗期、株高对杂种单株穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、单株产量、单株颖花量等多数产量性状无明显影响。亲本的穗粒结构对杂种的穗粒构成有明显影响,多穗型亲本间配组,杂种每穗总粒数及单株颖花量、产量潜力均较小;大穗型亲本间配组,杂种每穗总粒数及单株颖花量、产量潜力均较大;3)以多穗型不育系与大穗型恢复系配组,产量较高,是现有亲本配制杂交粳稻一种较好的配组方式;4)直立穗不育系与弯曲穗恢复系配组,杂种单株颖花量最多,产量潜力最大,而且株叶形态较好,如筛选到结实率高的组合,该配组方式的杂种具有较高的增产潜力。 相似文献
7.
两系杂交小麦产量性状优势的初步分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以穗重型、穗数型、大粒型、多小穗型、远缘型、不同生态型，中间型的父本与重庆温光型核不育小麦Ｃ４９Ｓ测配，对所配１２８个组合的杂种Ｆ１的产量性状进行初步分析，其优势主要表现在千粒重、穗长的提高，另外，株穗数，穗粒数有较强的杂种优势。Ｃ４９Ｓ对降低Ｆ１株高有明显的竞争优势，各类型都有筛选出Ｃ４９Ｓ强优势组合的可能。 相似文献
8.
通过对15个亲本及其不完全双列杂交组配的56个杂种F_1的5个性状进行杂种优势、配合力与遗传距离分析,以研究两系杂交小麦强优势组合的选配规律及其亲本的利用价值。结果表明:(1)5个性状均表现正向中亲优势,其大小顺序为:株粒重>穗粒数>株穗数>千粒重>株高,其中株粒重、穗粒数、株穗数的超高亲优势和超对照优势均为正值;(2)强优势组合的产生是产量构成因素优势相互补充与积累的结果;(3)根据遗传距离的大小,15个亲本可划分为五大类群,不育系与恢复系完全划分为不同的类群;(4)在亲本选配上,选择一般配合力和特殊配合力效应方差综合表现较好、遗传距离中等者为佳。 相似文献
9.
以穗重型，穗数型，大粒型，多小穗型，远缘型，不同生态型，中间型父本与重庆温光敏型核不育小麦Ｃ４９Ｓ测配，对所配１２８个组合的杂种Ｆ１之产量性状进行了初步分析，结果表明，杂种优势离要表现在千粒重，穗粒数，株穗数的提高上，另外Ｃ４９ｓ对降低Ｆ１株高有明显的竞争优势，从各类型父本与Ｃ４９ｓ所配组合中都有可能筛选出强优势组合。 相似文献
10.
为更好地揭示粘类小麦细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)的恢复性能、杂种优势和细胞质效应,以推动三系杂交小麦的生产应用,以4类19种异质粘类小麦CMS为母本,与系列恢复系亲本进行不完全双列杂交,获得248个互为同核异质、同质异核、异质异核的杂种F1,对粘类小麦CMS的恢复规律等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)影响粘类CMS恢复性能的主要因素是恢复系、不育系核型、不育系胞质类型,三因素对恢复度的影响表现为:恢复系>不育系核型>不育系胞质类型;(2)粘类CMS与系列恢复系的杂种F1穗长、分蘖均值分别为其亲本的1.129倍和1.273倍,具有很强的杂种优势,株高为亲本的0.997倍,具有一定的负向优势;(3)对粘类小麦CMS产生单倍体的影响表现为:不育系核型>不育系胞质类型>恢复系,单倍体产生程度与不育系核型和不育系胞质类型相关,单倍体产生频率只和不育系核型直接相关,单倍体产生频率与单倍体产生的严重程度没有直接关系,利用特定不育系核型可有效避免产生单倍体。 相似文献
11.
12.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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15.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
19.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献
20.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献