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1.
Mild reductive cleavage of the polypeptide chains of antibodies to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl group has been carried out according to the methods of Porter and co-workers. The addition of epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyllysine permitted almost complete retention of the antibody binding capacity upon transfer to IM propionic acid. Fractionation of the chains showed that the hapten was specifically bound to the A and not the B chains, and that about 30 percent of the B chains were bound to A in the presence of the bound hapten. The results confirm the conclusion of Porter and ca-workers that the A chain is the principal component of the antibody site, but suggest that the B chain may also contribute to the site. 相似文献
2.
丙烯酰胺分子量小,结构简单,因此制备其特异性抗体比较困难.试验将丙烯酰胺与间巯基苯甲酸反应合成丙烯酰胺半抗原,半抗原偶联KLH载体蛋白合成抗原,通过免疫制备单克隆抗体,并对其进行了抗血清的效价、半抑制率、交叉反应测定.结果表明:免疫原为AM-KLH,包被原为AM-OVA测定的抗血清效价最高为1:32000倍,其半抑制率(IC50)为120.323 ng·mL-1,该抗体与丙烯酰胺近似物的交叉反应率均<1.48.探索了丙烯酰胺单克隆抗体的制备方法,为丙烯酰胺快速检测方法的建立提供了新的思路. 相似文献
3.
Development of Anti-Isoproturon Polyclonal Antibody 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
LI Fang-shi SUN Feng LIU Xian-jin CUI Heng-hua 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2007,6(8):964-969
A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) suitable for the determination of the urea herbicide isoproturon,3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, in food and environmental samples was developed. Two haptens named 1-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurca (hapten 4C) and 1-(5-carboxypentyl)-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurea (hapten 6C) were synthesized. The haptens were coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin(OVA), respectively, using the N-hydroxysuccinimide reaction. The hapten 6C-BSA conjugate was used as the immunogen,with which a high-titer anti-isoproturon polyclonal antibody (pAb) was successfully obtained by immunization of New Zealand white rabbits. The hapten 4C-OVA conjugate was used as coating antigen and a method of the indirect competitive ELISA for isoproturon was established. The haptens were confirmed with TLC, IR, and 1H NMR. The conjugation molar ratios of hapten 4C to OVA and hapten 6C to BSA were 36:1 and 46:1, respectively, as calculated by a UV spectrophotometry.The highest titer of the anti-isoproturon sera determined by a non-competitive indirect ELISA procedure was 1.6×105. The optimal concentrations of the coating antigen and the dilution of the anti-isoproturon sera used in the ELISA were 0.1 mg L-1 and 1.0 × 105, respectively. The concentration of isoproturon that inhibits 50% of antibody-antigen binding (IC50) was 0.07 mg mL-1.The cross-reactivities of six urea herbicides including chlorbromuron, fluometuron, monolinuron were lower than 0.1%. Isoproturon is a small molecule without immune activity and active functional group for attaching to carrier protein. To produce an antibody against isoproturon with high titer and high specificity is the most important step in the development of an immunochemical method for the determination of isoproturon in food and environmental samples. The two haptens synthesized in this study have carboxyl groups and accommodate different lengths of spacer arms, and the phenyl and isopropyl groups are fully exposed. An anti-isoproturon polyclonal antibody with high titer and high specificity was successfully obtained by immunization of rabbits with the conjugate of the hapten attached to the protein carrier. 相似文献
4.
Antibody active sites and immunoglobulin molecules 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
In order to obtain detailed information about the relationship between structure and function in antibody molecules, a method called affinity labeling has been devised to attach chemical labels specifically to amino acid residues in the active sites of antibody molecules. With antibodies to three different haptens, highly specific labeling of the active sites has been achieved. Tyrosine residues on both heavy and light polypeptide chains have been labeled in a molar ratio close to 2:1, and labels on the two chains are equally specific to the active sites. Peptide fragmentation studies of the labeled chains of one antibody system have shown that: (i) within 25 amino acid residues of the labeled tyrosine on either chain, substantial chemical heterogeneity exists among different antibody molecules of the same specificity; and (ii) the labeled peptide fragments from both chains are very similar in physicochemical characteristics, including average size, heterogeneity, and unusual hydrophobicity. These experimental results have led us to the view that a particular region of the heavy chain and a particular region of the light chain are utilized to construct the active sites of the three different antibodies, differences in specificity arising from chemical perturbations in these two regions. Correlated structural studies of affinity-labeled antibodies and of the homogeneous light chains (Bence Jones proteins) and heavy chains produced in multiple myeloma may permit the identification of these special active-site regions. The view that active sites of different specificity are chemical perturbations of a particular region of the antibody molecule has a possible close analogue in enzyme systems, particularly among the esterases. The marked chemical similarities we have observed between the active site regions of heavy and light chains indicate to us that chemical homologies, but not identities, exist between the chains. This is reinforced by recently obtained amino acid sequence data which reveal homologies between the two chains near their carboxyl-terminals. These results indicate that the structural genes which code for the synthesis of heavy and light chains are related, presumably having arisen from some common ancestral gene during evolution. This conclusion strongly suggests that both heavy and light chains determine antibody specificity, and has important implications for the still-unknow mechanisms of antibody biosynthesis. 相似文献
5.
A theory of self-nonself discrimination 总被引：137，自引：0，他引：137
1) Induction of humoral antibody formation involves the obligatory recognition of two determinants on an antigen, one by the receptor antibody of the antigen-sensitive cell and the other by carrier antibody (associative interaction). 2) Paralysis of antibody formation involves the obligatory recognition of only one determinant by the receptor antibody of the antigen-sensitive cell; that is, a nonimmunogenic molecule (a hapten) can paralyze antigen-sensitive cells. 3) There is competition between paralysis and induction at the level of the antigen-sensitive cell. 4) The mechanisms of low- and high-zone paralysis, and maintenance of the unresponsive state, are identical. 5) High-zone paralysis occurs when both the carrier antibody and the receptor antibody are saturated, so that associated interactions cannot take place. 6) The mechanisms of paralysis and induction for the carrier-antigen-sensitive cell are identical to those for the humoral-antigen-sensitive cell. 7) The formation of carrier-antigen-sensitive cells is thymus-dependent, whereas humoral-antigen-sensitive cells are derived from bone marrow. Since carrier antibody is required for induction, all antigens are thymus-dependent. 8) The interaction of antigen with the receptor antibody on an antigen-sensitive cell results in a conformational change in an invariant region of the receptor and consequently paralyzes the cell. As the receptor is probably identical to the induced antibody, all antibody molecules are expected to be able to undergo a conformational change on binding a hapten. The obligatory associated recognition by way of carrier antibody (inductive signal) involves a conformational change in the carrier antibody, leading to a second signal to the antigen-sensitive cell. 9) The foregoing requirements provide an explanation for self-nonself discrimination. Tolerance to self-antigens involves a specific deletion in the activity of both the humoral- and the carrier-antigen-sensitive cells. 相似文献
6.
The heavy polypeptide chains of antibody ( and of gammaG-immnunoglobulin) molecules show discrete bands on disc electrophoresis. The same bands are present for chains from antibodies of the same or diverse specificities. Individual bands are of different intensities for chains from the different rabbits tested even if the antibodies are directed against the same hapten. The bands appear to represent classes of heterogeneous H-chains of the same size having discrete differences in mizobilities with respect to a single charge difference. 相似文献
7.
A monoclonal antibody to the alpha subunit of Gk blocks muscarinic activation of atrial K+ channels 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A Yatani H Hamm J Codina M R Mazzoni L Birnbaumer A M Brown 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,241(4867):828-831
The activated heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein Gk, at subpicomolar concentrations, mimics muscarinic stimulation of a specific atrial potassium current. Reconstitution studies have implicated the alpha and beta gamma subunits as mediators, but subunit coupling by the endogenous G protein has not been analyzed. To study this process, a monoclonal antibody (4A) that binds to alpha k but not to beta gamma was applied to the solution bathing an inside-out patch of atrial membrane; the antibody blocked carbachol-activated currents irreversibly. The state of the endogenous Gk determined its susceptibility to block by the antibody. When agonist was absent or when activation by muscarinic stimulation was interrupted by withdrawal of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in the presence or absence of guanosine diphosphate (GDP), the effects of the antibody did not persist. Thus, monoclonal antibody 4A blocked muscarinic activation of potassium channels by binding to the activated G protein in its holomeric form or by binding to the dissociated alpha subunit. 相似文献
8.
A rational method for constructing highly oriented films of purple membrane (PM) has been established by using two kinds of bispecific antibodies with different antigen-binding sites, one binding to a specific side of bacteriorhodopsin and the other to a phospholipid hapten. A hapten monolayer deposited on a metal electrode was treated with a bispecific antibody solution and incubated with a PM suspension to produce a highly oriented PM film, as confirmed by electron microscopy in which an immunogold labeling technique was used. This antibody-mediated PM monolayer was then used in the construction of a light-sensing photoelectric device. A comparison of the two incorporated PM monolayers showed that highly efficient photocurrents were produced by the PM monolayer whose unidirectionally oriented cytoplasmic surface faces the electrode. 相似文献
9.
Immunoglobulin structure: amino terminal sequences of mouse myeloma proteins that bind phosphorylcholine 总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26
P Barstad S Rudikoff M Potter M Cohn W Konigsberg L Hood 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,183(128):962-966
The amino terminal sequences of five light and heavy immunoglobulin chains from myeloma proteins of the BALB/c mouse with binding activity to phosphorylcholine are presented. Except for a single substitution in position 4, all five heavy chains have identical amino terminal sequences through the first hypervariable region. Proteins which share unique (idiotypic) antigenic determinants are identical through the first hypervariable region of their light and heavy chains. Proteins with differing idiotypic determinants have light chains of differing amino acid sequence. These observations suggest that the heavy chain plays a more important role than the light chain in determining the phosphorylcholine binding site. 相似文献
10.
Heavy and light polypeptide chains isolated from different specific antibodies to haptens and from (gamma)G-immunoglobulin of normal rabbits have been resolved into distinct, multiple components by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of urea. In spite of the resolution of these chains into multiple bands, different specific antibodies and normal rabbit (gamma)G-immunoglobulin were indistinguishable from each other by this method. 相似文献
11.
[目的]合成并鉴定重金属锌螯合物抗原,为制备重金属锌螯合物抗原特异性单克隆抗体和建立快速检测方法奠定基础。[方法]用二喹啉甲酸（BCA）法测定抗原浓度,利用SDS—PAGE电泳定性鉴定半抗原、抗原、KLH和OVA,用石．墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测抗原中Zn^2＋离子的含量。[结果]利用BCA法检测得分离纯化后的Zn-DTPA-OVA、Zn—DTPA—KLH、DTPA—OVA、DTPA-KLH中蛋白的实际浓度依次为：25．155±0．038、4．195±0．014、9．242±0．015、6．609±0．025mg／ml。最佳反应备件是A液中含有的Zn^2＋物质的量是B液中舍有的DTPA物质的量的5倍;螯合剂物质的量与蛋白中赖氨酸物质的量的比例为2：1。通过石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测得Zn—DTPA—OVA、Zn-DTPA-KLH、DTPA-OVA、DTPA—KLH、HEPES中全Zn^2＋的含量依次为：295．0±0．3、49．5±0．5、0、0、0μg／ml。[结论]抗原合成是成功的。 相似文献
12.
A rapid procedure for purification of rabbit antibody to beta-D-galacto-sylphenylazo-bovine serum albumin is described. Antibody was precipitated with a heterologous antigen and was then dissociated from the precipitated complex with hapten. The antigen was partially removed by pH adjustment, and antibody was separated from residual antigen and from hapten by partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The antibody, obtained in 50 to 55 percent over-all yield, was 96 percent reactive with homologous antigen. It appeared to consist, of 95 percent of a single component, based upon physicochemical measurements. 相似文献
13.
Sequence-specific peptide cleavage catalyzed by an antibody 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Monoclonal antibodies have been induced that are capable of catalyzing specific hydrolysis of the Gly-Phe bond of peptide substrates at neutral pH with a metal complex cofactor. The antibodies were produced by immunizing with a Co(III) triethylenetetramine (trien)-peptide hapten. These antibodies as a group are capable of binding trien complexes of not only Co(III) but also of numerous other metals. Six peptides were examined as possible substrates with the antibodies and various metal complexes. Two of these peptides were cleaved by several of the antibodies. One antibody was studied in detail, and cleavage was observed for the substrates with the trien complexes of Zn(II), Ga(III), Fe(III), In(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Lu(III), Mg(II), or Mn(II) as cofactors. A turnover number of 6 x 10(-4) per second was observed for these substrates. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the use of cofactor-assisted catalysis in an antibody binding site to accomplish difficult chemical transformations. 相似文献
14.
抗异丙隆多克隆抗体的研制 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】为了建立测定脲类除草剂异丙隆残留的免疫分析方法（ELISA），对制备高效价抗异丙隆多克隆抗体的方法进行了研究。【方法】以对异丙基苯基异氰酸酯、N-甲基吡咯环酮和N-甲基己内酰胺为反应原料，经两步化学反应合成了两种异丙隆半抗原：1-(3-丙基羧基)-3-(4-异丙基苯基)-1-甲基脲（HAPTEN 4C）和1-(5-戊基羧基)-3-(4-异丙基苯基)-1-甲基脲（HAPTEN 6C）。通过活性酯法将半抗原与载体蛋白(BSA、OVA)偶联制备了两种异丙隆的人工抗原HAPTEN 6C-BSA和HAPTEN 4C-OVA。利用免疫抗原HAPTEN 6C-BSA免疫新西兰大白兔获得了高效价的异丙隆的多克隆抗体。建立了以HAPTEN 4C-OVA为包被原的间接竞争ELISA方法。【结果】合成的半抗原经薄层色谱、IR、1HNMR确证；人工抗原HAPTEN 6C-BSA和HAPTEN 4C-OVA的结合比分别为46﹕1和36﹕1。抗血清的最高效价为1.6105。经优化确定的间接竞争ELISA分析方法中包被抗原的浓度为0.1 g•ml-1,抗血清的工作稀释倍数为1.0×105。根据异丙隆的标准抑制曲线，异丙隆对免疫反应的的IC50值为0.07 g•ml-1。抗体对氯溴隆、绿谷隆、特丁塞隆等6种取代脲类除草剂的交叉反应率都小于0.1%。【结论】异丙隆是小分子，本身没有免疫活性，也没有与载体蛋白偶联的活性基团。高效价、高特异性抗体的制备是利用免疫学方法进行异丙隆残留分析的最关键因素。本研究合成的两种异丙隆的相似物具有不同长度碳链的羧基，并且使异丙基和苯基充分暴露，具备了异丙隆半抗原的特点。将半抗原偶联到载体蛋白上获得的人工抗原经免疫兔子后获得了高效价、高特异性的抗异丙隆抗体。 相似文献
15.
A single antibody was shown to adopt different binding-site conformations and thereby bind unrelated antigens. Analysis by both x-ray crystallography and pre-steady-state kinetics revealed an equilibrium between different preexisting isomers, one of which possessed a promiscuous, low-affinity binding site for aromatic ligands, including the immunizing hapten. A subsequent induced-fit isomerization led to high-affinity complexes with a deep and narrow binding site. A protein antigen identified by repertoire selection made use of an unrelated antibody isomer with a wide, shallow binding site. Conformational diversity, whereby one sequence adopts multiple structures and multiple functions, can increase the effective size of the antibody repertoire but may also lead to autoimmunity and allergy. 相似文献
16.
Wu X Zhou T Zhu J Zhang B Georgiev I Wang C Chen X Longo NS Louder M McKee K O'Dell S Perfetto S Schmidt SD Shi W Wu L Yang Y Yang ZY Yang Z Zhang Z Bonsignori M Crump JA Kapiga SH Sam NE Haynes BF Simek M Burton DR Koff WC Doria-Rose NA Connors M;NISC Comparative Sequencing Program Mullikin JC Nabel GJ Roederer M Shapiro L Kwong PD Mascola JR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6049):1593-1602
Antibody VRC01 is a human immunoglobulin that neutralizes about 90% of HIV-1 isolates. To understand how such broadly neutralizing antibodies develop, we used x-ray crystallography and 454 pyrosequencing to characterize additional VRC01-like antibodies from HIV-1-infected individuals. Crystal structures revealed a convergent mode of binding for diverse antibodies to the same CD4-binding-site epitope. A functional genomics analysis of expressed heavy and light chains revealed common pathways of antibody-heavy chain maturation, confined to the IGHV1-2*02 lineage, involving dozens of somatic changes, and capable of pairing with different light chains. Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 immunity associated with VRC01-like antibodies thus involves the evolution of antibodies to a highly affinity-matured state required to recognize an invariant viral structure, with lineages defined from thousands of sequences providing a genetic roadmap of their development. 相似文献
17.
【目的】苯乙醇胺A为一种新型违禁添加剂,目前的检测方法繁琐耗时,故建立动物尿液中苯乙醇胺A胶体金免疫层析快速检测方法。【方法】通过苯乙醇胺A与溴代戊醛发生亲核取代反应,制备得到苯乙醇胺A半抗原,将苯乙醇胺A半抗原与载体蛋白偶联得到免疫原和包被原,经TNBS法测定半抗原与载体蛋白偶联比。用免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备特异性单克隆抗体,采用间接竞争ELISA方法测定单克隆抗体的灵敏度。选取与苯乙醇胺A结构类似的13种同类药物利用间接竞争ELISA方法进行单克隆抗体特异性的测定,计算交叉反应率。并通过胶体金、单克隆抗体-胶体金标记物、结合物释放垫、反应膜、样品吸收垫的制备以及试纸条的组装,建立了动物尿液中苯乙醇胺A胶体金快速检测方法,测定试纸条的检测限、假阳性率、假阴性率以及与ELISA方法的检测猪尿样品结果比较,验证试纸条的准确度,其中ELISA方法的标准品浓度分别为0、0.1、0.3、0.9、2.7、8.1 μg·L-1,对猪尿样品的最低检测限为0.5 μg·L-1,回收率为75%-105%。【结果】苯乙醇胺A半抗原制备结果显示从苯乙醇胺A的氨基端引入末端代醛基的连接臂,得到苯乙醇胺A衍生物,即苯乙醇胺A半抗原。TNBS法测定结果显示苯乙醇胺A-BSA和苯乙醇胺A-OVA成功偶联,苯乙醇胺A半抗原-BSA偶联比为11.38,苯乙醇胺A半抗原-OVA偶联比为10.66。间接ELISA检测结果显示MC-73杂交瘤细胞株的上清效价为1﹕2×103,腹水效价为1﹕5×107,较MC-33和MC-29的效价高,抗苯乙醇胺A单克隆抗体对苯乙醇胺A的IC50为0.365 μg·L-1,较MC-33和MC-29的IC50低,得到MC-73单克隆抗体腹水灵敏度最高。苯乙醇胺A单克隆抗体与克仑特罗、莱克多巴胺和沙丁胺醇等共13种苯乙醇胺A的同类化合物的交叉反应率均小于1%,试纸条检测限为5 μg·L-1,假阳性率为0,假阴性率为0。检测实际动物尿液样品时,试纸条与ELISA测定结果没有差异。【结论】成功研制出灵敏、特异、简便、快速的苯乙醇胺A胶体金免疫层析试纸条,可直接检测动物尿液,无需样品前处理,反应只需5 min即可得到检测结果。适合中国基层兽药检测实验室和企业大批量样品集中筛查及现场检测。 相似文献
18.
Reshaping human antibodies: grafting an antilysozyme activity 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
The production of therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology has proved difficult, and this has prompted the "humanizing" of mouse monoclonal antibodies by recombinant DNA techniques. It was shown previously that the binding site for a small hapten could be grafted from the heavy-chain variable domain of a mouse antibody to that of a human myeloma protein by transplanting the hypervariable loops. It is now shown that a large binding site for a protein antigen (lysozyme) can also be transplanted from mouse to human heavy chain. The success of such constructions may be facilitated by an induced-fit mechanism. 相似文献
19.
Immunoglobulin M antibodies with ten combining sites 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Immunoglobulin M rabbit antibodies to a hapten are shown to have ten binding sites per molecule. The affinity for the specific hapten is approximately 100 times greater for one-half of the sites than for the other half. All sites are retained in the five 7S subunits produced by reduction and alkylation of the immunoglobulin M. Each of the 7S subunits of the IgM molecule apparently has one strong and one weak site. 相似文献
20.
将三聚氰胺与琥珀酸酐反应以合成半抗原,再采用混合酸酐法合成人工完全抗原,然后免疫新西兰白兔获得针对三聚氰胺的特异性抗体(IC50为42 ng/mL),以此抗体为核心建立了检测三聚氰胺的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附检测法,检测限为8.5 ng/mL。鸡蛋样品以氨化乙腈提取,正己烷去脂,微孔滤膜过滤后检测;在空白样品中添加不同浓度的三聚氰胺,回收率范围为88.9%～96.1%,变异系数小于11.6%。表明:酶联免疫吸附法,快速、简便且灵敏,可作为鸡蛋或其他动物性食品中三聚氰胺残留的常规筛选方法。 相似文献