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1.
毛乌素沙地南缘臭柏群落土壤水分空间分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为对臭柏群落土壤水分空间分布特征进行初步研究,以毛乌素南缘神木大保当镇臭柏(Sabina vulgaris Ant.)群落为研究对象,选取10个样地利用环刀进行土壤取样,通过土壤烘干法测出土壤含水量与蓄水量并进行分析。结果表明:(1)在坡位影响下,各样地间的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量整体分别表现为沙丘下部沙丘中部丘间低地沙脊,沙丘中部沙丘下部丘间低地沙脊;(2)在坡向影响下,各样地的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量均表现为背风坡迎风坡;(3)在林内外植被影响下,各样地的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量均表现为草地臭柏沙地。表明臭柏群落对土壤水分空间分布有一定的影响。 相似文献
2.
荒漠-绿洲边缘区土壤水分时空动态研究 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：20
有梭梭群落和骆驼刺群落覆盖的沙地土壤剖面的含水量与裸沙地含水量显著不同,与前者相比,裸沙地土壤水分无明显的层次性变化,受降水及蒸发等因子影响明显。不同植物群落沙地土壤水分呈现明显的土壤水分积累期(4～5月、9月)、土壤水分消耗期(6～8月)和土壤水分稳定期(10月至次年3月)的季节性特点。不同坡位土壤水分基本呈现出从小到大的顺序是坡顶<中坡<丘间地。由于植被覆盖状况和土壤物理性质不同,土壤水分随坡度的变化幅度也有明显差异,与坡顶、中坡相比,丘间地土壤水分含量较高,最高达到14.60%。 相似文献
3.
黄土丘陵区不同植被类型下土壤水分动态 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
[目的]探讨黄土丘陵区不同植被类型对土壤水环境分异规律的影响。[方法]以陕西省延安市燕沟鸡蛋卯小流域1997年退耕建造的样板坡面为对象,于2009年4—10月对其西坡面,自坡顶向下分布的7种植被类型(苹果园、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛、柠条林、紫穗槐灌丛、荒草地、农地(谷子)),采用土钻法每月中旬监测。[结果]生长季(4—10月)0—200cm深度平均土壤含水量大小呈现:紫穗槐灌丛荒草地农地(谷子)刺槐林柠条林沙棘灌丛苹果园。不同植被类型下土壤水分垂直剖面分布有较大差异,在浅层(0—40cm),恢复时段的紫穗槐灌丛、刺槐林下土壤含水量一般高于荒草地,沙棘灌丛、农地(谷子)、苹果园土壤含水量低于荒草地;在中层(40—120cm),荒草地土壤含水量最高,苹果园含水量最低,乔灌林地居中;在深层(120—400cm),只有紫穗槐灌丛、农地(谷子)土壤含水量高于荒草地,其他乔灌林地、苹果园含水量较低。[结论]延安地区植被恢复的乔灌林土壤含水量以紫穗槐灌丛偏高,柠条林、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛对深层土壤水分消耗较大,不利于土壤水环境及其永续利用。 相似文献
4.
不同坡位条件对毛乌素沙地长柄扁桃林地土壤水分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]揭示半干旱区固定沙丘不同坡位条件下土壤水分空间变化规律,为固定沙丘土壤水分合理利用提供决策依据。[方法]在毛乌素沙漠东南缘陕西省神木市生态协会毛乌素治沙造林基地,以固定沙丘12 a龄人工长柄扁桃林地为研究对象,建立土壤水分定位观测小区,使用CNC503DR型中子仪对2018年7—10月0—300 cm土层土壤水分进行测定,并分析不同坡位条件下长柄扁桃林地生长季土壤水分时空变化特征。[结果](1)坡顶与坡上0—300 cm土壤剖面含水量随土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小,之后趋于稳定的变化趋势,而坡中(上、下)与坡底表现为类似S形的变化规律,土壤含水量表现为:坡底坡中(上)坡上≥坡顶坡中(下);(2)坡底土壤含水量表现出强变异性,其他4种坡位条件下为中等变异;(3)不同坡位条件下蒸散发表现为:坡底坡顶坡中(下)坡上坡中(上),坡上属强变异,而坡底则表现出中等变异且变异系数最小。[结论]不同坡位条件对固定沙丘土壤水分及蒸散耗水具有重要影响,坡底土壤含水量及蒸散发量均最大,且具有较强的不稳定性。 相似文献
5.
黄土高原沟壑区不同植被对土壤水分分布特征影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨黄土高原不同植被类型下土壤水分分布特征,揭示其生态水文效应,以长武县王东沟小流域定位监测小区为研究对象,于2013年5月—2014年4月使用中子仪法对坡面4种植被覆盖类型(草地、沙棘、油松、沙棘油松混交林)下0—500cm深剖面上土壤水分进行了完整水文年的实际观测。结果表明:(1)草地平均土壤含水量显著高于沙棘、油松、沙棘油松混交林地(p0.05)。草地小区平均土壤水分含量随深度呈增加趋势,而沙棘、油松和沙棘油松混交林地表现为增加—减少—增加的倒"S"型;(2)500cm剖面上,草地和油松林地土壤水分变异系数小于沙棘和油松沙棘混交林地。4种植被覆盖类型下土壤水分都表现出春、冬积累和恢复,夏、秋消耗的季节性规律;(3)降雨量对0—200cm的土壤水分贮量具有明显影响,200—500cm土壤贮水量较为稳定,植被类型的不同增加了土壤储水量的差异。可见,草地土壤水分含量相对较高,变异性小;其他乔灌木植被类型土壤含水量相对较低,变异性大。降雨量的输入和温度的变更使土壤含水量的变化无论在剖面上还是随着时间进展具有一致性,而植被类型的影响则是在这种一致性基础上增大土壤含水量对降雨和温度的响应。 相似文献
6.
[目的]研究腾格里沙漠东北缘1992年飞播造林区主要植物群落土壤水分特征,为区域人工固沙植被合理建设与管理提供理论依据。[方法]采用环刀法测定研究区4种不同植物群落不同坡位200 cm深度土壤含水量,分析其土壤水分分布、变异性及土壤贮水亏缺度。[结果](1)不同植物群落土壤平均含水量呈现：花棒群落(0.57%)>沙拐枣群落(0.55%)>花棒+沙拐枣群落(0.51%)>沙拐枣+花棒群落(0.51%),花棒群落土壤含水量与花棒+沙拐枣群落和沙拐枣+花棒群落之间具有显著差异(p<0.05),不同坡位平均土壤含水量均呈现出：坡底>坡中>坡顶的趋势。花棒和沙拐枣组合的植被群落土壤水分垂直变异性以及随坡位的变异性小于花棒群落和沙拐枣群落。(2)不同植物群落200 cm深度土壤总贮水量变化范围为15.45～17.79 mm,土壤贮水量随土层深度变化趋势与土壤含水量一致。(3)不同植物群落土壤贮水亏缺度呈现：花棒+沙拐枣群落(97.74%)>沙拐枣+花棒群落(97.62%)>花棒群落(97.48%)>沙拐枣群落(97.44%)。[结论]研究区土壤... 相似文献
7.
[目的] 研究不同林龄欧李在生长季(4-9月)对坡面土壤水分动态及时间稳定性的影响，为欧李在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域综合治理中的合理配置提供科学依据。 [方法] 基于对欧李不同坡度标准径流小区土壤水分长期定位观测，利用Origin Pro软件对土壤水分进行计算分析。 [结果] ①欧李栽植后，土壤储水量有所下降，但不明显，有逐渐恢复的态势，不同坡度土壤储水量差异不明显。 ②在生长季，5°和10°小区0-40 cm和100 cm以下土层土壤含水量较低，表现为弱变异，40-100 cm土层土壤储水量较高，表现为中等变异；15°小区0-100 cm土层土壤水分年际之间相差较大，120 cm以下土层的土壤含水量较高，均处于中等变异区间。 ③随着欧李林龄增加，不同坡度坡面土壤水分的时间稳定性逐步增强，其中15°小区最明显。 [结论] 结合欧李在坡面的生长状况，研究认为“欧李+水平阶”的坡面治理模式在黄土高原沟壑区10°以下坡面上配置有一定优势。 相似文献
8.
[目的]分析沙地恢复不同阶段(流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地)油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落的土壤水分空间变异规律以及植被响应特征,为荒漠地区植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]利用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法进行分析。[结果](1)从流动沙地到固定沙地的演替过程中,土壤水分逐步减少,其空间结构呈现出明显的斑块状和条带状布局特点,同时沙地土壤水分空间异质性逐步增加,土壤水分在不同恢复阶段均表现出随着土层深度的增加,空间相关性逐渐增强的特征。(2)在沙地恢复过程中,油蒿种群的植被覆盖度、生物量、密度呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而植被特征的空间变异性则趋于减弱。(3)在流动沙地和固定沙地上,油蒿种群特征与土壤水分呈现显著负相关(p0.01)。[结论]油蒿种群的植被格局在一定程度上改变了土壤水分的空间异质性与分布格局。 相似文献
9.
黄土高原沟壑区人工植被类型对土壤水分和碳氮的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
以黄土高原沟壑区人工建造的典型植被油松、侧柏、刺槐、沙棘、苹果为研究对象，研究分析了不同植被类型对土壤水分含量、土壤碳氮累积等的变化影响。研究表明，旱季刺槐林地表现出了强烈的耗水特征，200cm以下土壤含水量具明显减少趋势。200—300cm处水分含量仅为5．8％～7．1％，而油松林地200cm以下与荒草地含水量基本相一致，土壤水分含量保持在15％左右，侧柏、沙棘、苹果土壤水分利用主要在20-200cm范围内。雨季，天然降雨虽对林地水分含量有所补充，但只表现在0-50cm表层，且各个植被类型间表现不明显；与荒草相比，油松群落土壤有机碳氮提高了9．3％，果园土壤有机碳含量显著降低，而沙棘、侧柏和刺槐群落的土壤有机碳含量虽低于荒草群落，但尚未达到显著水平。 相似文献
10.
以河沟流域土壤含水量测定和植被调查为基础,综合分析了不同地貌与土地利用类型的土壤水分空间变化,以及植被群落、植物种分布和生物量的变化。认为:黄土残塬从塬中、塬坡、沟坡到沟底,土壤水分呈有规律的变化,从塬中到沟坡中上部,土壤含水量呈递减趋势,坡麓及沟底土壤含水量则最高,而阴坡土壤含水量明显高于阳坡;农耕地土壤含水量高于草地,林地含水量最低;植被分布和生物量,与土壤水分的空间分布有着密切的关系,基本呈正相关;植物对不同地貌部位的适应性不同,从而决定了植物分布与生长。通过综合分析,提出不同地貌部位植物的适应性评价表,为人工恢复植被的植物种选择提供参考,为流域治理和水土保持提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been
indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also
been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome
number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of
Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed. 相似文献
12.
In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy. 相似文献
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M. Rodríguez-Quijano M.T. Nieto-Taladriz J.M. Carrillo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(6):599-607
A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality. 相似文献
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The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha-1 year-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments. 相似文献
17.
Diversity of native rice (Oryza Poaceae:) species of Costa Rica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alejandro Zamora Cynthia Barboza Jorge Lobo Ana M. Espinoza 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(8):855-870
We found several populations of wild Oryza species in the lowlands of Costa Rica. The plants showed extensive morphological variation, suggesting the presence of several species. In the morphologic study, 33 traits were scored for plants of all the species. A principal component analysis revealed the significant morphological separation of the different species. The analyses indicated that there are three species, O. grandiglumis, O. latifolia and O. glumaepatula. Two putative hybrid types were found, both significantly differing in their morphology from the known species and intermediate at several traits. O. grandiglumis is a new record for Costa Rican flora. Its main population is located in Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, Los Chiles, Alajuela. O. latifolia is distributed throughout the lowlands of the country and the plants of the Atlantic slope are significantly bigger in general habit than those of the Guanacaste area. During this study a population of O. glumaepatula of hundreds of thousands of plants was discovered in the Medio Queso River wetland, Los Chiles, Alajuela. This population is the most important source of genes for cultivar's improvement from the primary gene pool of rice in Costa Rica. The small ligule and the wide flag leaf characteristic of the two CCDD species separated them from the AA diploid O. glumaepatula. Seed size, ligule size, number of branches in the panicle, plant height and sterile lemma length are all bigger in O. grandiglumis, and influenced the second factor that separated the CCDD species in two discrete clusters. The species found offer great possibilities for the improvement of rice cultivars and they should be thoroughly studied and appropriately protected. 相似文献
18.
The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae. 相似文献
19.
Sofie E. De Meyer Koenraad Van Hoorde Bram Vekeman Tamara Braeckman Anne Willems 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(12):2384-2396
We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies. 相似文献
20.
Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the fate of bacteria during and after passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) were fed with cattle dung inoculated 7 days previously with one of five different Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial concentrations were determined 2 days later in dung and soil, and in gut material from different parts of the earthworm intestinal tract. A high percentage (28–82%) of the total bacteria (epifluorescence direct counts) in the earthworm gut content was culturable. The concentration of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria did not vary significantly among the five different bacterial additions and the non-inoculated control. In earthworm casts the number of total heterotrophs per gram dry matter (2.1×109) was higher than in soil (1.7×108), but lower than in the dung (1.5×1010). The test-bacteria, however, showed different survival patterns along the earthworm intestinal tract. The concentrations of Escherichia coli BJ 18 and Pseudomonas putida MM 1 and MM 11 in earthworm casts were lower than in the ingested dung, while concentrations of Enterobacter cloacae A 107 and Aeromonas hydrophila DMU 115 in dung and casts were similar. Ent. cloacae, and to aminor extent E. coli, were reduced in numbers by several orders of magnitude in the pharynx and/or crop. In the hind gut, however, the concentration of Ent. cloacae had increased to the same level as in the ingested dung, while the concentration of E. coli remained low. Our observations indicate that the bacterial flora of ingested food materials changes qualitatively and quantitatively during gut transit. 相似文献