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重金属对污泥最终处置利用具有很大影响,有时甚至决定了技术路线的选择.论文从分析西安市3个污水处理厂污泥重金属含量和浸出量的检测结果出发,对我国污水污泥处置利用相关标准与危险废物鉴定标准进行研究.结果表明:我国污泥处置现行标准对重金属的迁移特性不够重视,应当建立重金属总量指标与形态指标(浸出毒性)相结合的污泥处置控制标准体系;在进行污水处理厂泥质分析的基础上,探索西安市较为可行的污泥处置利用方式,提出西安市污水污泥处置利用的2条途径:填埋和能源利用. 相似文献
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城市污泥的蚯蚓分解处理技术研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
城市污泥成分复杂,其中有机质、N、P、K含量丰富,Ca、Mg、Fe等矿物营养成分含量较高,此外还有许多重金属（Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Hg、As、Sn等）、有机有害成分以及病原菌。本文分析了国内外关于污泥处理处置的主要方法及其优缺点,重点讨论了一种新兴城市污泥处理技术,即城市污泥的蚯蚓分解处理技术（Vermicomposting）,利用蚯蚓处理城市污泥,不仅可以将污泥中的重金属富集于蚯蚓体内、去除病原菌、转移消化有机有害物,而且可将城市污泥转化为富含营养物质的有机肥,是一种无害化处理城市污泥的有效途径。最后,总结了目前城市污泥蚯蚓分解处理技术研究中存在的问题,并展望了其研究发展趋势。 相似文献
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污泥在农业上的合理利用 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
根据第１５届国际土壤科学大会论文中有关污泥在农业上合理使用的报告，简述了污泥处置的途径及其发展趋势，指出污泥资源化为污泥处置的主要途径，阐述了污泥在农业上的利用的现状及合理利用的方法，最后对其利用前景提出了一些看法。 相似文献
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上海主要污水处理厂污泥中多环芳烃的分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)是具有“三致作用”的持久性有机污染物,是污泥土地利用时重点控制的有机污染物之一[1,2]。国外关于污泥中多环芳烃的研究比较深入[3~7],我国关于污泥中多环芳烃的研究报道并不多[8~9]。随着污水处理率的提高,上海污泥的量也越来越大,污泥土地利用是上海今后污泥处理处置的有效途径之一[10,11]。为了解上海污泥中多环芳烃的分布特征,为污泥土地合理利用提供科学依据,我们应用索氏提取法和GC/MS技术对上海主要的14个污水处理厂中污泥中的多环芳烃化合物进行测定,并分析了其分布特征。1材料与方法1·1实验材料200 相似文献
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结合我国城市污水处理剩余污泥产生、特性及处理处置准入要求,对污泥林用全过程存在的生态环境风险进行了分析与识别,并提出了相应的风险防范措施,为污泥林用的生态环境保护与管理工作提供参考。 相似文献
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我国城市土地集约利用研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
该文综述了近年来来我国城市土地集约利用研究状况,从城市土地集约利用的内涵、必要性、评价指标体系构建和评价方法等方面论述了我国城市土地集约利用评价的研究进展。最后对城市土地集约利用评价的研究趋势进行了展望。 相似文献
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基于主成分分析和物元模型的河南省城市土地集约利用对比研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
提高城市土地集约利用水平对缓解人地矛盾、提高土地利用效率等具有重要意义。以河南省17个省辖市的城市土地利用为研究对象,根据城市土地集约利用的内涵,构建一套衡量城市土地利用集约度的指标体系,并采用主成分分析法和物元模型2种方法对各城市土地利用的集约度进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,2种方法测评的城市土地利用集约度,在测评结果排序、集约利用等级划分和空间分布等方面虽有差异,但存在较大的相似性。豫北、豫西南和豫西的城市土地集约利用程度较高,而位于豫东和豫东南的城市土地集约利用程度则相对较低。2种方法在分析影响城市土地集约利用程度的内部因素时差异较大。研究结论认为,未来河南省各城市要加大土地投入力度,改善土地生态环境质量,以促进城市土地集约利用程度的提高。 相似文献
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以河南省17个省辖市为研究单元,探索了不同研究年份城市土地集约利用的内部协调性及其演变格局。研究表明：(1)对城市土地集约利用的内部协调性测度是可行的,也是必要的。(2)河南省城市土地集约利用的内部整体协调性呈现明显的上升态势,且其水平高低与城市所在区域的资源禀赋、工业基础和城市基础设施建设等因素密切相关。(3)城市土地集约利用水平与4个子系统(土地投入水平、土地产出水平、土地利用程度和土地生态环境质量)之间的内部局部协调性呈逐步上升的态势,且从总体上由拮抗阶段,经磨合阶段,向协调阶段推进。(4)河南省城市土地集约利用水平逐步提高,但同一研究年份不同城市之间的土地集约利用水平差异却逐渐增大。(5)在不同研究年份,4个子系统对城市土地集约利用水平的影响力大小是不同的。 相似文献
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粪大肠菌群(FecalColiform,FC)是判定污泥土地安全利用的重要指标之一。通过实地调查取样,收集了长江三角洲地区的南京、苏州、上海、杭州等15个城市的污水处理厂的48份污泥样品,测定了其粪大肠菌群数,旨在了解污泥中FC的数量与潜在污染风险;并在污泥自然风干过程的第7、14、21、28天分别取样测定了FC的数量和水分含量,以观察风干过程中FC和水分的动态变化及其与风干时间的关系。研究结果表明,污泥中FC的最大可能数(MPN)的范围在0～3.41×106(MPNg-1,DW),平均为3.79×105(MPNg-1,DW),检出率达89.6%。不同类型污泥中FC的数量差别较大,“河流”污水处理厂污泥和污泥制品的FC数量最低,以生活污水为主的污泥和混流污水污泥中FC数量较高。污泥风干过程中FC数量和水分含量均随风干时间的延长而减少,但FC数量有回升现象。总之,污泥样品的FC数量差异较大,部分污泥样品的数量超过了污泥农用的病原物标准,为了保护生态环境和人类健康,防止二次污染,污泥土地利用时需考虑FC数量,采取相应控制措施。 相似文献
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This study was conducted to measure the mutagenic potential of municipal sewage sludge amended soil. Two separate sludge samples were collected from one municipal wastewater treatment plant and applied to undisturbed soil lysimeters over a 9 mo interval. Soil and sludge samples were collected for approximately 2 yr following sludge application. Samples were solvent extracted using methylene chloride and methanol, and the bacterial mutagenicity of the resulting residue determined using the Salmonella/microsome assay. The maximum specific activity of the sludge amended soil was 416 net revertants per 10 mg of residue induced by the methanol fraction extracted from the Weswood soil collected 154 d following the first sludge application. In the Padina sand, the maximum specific activity was 320 net revertants per 10 mg of residue induced by the methanol fraction extracted from the sample collected 154 d following the first sludge application. The specific activity of the sludge amended soil was observed to decrease slowly with time. For both the Padina and the Weswood soils, mutagenic organic chemicals were detected in soil samples collected 510 d following the second sludge application. For the Weswood soil, the mutagenic activity per unit weight of soil with metabolic activation of the samples collected 510 d after the final sludge application was decreased by 15 and 76% for the methylene chloride and methanol fractions, respectively, when compared to the maximum weighted activity observed 56 d after the final sludge application. The results indicate that municipal sewage sludges may contain organic mutagens which are persistent in the soil. 相似文献
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中国五个典型城市污水厂污泥中重金属的形态分布研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Metal content and bioavailability are often the limiting factors for application of sewage sludge in agricultural fields. Sewage sludge samples were collected from five typical urban wastewater treatment plants in China to investigate their contents and distribution of various chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Mo by using the BCR （Community Bureau of Reference） sequential extraction procedure. The sludges contained considerable amounts of organic matter （31.8%- 48.0%）, total N （16.3-26.4 g kg^-1） and total P （15.1-23.9 g kg^-1）, indicating high potential agricultural benefits of their practical applications. However, total Zn and Ni contents in the sludge exceeded the values permitted in China＇s control standards for pollutants in sludges from agricultural use （GB 4284-1984）. The residual fraction was the predominant fraction for Mo, Ni and Cr, the oxidizable fraction was the primary fraction for Cu and Pb, and the exchangeable and reducible fractions were principal for Zn. The distribution of different chemical fractions among the sludge samples refiected differences in their physicochemical properties, especially pH. The sludge pH was negatively correlated with the percentages of reducible fraction of Cu and exchangeable fraction of Zn. The sludges from these plants might not be suitable for agricultural applications due to their high contents of Zn, Ni and Cr, as well as high potential of mobility and bioavailability of Zn. 相似文献
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In order to evaluate the possibility of contamination of soil with trace elements by the application of sludges to soil, the contents of rare earth elements (REEs; La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) and other trace elements (Be, As, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Bi, and U) in wastewater treatment sludges were determined. In sludges of night soil treatment plants (night soil sludges) and sludges of wastewater treatment plants in the food industry (food industry sludges), the distribution patterns of REEs normalized versus average REEs in the continental crust were almost flat. It was considered that the REE patterns of uncontaminated sludges reflected the pattern of the continental crust. The crust-normalized REE patterns of sludges of wastewater treatment plants in the chemical industry (chemical industry sludges) and municipal sewage sludges did not always show flat plots. The sludges that did not show a flat REE pattern were considered to be contaminated with some of the REEs. The coefficient of variation of each element determined among the 10 samples of night soil sludges and the 14 samples of sewage sludges ranged from 34 to 77% and from 26 to 84%, respectively. Among the 10 samples of food industry sludges and the 10 samples of chemical industry sludges, the coefficient ranged from 60 to 143% and from 67 to 172%, respectively. The variations of the content of each element among the food industry sludges or the chemical industry sludges were larger than those among the night soil sludges or the sewage sludges. The contents of Be, As, Cs, REEs, and U in all the sludges were lower than or the same as those in a field soil. Some of the food and chemical industry sludges contained larger amounts of Ag, Cd, and Sb than the soil. All the night soil sludges and sewage sludges contained much larger amounts of Ag and Bi than the soil. 相似文献
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<?show $38#Bo;>Phosphorus fertilization effect of sewage sludges treated with iron compounds The result of waste water treatment with iron salts are sewage sludges with higher P but also Fe contents. The effect of such sludges on P availability in soils is not clear and was, therefore, compared with CaHPO4 as a P mineral fertilizer. In experiments (Mitscherlich pots, 6 kg soil) two sandy soils (pH 4.3 and 4.9), two luvisols ( pH 6.3 and 7.2), a loess (13 % CaCO3), and quartz sand all differing in their P status were treated with two sewage sludges which differed in their molar Fe:P ratios (sludge Gö: 1:0.3, sludge Sh: 1:1.2). For sludge Gö the P elimination had been carried out with FeSO4 and the sludge was stabilized with FeCl3 + Ca(OH)2 (filter press). For sludge Sh P was eliminated by FeCl3 in the aerobic basin. The first crop was maize (total shoot dry matter), the second red clover. In case of sludge Sh both crops took up in comparison to CaHPO4 the same amount of P from all substrates with the exception of quartz sand. The effect of sludge Gö was quite different: from the neutral luvisol soils maize was able to take up only 64—82 % P and red clover 77—82 % P only as compared to CaHPO4. On the sandy soils maize and red clover grew after sludge Gö as good or better than after CaHPO4 application and P uptake was quite similar (83—106 %). This result was concomitant to an increase of pH values (from 4.3 to 4.9, 4.9 to 5.6, respectively). The negative efficiency of P uptake in heavy soils after application of sludge Gö resulted from an increase of P sorption and decrease of orthophosphate concentration in soil solution. This sludge contains a high proportion of iron hydroxides/oxides with free sorption sites for P. In future P elimination from waste water should be done without iron salts. At least during the process of conditioning no Fe salts should be used.<?show $6#> 相似文献
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Md. Yunus Miah Chih-Yu Chiu Hiroaki Hayashi Mitsuo Chino 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):499-504
Application of sludges to agricultural land depressed plant growth despite its beneficial effects on crop production. Hence it remained to be determined whether sludge application induced any adverse effect on crop nutrition or growth. Thus the growth response of barley on an Andosol to which two kinds of sewage sludge compost had been applied for 17 y was tested in pot experiments with and without application of chemical K fertilizer. The addition of K in the sewage sludge composts resulted in the improvement of plant growth, high dry matter production and increase of total K content both in plant and soil compared to the materials without K application. It was assumed that long term application of sewage sludge requires chemical fertilizer amendment for crop production. 相似文献
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John H. Loughrin Arturo I. Quintanar Nanh C. Lovanh Rezaul Mahmood 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,216(1-4):463-471
The number of chemical compounds in sewage and consequently their release into the environment is increasing. Some of them are toxic and many of them are considered endocrine disrupters. Here, the capacity of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to remove caffeine, hormones and bisphenol-A was investigated. Bisphenol-A and caffeine are highly water-soluble compounds, as opposed to hormones (estradiol, estriol, and ethynilestradiol) which are hydrophobic compounds. In the Sewage Treatment Plant (SWT)1 the sewage is treated by activated sludge process, in the second plant, SWT2, sewage is treated by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors followed by dissolved air flotation, and in the third, SWT3 sewage is treated by stabilization lagoons. The first lagoon is 3.5 m deep, thus facultative and polishment processes occur. It was speculated that there was a difference in efficiency between the three plants in removing micropollutants. Small differences were found in the amounts removed, probably accounted for by retention time. The caffeine and bisphenol-A were almost completely removed, higher than 90% for both compounds (bisphenol-A and caffeine) in all WWTPs. The hormones, however, had a smaller rate of removal, between 70% and 87%. It is suspected that retention time is essential for removal efficiency, together with type of treatment. In fact, the hormones, caffeine, and bisphenol-A found in the environment definitely come from untreated sewage. 相似文献
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Three diverse field-moist soil samples were treated with five sewage sludges (applied at five loading rates) containing high concentrations of heavy metals. Urease activity was assayed after 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days of incubation. Results showed that when soils were treated with the sewage sludges, urease activity was often inhibited at the lower loading rates (2.2 and 8.9mg sludge g?1 soil), but was enhanced substantially with the higher application rates (22.2, 44.4 and 100 mg sludge g?1 soil). Inhibition of urease activity in the sewage sludge amended-soils ranged from 4 to 37% (Domino soil), 8–27% (Hesperia soil), and 3–49% (Ramona soil) at various times of incubation. Inhibition of the enzyme activity was attributed to the presence of heavy metals in the sludges. The increased activity of urease in the sludge-amended soils at the highest application rate (100 mg sludge g?1 soil) ranged from 1.13 to 5.00-fold (Domino soil), 1.20–4.04-fold (Hesperia soil), and 1.13–5.40-fold (Ramona soil). Enhanced urease activity was believed to be due to the additional source of organic matter and nutrients supplied by the sludge which stimulated microbial activity and subsequent urease synthesis. 相似文献
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Sewage sludges from six wastewater treatment plants in Hawaii were periodically sampled to determine the seasonal variation of their elemental composition. The Sand Island and Honouliuli treatment plants produced primary sludges averaging 1.6% and 2.0% total N, respectively. The Kailua, Kaneohe, Waimanalo, and Waianae treatment plants produced secondary sludges averaging 5.4, 5.1, 6.1, and 3.5% N, respectively. All the sludges tested were virtually devoid of K with concentration ranging from 0.01 to 0.15%, which was less than half of the 0.30% K considered typical for a US sewage sludge. Mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn in the Hawaii sludges were 5.9, 373, 12343, 218, 36.7, and 817 mg kg?1, respectively, which were within the norms for sludge heavy metals as reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Seasonal variations in elemental concentration were small and only statistically significant for Ca and Zn. Sludges from the three treatment plants with highest annual production (Sand Island, Honouliuli, and Kailua) were then mixed at 5, 50, and 250 g kg?1 with three representative tropical soils (a Mollisol, and Oxisol, and an Ultisol) to study sludge-soil reactions and plant responses. Soil-solution data indicated that chemical properties of a sludge-soil mixture depended not only on the soil, sludge, and its application rate, but also on sludge-soil interactions. At an agricultural rate of 5 g kg?1 (10 Mg ha?1), the anaerobically digested Kailua sludge increased corn (Zea mays L.) biomass, whereas the two undigested sludges reduced it. At higher rates, Mn phytotoxicity resulted from sludge applications to the Mollisol and Oxisol, both of which contained reducible Mn nodules. Significant growth reductions would be expected when corn seedlings contained ≥200 mg Mn kg?1 or ≤0.30 % Ca; and, adequate supplies of Ca and Zn seemed to lessen Mn phytotoxicity. 相似文献
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Influence of iron content in sewage sludges on parameters of phosphate availability in arable soils The use of iron salts for the P elimination in sewage plants is widely used. But it is not clear whether the P availability in arable soils is negatively influenced by iron compounds or not. The aim of the investigations was, therefore, to study the influence of two sewage sludges with a high and a low Fe content respectively on P sorption and phosphate concentration (Pi) in the soil solution after application of CaHPO4 or sewage sludge to 5 loamy and 4 sandy soils (pot experiments and 1 silty loam (field experiment)). Soils were analyzed 1, 6, and 13 months after P application. Sludge Gö contained 12 kg P and 65 kg Fe (t DM)—1 (P : Fe = 1 : 5.4) and sludge Sh 25 kg P and 39 kg Fe (t DM)—1 (P : Fe = 1 : 1.5). The basic P application was 60 kg P ha—1 (= 30 mg P (kg soil)—1 in the pot experiment, as sludge or as CaHPO4). P uptake by maize was determined in a separate pot experiment with a loamy soil and the same P application rate. The P sorption capacity remained similar in all soils after application of sludge Sh (P : Fe = 1:1.5) compared with soils without sludge, however, after application of sludge Gö the P sorption increased by 16% (0—59%). After application of sludge Sh the mean Pi concentration increased in loamy soils by 34% and in sandy soils by 15%. On the other hand the Pi concentration decreased after applying sludge Gö by 13% and 36% as compared to the controls of the respective soils. In the field experiment the Pi concentration of plots with a high P level (50 mg lactate soluble P (kg soil)—1) was also significantly decreased after application of 10 t sludge Gö (126 kg P ha—1) in comparison with triple phosphate. One month after the application of increasing amounts of sludge Gö (5, 10, 15 t DM ha—1) both the concentration of oxalate‐soluble Fe in the soil and the P sorption were increased. The elevated relationship between these two parameters was highly significant (r2 = 0.6 — 0.97). Plant uptake of P was less after application of sludge Gö than after application of sludge Sh and much less than P uptake from CaHPO4. Sewage sludges with a P : Fe ratio of 1 : 5 should not be recommended for agricultural use, as the P availability is significantly reduced. Iron salts should not be used for conditioning of sludges. 相似文献