共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Schmerr N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6075):1480-1483
The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath ocean basins separates the upper thermal boundary layer of rigid, conductively cooling plates from the underlying ductile, convecting mantle. The origin of a seismic discontinuity associated with this interface, known as the Gutenberg discontinuity (G), remains enigmatic. High-frequency SS precursors sampling below the Pacific plate intermittently detect the G as a sharp, negative velocity contrast at 40- to 75-kilometer depth. These observations lie near the depth of the LAB in regions associated with recent surface volcanism and mantle melt production and are consistent with an intermittent layer of asthenospheric partial melt residing at the lithospheric base. I propose that the G reflectivity is regionally enhanced by dynamical processes that produce melt, including hot mantle upwellings, small-scale convection, and fluid release during subduction. 相似文献
2.
天然气水合物具有极高的开采价值,热激法是天然气水合物开采的重点研究方向,当前热激法的主要注热方式有注热流体、井下电加热、微波加热、太阳能加热等。对国内外热激法开采天然气水合物的研究进展进行了综述,分析了不同注热方式的优缺点:注热流体具有操作简单,流体循环利用等优点,但能量利用率较低,适用于饱和度较高的水合物开采;井下电加热热损失较小,适用于开采井井深较大的情况;微波加热能量转化率高,对水合物具有更强的靶向加热作用;太阳能加热清洁环保,符合可持续发展战略目标。微波加热和太阳能加热具有很大的开发潜力和广阔的发展前景,但目前的技术发展尚不足以进行推广。 相似文献
3.
松脂熔解过程实际上是一个传热、反应及萃取同时存在的综合过程。过程进行的好坏与各物料间的分散混合及其在熔解器中的停留时间密切相关。在连续熔解器中设置静态混合元件可以促进物料在熔解器径向的分散和混合,强化熔解过程;另一方面,混合元件可抑制物料在熔解器轴向的大幅度混合,从而使各部分松脂在熔解器中的实际停留时间均较接近所计算的表观停留时间,提高熔解过程的总体效果。 相似文献
4.
海底单重保温管结构及其应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
与陆上管道有所不同，海底油气管道常常需要采取保温措施，以避免由于流体温降过大而引起的各种操作问题，海底管道保温结构通常分为单重和双重钢管保温结构。 相似文献
5.
针对龙岗酸性气田某些集输管道内积液和腐蚀严重的问题,基于气井采出流体的性质及输气管道基本运行参数,采用OLGA软件模拟两条典型的低流速管道及不同流量下的001—6#采气管道,分析两条管道内的流型、持液率以及流体与管壁间的剪切力沿管道的变化规律,研究流量对001—6#采气管道内各流动特征参数的影响规律。结果表明：OLGA软件模拟两条采气管道的压降和温降与实际生产数据一致,其模拟结果可靠;下坡管内持液率小于0．05,流体与管壁间的剪切力小于20Pa,上坡管内持液率为0．3～0．4,液相一管壁最大剪切力为80-270Pa,上坡管段是积液和腐蚀严重的区域;气体流量对龙岗001—6#低流速采气管道的流动特征参数影响很大,进一步减小气体流量会使上坡管内持液率及液体一管壁剪切力急剧增大,从而加剧管内积液和腐蚀;当气体流量增大至97．5×10^4m^3／d时,管内的持液率和管壁剪切力均很低,管内积液和腐蚀问题有所缓解。（表6,图6,参9） 相似文献
6.
为了研究深水油气管道再启动过程的多相流动和传热规律,结合传热学和多相流理论,建立了深水管道再启动过程数学模型,给出了模型的定解条件和求解方法;利用该模型,仿真模拟了深水管道再启动过程中温度和压力等参数的变化规律;在此基础上对水合物的生成情况进行预测并分析参数敏感性。研究表明：启动流量、绝热层的导热系数和厚度可以明显改变管内流体的温度分布,且启动流量越大、绝热层导热系数越小、厚度越大、管内流体温度越高,生成水合物的风险越小。研究结论可为深水油气管道再启动的安全进行提供理论指导。 相似文献
7.
Amorphous films of a photochromic spiropyran containing a mesogenic group melt, when exposed to heat together with irradiation, to yield a red fluid. This fluid contains aggregates of merocyanine molecules and exhibits marked contraction under light illumination. The mechanism of the photocontraction is dependent upon a specialized microstructure, which may be termed a "quasi-liquid." 相似文献
8.
热收缩带广泛应用于油气管道3PE防腐结构中的补口防腐,易发生热收缩带补口短期失效现象.热收缩带补口过程中形成的粘接界面均与热熔胶层相关,因此热熔胶组分及其性能对热收缩带补口质量具有显著影响.采用红外光谱分析、差示扫描量热分析( DSC)、电子扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析等方法,对5种代表性热收缩带产品的热熔胶组分进行组分分析,结果表明各种产品组分差异较大.研究了产品组分对热熔胶硬度、吸水率及外观变形性的影响,并对热熔胶的性能改进和持续研究提出建议. 相似文献
9.
[目的]研究不同加热方式下,淀粉基膜材的结构变化和增塑剂迁移情况,为新型淀粉基膜材在食品包装中的应用提供参考。[方法]以蒸馏水体系为热加工介质,采用沸水加热和微波加热,对淀粉基膜材进行热加工处理并分析加热过程中膜材表层增塑剂迁移、总迁移及膜材基体质量和结构变化。[结果]沸水加热和微波加热均加剧了淀粉基膜材表面增塑剂的迁移,淀粉高分子片段溶出,膜材内部产生高分子聚集,促使膜材总体迁移增大;当增塑剂含量较低时,2种热加工处理后的膜材断面形成了更加明显的孔洞结构。另外,相比于沸水加热,微波加热较高的瞬时功率促使膜材表层增塑剂迁移、总迁移程度更大。[结论]不同的热传递模式导致淀粉基膜材结构变化与分子迁移存在差异。 相似文献
10.
Wei W Unsworth M Jones A Booker J Tan H Nelson D Chen L Li S Solon K Bedrosian P Jin S Deng M Ledo J Kay D Roberts B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5517):716-719
Magnetotelluric exploration has shown that the middle and lower crust is anomalously conductive across most of the north-to-south width of the Tibetan plateau. The integrated conductivity (conductance) of the Tibetan crust ranges from 3000 to greater than 20,000 siemens. In contrast, stable continental regions typically exhibit conductances from 20 to 1000 siemens, averaging 100 siemens. Such pervasively high conductance suggests that partial melt and/or aqueous fluids are widespread within the Tibetan crust. In southern Tibet, the high-conductivity layer is at a depth of 15 to 20 kilometers and is probably due to partial melt and aqueous fluids in the crust. In northern Tibet, the conductive layer is at 30 to 40 kilometers and is due to partial melting. Zones of fluid may represent weaker areas that could accommodate deformation and lower crustal flow. 相似文献
11.
The petrogenesis of carbonatites has important implications for mantle processes and for the magmatic evolution of mantle melts rich in carbon dioxide. Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania, is the only active carbonatite volcano on Earth. Its highly alkalic, sodium-rich lava, although different in composition from the more common calcium-rich carbonatites, provides the opportunity for observations of the physical characteristics of carbonatite melts. Temperature measurements on active carbonatitic lava flows and from carbonatitic lava lakes were carried out during a period of effusive activity in June 1988. Temperatures ranged from 491 degrees to 519 degrees C. The highest temperature, measured from a carbonatitic lava lake, was 544 degrees C. These temperatures are several hundred degrees lower than measurements from any silicate lava. At the observed temperatures, the carbonatite melt had lower viscosities than the most fluid basaltic lavas. The unusually low magmatic temperatures were confirmed with 1-atmosphere melting experiments on natural samples. 相似文献
12.
Spera F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,207(4428):299-301
A conservation-of-energy equation has been derived for the spatially averaged magma temperature in a spherical pluton undergoing simultaneous crystallization and both internal (magma) and external (hydrothermal fluid) thermal convection. The model accounts for the dependence of magma viscosity on crystallinity, temperature, and bulk composition; it includes latent heat effects and the effects of different initial water concentrations in the melt and quantitatively considers the role that large volumes of circulatory hydrothermal fluids play in dissipating heat. The nonlinear ordinary differential equation describing these processes has been solved for a variety of magma compositions, initial termperatures, initial crystallinities, volume ratios of hydrothermal fluid to magma, and pluton sizes. These calculations are graphically summarized in plots of the average magma temperature versus time after emplacement. Solidification times, defined as the time necessary for magma to cool from the initial emplacement temperature to the solidus temperature vary as R(1,3), where R is the pluton radius. The solidification time of a pluton with a radius of 1 kilometer is 5 x 10(4) years; for an otherwise identical pluton with a radius of 10 kilometers, the solidification time is approximately 10(6) years. The water content has a marked effect on the solidification time. A granodiorite pluton with a radius of 5 kilometers and either 0.5 or 4 percent (by weight) water cools in 3.3 x 10(5) or 5 x 10(4) years, respectively. Convection solidification times are usually but not always less than conduction cooling times. 相似文献
13.
Measurements of noble gas (helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) partitioning between silicate melt and iron melt under pressures up to 100 kilobars indicate that the partition coefficients are much less than unity and that they decrease systematically with increasing pressure. The results suggest that the Earth's core contains only negligible amounts of noble gases if core separation took place under equilibrium conditions. 相似文献
14.
油水两相乳化液管内输送的流变学特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对垂直上升弹状流中油水乳化液在气体掺入时流变学特性的研究,建立了管内流动油水乳化液粘度模型,基于此模型,油水乳化液在气体掺入下的流动特性可表现为气 扰动变稠的非牛顿流体特性,气体扰动变稀的非牛顿流体特必和与气体无关的非牛顿流体特性。 相似文献
15.
[目的]研究甲苯在气液界面表面微层中的迁移变化规律。[方法]使用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对表面微层中甲苯气体的迁移变化进行数值模拟,通过对液相流速、气相流速、气相浓度的模拟比较,讨论不同条件下的甲苯气体迁移变化规律。[结果]液相流速的增大,影响表面微层的形成,从而减小了气体的迁移通量;气相流速的增大,提高了气体的迁移通量,同时缩短了达到传质平衡的时间;在吸收开始的最初阶段,气相浓度越高,表面微层中气体的吸收也越快,随着时间的变化,对气体的吸收效率逐渐下降。[结论]研究所获得的成果将有助于认识有机污染物在有机气-液界面的迁移机理。 相似文献
16.
The origin of Cu/Au ratios in porphyry-type ore deposits 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Microanalysis of major and trace elements in sulfide and silicate melt inclusions by laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry indicates a direct link between a magmatic sulfide liquid and the composition of porphyry-type ore deposits. Copper (Cu), gold (Au), and iron (Fe) are first concentrated in a sulfide melt during magmatic evolution and then released to an ore-forming hydrothermal fluid exsolved late in the history of a magma chamber. The composition of sulfide liquids depends on the initial composition and source of the magma, but it also changes during the evolution of the magma in the crust. Magmatic sulfide melts may exert the dominant direct control on the economic metal ratios of porphyry-type ore deposits. 相似文献
17.
Sakai H Gamo T Kim ES Tsutsumi M Tanaka T Ishibashi J Wakita H Yamano M Oomori T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,248(4959):1093-1096
Carbon dioxide-rich fluid bubbles, containing approximately 86 percent CO(2), 3 percent H(2)S, and 11 percent residual gas (CH(4) + H(2)), were observed to emerge from the sea floor at 1335- to 1550-m depth in the JADE hydrothermal field, mid-Okinawa Trough. Upon contact with seawater at 3.8 degrees C, gas hydrate immediately formed on the surface of the bubbles and these hydrates coalesced to form pipes standing on the sediments. Chemical composition and carbon, sulfur, and helium isotopic ratios indicate that the CO(2)-rich fluid was derived from the same magmatic source as dissolved gases in 320 degrees C hydrothermal solution emitted from a nearby black smoker chimney. The CO(2)-rich fluid phase may be separated by subsurface boiling of hydrothermal solutions or by leaching of CO(2)-rich fluid inclusion during posteruption interaction between pore water and volcanogenic sediments. 相似文献
18.
为了解内燃机气缸盖气门处的漏气现象,对气缸盖的残余应力进行了实验研究。对不同热处理工艺进行时效处理的气缸盖分别采用切割法和钻孔法测定其残余应力,得到了如下的初步结果: 1.充分时效热处理可以大大降低残余应力; 2.即使是充分时效热处理,也不足以防止由于气门附近的不均匀变形而产生的畸变。这种畸变是导致漏气的主要原因。 因此,为解决漏气问题,除了应改进热处理时效工艺外,还需从气缸盖结构和铸造工艺上进一步探讨研究。 相似文献
19.
Monolayers of rare gas atoms adsorbed onto the basal planes of graphite play the same prototype role in two dimensions that rare gas liquids and solids do in three dimensions. In recent experiments such novel phenomena as continuous melting, the lack of true crystallinity in two dimensions, orientationally ordered fluid phases, and melting from a solid to a reentrant fluid with decreasing temperature have been observed. Because the forces in these rare gas monolayers are simple and well understood, by studying them the investigator can examine a direct interface between experiment and first principles. In order to understand the phases and phase transitions that occur in such materials, it is necessary to consider the geometrical matching of the rare gas overlayer to the graphite substrate. It turns out that in two dimensions both the local and the long-distance behavior are important. These two-dimensional rare gas solids may be effectively probed with synchrotron x-ray techniques, and the results of a series of synchrotron x-ray scattering studies of these solids are presented. 相似文献
20.
Sawamoto K Wichterle H Gonzalez-Perez O Cholfin JA Yamada M Spassky N Murcia NS Garcia-Verdugo JM Marin O Rubenstein JL Tessier-Lavigne M Okano H Alvarez-Buylla A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5761):629-632
In the adult brain, neuroblasts born in the subventricular zone migrate from the walls of the lateral ventricles to the olfactory bulb. How do these cells orient over such a long distance and through complex territories? Here we show that neuroblast migration parallels cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Beating of ependymal cilia is required for normal CSF flow, concentration gradient formation of CSF guidance molecules, and directional migration of neuroblasts. Results suggest that polarized epithelial cells contribute important vectorial information for guidance of young, migrating neurons. 相似文献