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1.
Eddy  Behrens  MV  Jim  Schumacher  DVM  MS  Earl  Morris  DVM  MS  Mike  Shively  DVM  MS  PhD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1991,32(3):98-104
Contrast paranasal sinusography was a simple procedure that enhanced evaluation of the paranasal sinuses in the standing horse. Two techniques of positive-contrast paranasal sinusography were developed using cadavers and sedated horses. For both techniques, 37% organically bound iodine was used. For the first technique, the conchofrontal sinus was injected with 30 ml of contrast medium followed by an additional 100 ml and 70 ml. For the second technique, the rostral maxillary sinus was injected with 20 ml followed by an additional 50 ml. Each technique enhanced visualization of different paranasal sinuses, and each was necessary for complete positive-contrast radiographic evaluation of the paranasal sinuses. The techniques of positive-contrast radiographic evaluation of the paranasal sinuses are described.  相似文献   

2.
Positive-contrast rhinography is a simple noninvasive procedure that can be used for radiographic evaluation of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses in the dog. After assuring the safety of the procedure, it was employed for evaluation of six dogs with nasal and paranasal disease. Contrast rhinography contributed to the identification and assessment of the disease and aided in the diagnosis in dogs where survey radiography was not helpful. This paper proposes the use of positive-contrast rhinography for radiographic evaluation of diseases affecting the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses in the dog.  相似文献   

3.
The system of the paranasal sinuses morphologically represents one of the most complex parts of the equine body. A clear understanding of spatial relationships is needed for correct diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomy and volume of equine paranasal sinuses using three‐dimensional (3D) reformatted renderings of computed tomography (CT) slices. Heads of 18 cadaver horses, aged 2–25 years, were analyzed by the use of separate semi‐automated segmentation of the following bilateral paranasal sinus compartments: rostral maxillary sinus (Sinus maxillaris rostralis), ventral conchal sinus (Sinus conchae ventralis), caudal maxillary sinus (Sinus maxillaris caudalis), dorsal conchal sinus (Sinus conchae dorsalis), frontal sinus (Sinus frontalis), sphenopalatine sinus (Sinus sphenopalatinus), and middle conchal sinus (Sinus conchae mediae). Reconstructed structures were displayed separately, grouped, or altogether as transparent or solid elements to visualize individual paranasal sinus morphology. The paranasal sinuses appeared to be divided into two systems by the maxillary septum (Septum sinuum maxillarium). The first or rostral system included the rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinus. The second or caudal system included the caudal maxillary, dorsal conchal, frontal, sphenopalatine, and middle conchal sinuses. These two systems overlapped and were interlocked due to the oblique orientation of the maxillary septum. Total volumes of the paranasal sinuses ranged from 911.50 to 1502.00 ml (mean ± SD, 1151.00 ± 186.30 ml). 3D renderings of equine paranasal sinuses by use of semi‐automated segmentation of CT‐datasets improved understanding of this anatomically challenging region.  相似文献   

4.
Diseases of paranasal sinuses and nasal passages in horses can be a diagnostic challenge because of the complex anatomy of the head and limitations of many diagnostic modalities. Our hypothesis was that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging would provide excellent anatomical detail and soft tissue resolution, and would be accurate in the diagnosis of diseases of the paranasal sinuses and nasal passages in horses. Fourteen horses were imaged. Inclusion criteria were lesions located to the sinuses or nasal passages that underwent MR imaging and subsequent surgical intervention and/or histopathologic examination. A low field, 0.3 tesla open magnet was used. Sequences in the standard protocol were fast spin echo T2 sagittal and transverse, spin echo T1 transverse, short‐tau inversion recovery (STIR) dorsal, gradient echo 3D T1 MPR dorsal (plain and contrast enhanced), spin echo T1 fatsat (contrast enhanced). Mean scan time to complete the examination was 53 min (range 39–99 min). Lesions identified were primary or secondary sinusitis (six horses), paranasal sinus cyst (four horses), progressive ethmoid hematoma (two horses), and neoplasia (two horses). The most useful sequences were fast spin echo T2 transverse and sagittal, STIR dorsal and FE3D MPR (survey and contrast enhanced). Fluid accumulation, mucosal thickening, presence of encapsulated contents, bone deformation, and thickening were common findings observed in MR imaging. In selected horses, magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool in diagnosing lesions of the paranasal sinuses and nasal passages.  相似文献   

5.
Heads from 15 male and female horses of various breeds and ages were examined with computed tomography under general anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. The main interest was the evaluation of the entire paranasal sinus system. Special attention was paid to the location, size, and shape of the conchomaxillary, nasomaxillary, frontomaxillary, and sphenopalatinal openings. The frontomaxillary opening was the largest aperture and was found to be age-dependent in size mostly. Orientation and shape of the openings were sagittal or horizontal; the narrowest of them was the slit-like nasomaxillary aperture. The thickness of the vascularized mucous membranes in the nasal cavity was obtained up to 6 mm; the surface was smooth and well defined. The paranasal lining was invisible in computed tomography (CT) images because of its thin layer. CT proved to be a very useful method for documentation of the paranasal openings and for evaluation of the state of the mucous membranes in the nasal and paranasal cavities.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To report experience with paranasal sinus surgery through a frontonasal flap in sedated, standing horses. STUDY DESIGN: Treatment of 10 horses with naturally occurring paranasal sinus disease through a frontonasal bone flap created with the horses standing. ANIMALS: Ten adult horses. METHODS: After restraint and sedation, local anesthetic was injected subcutaneously along the proposed incision line over the conchofrontal sinus and was instilled into the sinuses through a small hole created in the frontal bone. A 3-sided, rectangular, cutaneous incision that extended through the periosteum was created over the frontal and nasal bones. The incision was extended into the conchofrontal sinus using a bone saw, and the base of the flap, on the midline of the face, was fractured. The sinuses were explored, and the horse was treated for the disease encountered. The flap was repositioned; subcutaneous tissue and skin were sutured separately. RESULTS: The horses had few signs of discomfort during creation of the bone flap and during disease treatment. Diseases encountered included inspissated exudate in the ventral conchal sinus (five horses), feed and exudate throughout the sinuses (one horse), occlusion of the nasomaxillary aperature (one horse), polyp (one horse), osteoma (one horse), and progressive ethmoidal hematoma (one horse). CONCLUSION: In selected cases, surgery of the paranasal sinuses can be performed safely on sedated and standing horses through a frontonasal bone flap. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Performing surgery through a frontonasal bone flap with the horse standing and sedated, rather than anesthetized, eliminates risks and expense of general anesthesia.  相似文献   

7.
Sixteen horses with suspected paranasal sinus disease had endoscopic examination of the paranasal sinuses with a 4.0 mm arthroscope either while standing and sedated (14 horses) or under general anesthesia (two horses). Endoscopic diagnosis included sinusitis (four horses), sinus cyst (three horses), hemorrhage (three horses), neoplasia (three horses), and tooth root abnormalities (two horses). No abnormalities were detected in one horse. Endoscopic findings concurred with the radiographic findings in 13 horses (81%). Samples of sinus contents for bacteriologic (eight horses) and histologic examinations (five horses) were obtained using sinus endoscopy. Diagnostic sinus endoscopy was combined with debridement, lavage, and suction as a therapeutic technique in 10 horses. In three horses, sinus exploration was performed after diagnostic endoscopy confirmed sinus disease, whereas in three horses, further therapy was not recommended after sinus endoscopy. Clinical signs of sinus disease resolved in 11 horses (69%) overall and in eight of 10 horses (80%) with sinusitis, cyst formation, or hemorrhage using endoscopic techniques alone. Mild, local subcutaneous emphysema occurred at the portal sites in all horses, but healing occurred without additional complications, latrogenic damage to sinus structures occurred in one horse. Sinus endoscopy was useful in the diagnosis and management of paranasal sinus disease and avoided the need for exploratory sinusotomy in some horses.  相似文献   

8.
A 1-year-old Thoroughbred filly with left bony facial distortion was diagnosed with a multilobar expansile mass within the caudal maxillary and frontal sinuses on computed tomography (CT). Typical findings associated with a sinus cyst, including expression of amber fluid from the mass and a thick lining that could be peeled from the sinus walls, were found on surgical exploration of the sinus under general anaesthesia. Histological examination of firm structures within the fluid-filled cyst contained all components of embryologically normal dental tissue. The filly recovered well and entered training to race as a 2-year-old, as remodelling of the bony distortion and narrowing of the nasal passage was sufficient for airflow. Previous reports of paranasal cystic lesions in horses suggest developmental abnormalities as a causative factor, especially in young horses. Furthermore, heterotopic polydontia is reported as the underlying aetiology in some human paranasal sinus cysts. While polydontia has been reported in the paranasal sinuses and nasal passages of horses, this is the first case report that finds them associated with a cystic lesion within the paranasal sinus.  相似文献   

9.
A Large Frontonasal Bone Flap for Sinus Surgery in the Horse   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A large frontonasal bone flap was created to treat diseases of the paranasal sinuses in 14 horses. The bone flap was made as wide as possible within the confines of the nasolacrimal duct so the floor of the frontal sinus and the dorsal and ventral conchae could be opened. These openings exposed the nasal passages, maxillary sinuses, and ventral conchal sinus thereby facilitating removal of diffuse and localized lesions from these sites. Diseases treated were ethmoid hematomas (4 horses), sinus cysts (5 horses), cryptococcal granuloma, osteoma, hemangiosarcoma, pus in the ventral conchal sinus, and periapical infection of a second molar. Four horses were euthanatized during or after surgery, one because of postsurgical pleuritis and pneumonia (horse with osteoma) and three because of their primary problems (cryptococcal granuloma, hemangiosarcoma, pus in the ventral conchal sinus). Skin suture abscesses that responded to treatment developed in four horses. Ten horses returned to their intended uses, the sinus flaps healed without blemish, and the original problems did not recur. The frontonasal flap technique provided greater access to all paranasal sinuses than methods described previously.  相似文献   

10.
Three horses, a 10-year-old Thoroughbred mare, a 9-year-old Thoroughbred gelding and a 6-year-old Arab gelding, with calcified tumours of the paranasal sinuses, are described. All horses presented with purulent nasal discharges and facial distortion. Exophthalmos, blepharospasm and ocular discharge were also a feature in individual horses. A presumptive diagnosis of a calcified tumour was made on the basis of clinical signs and radiographic and endoscopic findings. The tumours ranged from 15 to 25 cm in diameter. A large frontonasal bone flap was used to expose the tumours, which were cleaved into several pieces with an osteotome and removed. Histological examination of the masses identified cementomas in two cases and an osteoma in the third. Long term follow up from 18 months to 5 years after surgery indicated that there was no recurrence. This case series demonstrates that, although calcified tumours of the paranasal sinuses are rare in horses, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of purulent nasal discharge, facial swelling and ocular distortion, and are amenable to surgical treatment.  相似文献   

11.
Karen L.  Morrow  DVM  MS  Richard D.  Park  DVM  PhD  Thomas L.  Spurgeon  PhD  Ted S.  Stashak  DVM  MS  Billie  Arceneaux  RT 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2000,41(6):491-497
The head from three horses euthanized due to diseases unrelated to the head and neck was imaged using computed tomography (CT). Gross cross-sectional slices of equine head #1 and skeleton of equine head #2 were compared with the CT images of the three equine heads to identify normal structures of the cranium, brain, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and teeth. Labeled transverse CT images of the equine head are presented sequentially as a reference for normal anatomy.  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of nasal septal deviation and variations of the paranasal sinuses in normal and diseased cats. Prevalence of nasal septal deviation was 86.7%, 68.4%, and 71.4% in cats with rhinitis, neoplasia, and normal cats, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.244). There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.01) in the magnitude of nasal septal deviation between cats with and cats without nasal disease, using a cutoff value of 1 mm for maximum distance of deviation from midline. There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.019) between cats with rhinitis and neoplasia when comparing the presence of a mass (7.7% and 53.8%, respectively), but not when comparing for lysis of the septum. Deviation of the frontal sinus septum occurred in 27.7% of all cats, while the sphenoid septum was oblique and eccentric in 96.6% of all cats. The mean length of the frontal sinus was longer in male cats than female cats. The presence of nasal septal deviation alone cannot be used as a criterion to diagnose nasal disease, but cats with rhinitis or neoplasia have more marked deviation than normal cats. The presence of a mass and lysis of the septum were only seen in cats with nasal disease and a mass is more likely to be seen with neoplasia than rhinitis. Male cats have a longer frontal sinus than female cats. Almost all cats have an oblique, eccentric sphenoid septum.  相似文献   

13.
Reasons for performing study: Results of surgical treatment of sinonasal disease in horses have been reported previously; however, this paper describes the outcome of horses in which a specific post operative treatment protocol was used. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine: 1) short‐ and long‐term outcome; 2) complications; and 3) recurrence rates of different disease processes, when horses were treated with a specific treatment protocol. Methods: Medical records of horses presented for surgical treatment of sinonasal disease from 1996–2007 were reviewed. Results and duration of surgical exploration were recorded. Post operatively, the sinus flaps were re‐opened with the horses standing and sedated. Number of horses requiring further treatment (debridement and/or lavage), median number of post operative days when the flap was re‐opened, median number of times the flap was opened and median duration of hospitalisation were recorded. Short‐ and long‐term survival and complication rates were determined. Results: Ninety‐one horses were included in the study. The sinus flaps were re‐opened with the horses standing a median of 3 days post operatively. Thirty‐nine horses (43%) required further treatment at this time and 89 horses (97%) survived to discharge. Incision infection was the most common complication encountered (29%). No horse required a blood transfusion. Recurrence rates were 5% for paranasal sinus cysts, 12% for progressive ethmoid haematoma and 50% for neoplasia. Conclusions: Rapid removal of the primary lesion followed by packing the sinuses and re‐evaluating in the standing horse in a more controlled environment offers a safe and effective means to thoroughly assess and treat sinonasal disease. Potential relevance: Surgical time, intraoperative haemorrhage, long‐term complications and recurrence rates of paranasal sinus diseases treated via frontonasal or maxillary sinus flap may be reduced using this technique.  相似文献   

14.
Sinus cysts are epithelium-lined, fluid-filled cavities that can occur in the paranasal sinuses of horses. Extensive damage to the permanent tooth buds was a significant feature in this case. The sequellae of these abnormalities, although not apparent at the time of presentation, remain an important consideration for prognosis.  相似文献   

15.
Objective— To evaluate the use of sinoscopy for detection and treatment of ventral conchal sinus (VCS) and/or rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) disease in horses.
Study Design— Case series
Animals— Horses (n=60) with suspected paranasal sinus disease.
Methods— Horses were evaluated by sinoscopy through a conchofrontal sinus (CFS) portal with ventral conchal bulla (VCB) fenestration. Other endoscopic sinus approaches and adjunctive diagnostic tests; oral examination, computed tomography, radiography, scintigraphy and endoscopic examination of the upper portion of the respiratory tract were used in some horses.
Results— The CFS approach permitted adequate observation of the RMS and VCS in 53 horses (88%). Hemorrhage caused by VCB fenestration prevented examination of the RMS and/or VCS in 12 horses (21%). Observation of lesions was possible in all horses diagnosed with neoplasia, sinus cysts, and progressive ethmoidal hematomas. Endoscopy of the paranasal sinuses was useful diagnostically in 82% of horses with primary sinusitis. Other diagnostic modalities were usually required to confirm a diagnosis of dental sinusitis.
Conclusions— Trephination into the CFS with VCB fenestration is a minimally invasive technique that provides consistent access to the RMS and VCS. It facilitates diagnosis of many sinus disorders and endoscopically guided treatment of many horses with sinus cysts and primary sinusitis, in combination with sinus lavage.
Clinical Relevance— Many diseases affecting the RMS and VCS can be diagnosed and resolved endoscopically using a CFS approach with VCB fenestration, thus avoiding the need for osteoplastic sinus surgery and its associated risks and complications.  相似文献   

16.
De Zani  D.  Borgonovo  S.  Biggi  M.  Vignati  S.  Scandella  M.  Lazzaretti  S.  Modina  S.  Zani  D. 《Veterinary research communications》2010,34(1):13-16
Clinical and radiographic investigations of paranasal sinuses in horses are difficult due to the complex anatomy of these regions, the lack of patognomonic symptoms, and the low sensitivity of conventional diagnostic techniques. The aim of this study was to produce an anatomical atlas to support computed tomography (CT) and sinuscopy of the paranasal sinuses of the adult horse. Transverse, sagittal, and dorsal CT images were acquired, and sinuscopy with both rigid and flexible endoscopes was performed. The heads were frozen and sectioned using a band saw, with the cuts aligned as close as possible with the CT transverse slices. Each CT image was compared with its corresponding anatomical section and sinuscopy image to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures.  相似文献   

17.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Disorders of the equine sphenopalatine sinus, including empyema and neoplasia, have been reported to cause damage to cranial nerves II and V. However, the clinical anatomy of these sinuses is not well described in horses. OBJECTIVE: To examine the anatomy of the sphenopalatine sinuses in a range of equidae and, in particular, to examine the relationship of these sinuses to adjacent major nerves and vessels. METHODS: The anatomy of the sphenoidal and palatine paranasal sinuses was examined in 16 equidae, primarily using transverse skull sections. Relevant structures were documented and photographed. RESULTS: There was much variation between individual horses in sphenopalatine sinus anatomy. The sphenoidal sinuses were small in young horses and appeared to become larger and more complex with age. Variation was present in the extent that the sphenopalatine sinus extended into the basisphenoid bone. The septum dividing left and right sphenoidal sinuses was frequently not midline, but was intact in all cases. The sphenoidal and palatine sinuses communicated in most horses. In such cases, what could accurately be termed the (combined) sphenopalatine sinuses usually drained directly into the caudal maxillary sinuses. Additionally, in 5 out of 16 cases, some compartments of the sphenoidal sinus also drained into the ethmoidal sinus. The dorsal and lateral walls of the sphenoidal sinus were very thin and directly adjacent to cranial nerves II, III, IV, V and VI and major blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The equine sphenoidal and palatine sinuses are very variable in their anatomy, but are always in close proximity to multiple cranial nerves and major blood vessels. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Many cranial nerves and blood vessels could be damaged with disorders involving the sphenopalatine sinus, potentially causing major and variable neurological syndromes, haemorrhage and extension of sepsis.  相似文献   

18.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL FELINE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Computed tomography (CT) images of the feline nasal cavity and paranasal were acquiredfrom noraml adult cats. Good resolutin and amatomic detail were obtained from the CT images using soft tissue formatting. A desciption of normal feline nasal cavity and paranasal sinus anatomy using CT is presented.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical features of horses with bacterial meningitis or brain abscesses secondary to infectious disease processes involving the head. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 7 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records of Tufts University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center (Lexington, Ky) were reviewed to identify adult (> 12 months old) horses in which a postmortem diagnosis of bacterial meningitis or brain abscess had been made. Horses were included in the study if an intracranial infection was confirmed, the horse had a primary infectious disease process involving the head, and there were no signs of systemic infection. RESULTS: 23 adult horses with bacterial meningitis or a brain abscess were examined during the study period, but only 7 met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Primary sites of infection included the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, periocular tissues, and submandibular lymph nodes. Three horses died suddenly prior to hospitalization, and 1 horse was hospitalized but died 7 days after the onset of neurologic abnormalities. The remaining 3 horses were euthanatized because of a rapid deterioration in clinical status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although rare, fatal intracranial complications can develop in horses with infectious diseases involving the head.  相似文献   

20.
A 14-year-old Quarter Horse was presented for evaluation of a chronic, intermittent purulent discharge from the left nostril. A radioopaque mass and multiple, air-fluid interfaces in the paranasal sinuses were identified on survey radiographs. The mass was removed and identified as a dentigerous cyst. Substantiated reports of dentigerous cysts in the paranasal sinuses are rare.  相似文献   

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