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1.
Supernatants of equine respiratory secretions enhanced the migration of equine neutrophils into the lower compartments of Boyden chambers. Checkerboard analysis revealed that the neutrophil migration promoting activity (NMPA) of secretion specimens was in great part caused by chemokinesis, irrespective of the neutrophil score of the specimen. The NMPA of respiratory secretions was correlated neither with the neutrophil score of the secretion specimen nor with the severity of the chronic pulmonary disease. Respiratory secretions collected while horses were kept under low dust or under dusty housing conditions induced migration of neutrophils in the same order of magnitude. The number of migrated neutrophils and the procoagulant activity (PCA) within respiratory secretion specimens was positively correlated; however, the meaning of this finding is not yet clear. None of the nine cell-free supernatants of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which were assayed undiluted, induced significant neutrophil migration, although some samples contained up to 4.0 x 10(5) neutrophils/ml. In vitro culture of lung lavage cells, which mainly comprised macrophages and lymphocytes, without stimulation or with the addition of low doses of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) resulted in the secretion of NMPA which was in great part chemotactic. However, culture supernatants of lung cell preparations which were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by PHA-prestimulated lymphocytes reduced the migration of neutrophils compared with the supernatants of control cells. NMPA within culture supernatants had a highly significant negative correlation with the PCA of macrophages within the lung cell preparations. Our results imply that a complicated and sophisticated regulation underlies neutrophil accumulation within the airways of horses affected with chronic pulmonary disease. Future experiments are required to assess the biological significance of the factors modulating neutrophil migration which are present in the respiratory secretions and in the culture supernatants of equine lung lavage cells.  相似文献   

2.
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3.
Three, 5, or 7 days after inoculation with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus (n = 12) or Mycoplasma bovis (n = 12), groups of calves were exposed to aerosols of Pasteurella haemolytica and were euthanatized 4 hours later. Histologic lesions in the lungs and the ratios of neutrophils to alveolar macrophages, collected by bronchoalveolar lavage, were compared with those of clinically healthy calves (n = 8) and calves inoculated with BVD virus only (n = 4), M bovis only (n = 4), or P haemolytica only (n = 2). Inoculation with BVD virus or M bovis did not have a significant (P greater than 0.05) effect on the neutrophil/macrophage ratio in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Aerosol exposure to P haemolytica induced a marked and significant (P less than 0.01) change in the neutrophil/macrophage ratio (from less than 1:9 to greater than 9:1). The reversed neutrophil/macrophage ratio in calves exposed to P haemolytica correlated well with the histologic changes in which small bronchi and bronchioles were plugged with purulent exudate. Inoculation with BVD virus did not induce gross or microscopic lesions in the lungs. Inoculation with M bovis resulted in a severe peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia with mild exudation of neutrophils and macrophages into the cranioventral parts of the lungs.  相似文献   

4.
The concentration of soluble fibrinogen derivatives (SFD) and protease and procoagulant activities were determined in cell-free supernatants of equine respiratory secretions obtained from horses with chronic pulmonary disease. The concentration of neutrophils was estimated from direct smears of the secretions. Lung specimens and smears of the secretions were evaluated for the presence of fibrin or fibrinogen by use of immunohistochemical methods. Thirty-five of 80 specimens tested contained SFD. Respiratory secretions from horses with moderate or severe chronic pulmonary disease contained SFD more frequently than did secretions from mildly affected horses (P less than 0.05). Respiratory secretions with vast numbers of neutrophils had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher SFD concentrations than respiratory secretions with fewer neutrophils. Protease and procoagulant activities in respiratory secretion specimens were positively correlated with neutrophil content, clinical diagnosis, and SFD concentration. Immunohistochemically, macrophages that stained for fibrin or fibrinogen were observed in direct smears of respiratory secretions from horses with moderate and severe chronic small airway disease, but not in smears from mildly affected horses. Fibrin or fibrinogen was detected in a few thickened alveolar septa from 10 horses with moderate or severe chronic small airway disease, but not in lungs from horses with mild or no evidence of chronic small airway disease. Fibrin or fibrinogen was detected in alveolar septa, granulomas, and on alveolar macrophages in lungs of all horses with chronic granulomatous and chronic bronchointerstitial pneumonia. The presence of SFD in equine respiratory secretions may be an indicator of pulmonary inflammation.  相似文献   

5.
Twelve horses comprised 3 treatment groups; all horses in 2 of the groups had recently been transported and had clinical and laboratory evidence of respiratory tract infection, with equine influenza type 2 virus being the principal pathogen. Mononuclear phagocytes and other leukocytes from blood, lung, and peritoneal cavity were studied in phagocytosis and erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosette assays. Total numbers of pulmonary alveolar macrophages were increased over control values in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of group 3 horses after recovery from influenza (P less than 0.02), whereas the increase in neutrophils in the fluid of those horses approached significance. Lymphocytes in BAL fluid of group 3 horses (after recovery from influenza) were in larger proportion than those in fluid of group 1 horses during acute influenza (P less than 0.05). Pulmonary alveolar macrophages of group 1 horses formed a lower percentage of EA rosettes than did those of controls (P less than 0.01) or group 3 horses (P less than 0.02). The differential counts of peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils in horses of groups 1 and 3 were virtually identical at the first collection, but differed from controls at the second collection 4 weeks later; peritoneal macrophages were reduced (P less than 0.01), whereas peritoneal neutrophils were increased (P less than 0.01). Peritoneal macrophages and peritoneal neutrophils of horses with acute influenza were phagocytic in larger proportion than were those in controls at both collection times (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01 for peritoneal macrophages, and P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 for peritoneal neutrophils, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

6.
Increases in procoagulant activities (PCA) in equine lung macrophages were induced by non-adherent blood lymphocytes which were prestimulated with phytohaemagglutinin for 48 to 72 hours or by supernatants harvested from prestimulated blood lymphocyte cultures. However, prestimulated lymphocyte suspensions themselves expressed PCA which was most probably derived from contaminating monocytes. Because non-adherent cells from lymphocyte suspensions may have attached to adherent macrophages, cells within lymphocyte suspensions might have contributed to the PCAs expressed by lymphocyte-stimulated lung macrophages. Stimulation of lung macrophages for 24 hours by supernatants of phytohaemagglutinin-prestimulated blood lymphocytes induced a significantly greater PCA increase than stimulation by phytohaemagglutin alone. Thus, cytokines from lymphocyte cultures might have triggered or enhanced PCA induction. Direct stimulation of lung cell preparations with phytohaemagglutinin for 48 hours resulted in a progressive increase of PCA in only two of five specimens tested. The failure to induce PCA in three specimens could be due to the absence of sufficient numbers of T cells within the adherent lung cell preparations. In conclusion, PCA response of equine lung macrophages might be lymphocyte-stimulated in which case PCA might be a useful tool for monitoring the processes of cell-mediated immunity in horses.  相似文献   

7.
In a continuous-flow centrifugation apheresis technique adapted for blood-component separation and collection in horses, hydroxyethyl starch was not required for erythrocyte sedimentation. The efficacy and separation characteristics of whole blood from 10 horses were evaluated at various gravitational forces (700 to 1,500 rpm), using a constant withdrawal rate (100 ml/min). Maximum leukocyte collection occurred at 700 rpm (P less than 0.01), and optimal neutrophil collection occurred at 700 to 750 rpm (P less than 0.01). Although neutrophil counts decreased and lymphocyte counts remained constant at higher rpm settings, an optimal rpm range could not be determined for lymphocyte collection. Peak platelet collection occurred at 1,500 rpm. The response of whole blood from 5 horses was evaluated at lower (500 to 700 rpm) and higher (1,400 to 2,200 rpm) centrifuge speeds. A constant whole blood withdrawal rate of 100 ml/min and a leukocyte collection rate of 3 ml/min were maintained. The optimal rpm settings were determined and compared with values obtained from the 10 horses. Significant differences (P less than 0.01) did not exist between maximum numbers of leukocytes collected at low and high speeds. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in neutrophils and a concomitant increase in the numbers of lymphocytes recovered at the higher rpm. Platelet yields increased as rpm was increased to 2,000.  相似文献   

8.
Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in 22 horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. All horses had clinical evidence of pneumonia or pleuropneumonia on the basis of physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, tracheobronchial aspirate or post-mortem findings. Results of lavage fluid analysis were normal in 9 horses, equivocal in 3 horses, and abnormal in 10 horses. Abnormal lavage fluid had increased total cell count, increased relative and absolute neutrophil counts, degenerative neutrophils, and decreased relative and absolute macrophage and lymphocyte counts.  相似文献   

9.
Red blood cell creatine concentration was examined to determine its association with the equine erythropoietic response. Studies were conducted on 9 healthy horses, 4 healthy ponies, 24 anemia horses, and 2 horses in which anemia was experimentally induced. A modified Jaffe reaction was used to measure RBC creatine concentration. The mean RBC creatine concentration of the 9 healthy horses was 5.72 +/- 0.42 mg/dl, and that of the 4 healthy ponies was 2.59 +/- 0.31 mg/dl. Density-separation of erythrocytes from the healthy horses revealed significantly higher (P less than 0.001) creatine content (7.72 +/- 0.57 mg/dl) in the young RBC populations than in the old RBC populations (4.03 +/- 0.27 mg/dl). The RBC creatine content was assayed in 19 hot-blooded horses which were anemic due to a variety of causes. Of these anemic horses, 12 with PCV between 25% and 30% had a mean RBC creatine concentration of 6.12 +/- 0.46 mg/dl. The 7 other anemic horses with PCV less than 25% had a mean RBC creatine value of 6.07 +/- 0.12 mg/dl. Bone marrow films were examined from 5 anemic horses and in the 2 horses in which anemia was experimentally induced. The RBC creatine concentration correlated positively (P less than 0.001) with the reticulocyte count in the bone marrow and negatively with the myeloid-erythroid ratio (P less than 0.001).  相似文献   

10.
Neutrophils and alveolar macrophages are essential defence mechanisms against bacterial infection of the lung. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variability of a panel of neutrophil and alveolar macrophage function assays in swine, and to determine if the function of these leukocytes differed at various stages of production. Measured neutrophil functions included chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation. Phagocytosis and oxidative burst were measured in alveolar macrophages isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Both neutrophil and alveolar macrophage functions were highly variable from day-to-day and between pigs. Individual pigs did not have consistently high or low neutrophil and macrophage responses over time when compared to their cohorts. Older grower-finisher pigs had significantly greater neutrophil oxidative burst responses than younger suckling and weaner pigs (P < 0.001). Similarly, alveolar macrophages from suckling and early weaner pigs less than 40 days of age had significantly lower oxidative burst responses than those from older pigs (P = 0.02). Age-related variation in phagocytosis, chemotaxis, or granule secretion were not detected. These results establish baseline data for individual and age-related variation in swine leukocyte function, and form a basis for further evaluation of the contribution of non-infectious factors to development of the porcine respiratory disease complex.  相似文献   

11.
Thirty-eight mature horses were assigned to one of two equal groups to evaluate two treatments consisting of either 24 hours of continuous road transport (24T) or two 12-hour periods of transport separated by off-loading, resting and feeding the horses for 12 hours (12/12T). A subset of six horses from each group served as controls for the other group. The horses were loaded into a commercial straight-deck trailer and travelled loose in one of two standard-sized compartments. After the journeys the horses were put back into their paddocks for a 24-hour recovery period. Venous blood samples were collected before loading, after unloading and after the 24-hour recovery period. Transport significantly increased the horses' cortisol concentrations, neutrophil counts and neutrophil:lymphocyte (nl) ratios, and decreased the numbers of all the lymphocyte subpopulation cell types. Collectively, no significant differences were observed between the two treatments in the horses' cortisol concentrations, total leucocyte counts, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, nl ratios, and the cd8a+ and cd21+ lymphocyte subpopulations, but there were differences in the numbers of cd3+, cd4+, and cd8b+ subpopulations. The inclusion of a 12-hour rest-stop interrupted the transport-related decline in the lymphocyte subpopulations and allowed them to recover towards their resting levels.  相似文献   

12.
Chemotactic locomotion and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils, mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, serum cortisol concentration, immunoglobulin quantification, and leukocyte counts were determined to evaluate the effect of a single strenuous exercise in horses. Increased serum cortisol concentration (P less than 0.01) and an increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P less than 0.05) indicated that horses had been stressed. The chemotactic index and peak chemiluminescence production decreased significantly (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively) 1 day after exercise. Mitogen-induced blastogenesis of lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulin values remained unchanged in response to exercise. Results of this study indicated that a single bout of exercise may transiently impair neutrophil antimicrobial functions and nonspecific defense mechanisms, but not specific immunity in horses.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate rheologic properties of bovine neutrophils that may result in adhesion molecule-independent sequestration of neutrophils in inflamed lungs of cattle. ANIMALS: Healthy 2- to 4-week-old male Holstein calves. PROCEDURES: Neutrophil deformability, filamentous actin (F-actin) content, and CD11b expression was determined for unstimulated bovine neutrophils and bovine neutrophils incubated with the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), platelet-activating factor (PAF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP), Pasteurella haemolytica-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and P haemolytica leukotoxin. Neutrophils were separated into 3 subpopulations on the basis of size. The Factin content and CD11 b expression were evaluated by use of flow cytometry. Leukocyte deformability was evaluated by filtration of dilute whole blood. RESULTS: The subpopulation of the smallest-sized neutrophils (>90% of neutrophils) contained little F-actin. A subpopulation of slightly larger neutrophils had a profound increase in F-actin content and CD11 b expression. The subpopulation of the largest neutrophils had increased F-actin content and CD11b expression, compared with those for both subpopulations of smaller neutrophils. Incubation of neutrophils with PAF and ZAP but not TNF, IL-8, LPS, or leukotoxin, resulted in decreased neutrophil deformability and increased F-actin content. Incubation with PAF and TNF induced an increase in size of neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Size can be used to identify subpopulations of large and rigid neutrophils in blood samples from healthy calves. Platelet-activating factor and activated complement fragments are potent inducers of F-actin formation and neutrophil rigidity. Physical changes in neutrophils may impede their transit through lung microvasculature and result in leukocyte trapping independent of adhesion molecule interactions with endothelial cells.  相似文献   

14.
Groups of caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived lambs were inoculated by the intratracheal route with Pasteurella haemolytica, either alone or 4 or 6 days after the inoculation of parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3). Other groups were inoculated with PI3 followed by veal infusion broth, or with uninfected cell culture fluid followed by veal infusion broth (controls). All lambs were killed 24 h after the second inoculation. Pulmonary phagocytic cells were recovered by lavage and separated into alveolar macrophage (AM) and neutrophil fractions by density gradient centrifugation. Bacterial proliferation was detected in the lungs of all five lambs inoculated with P. haemolytica 6 days after PI3 but in only one of five inoculated with P. haemolytica 4 days after PI3 and one of five inoculated with P. haemolytica alone. The number of phagocytic cells recovered from the lungs was highest in animals inoculated with P. haemolytica 6 days after PI3 and, overall, a greater number of both AM and neutrophils was recovered from the lungs of animals where bacterial proliferation occurred (greater than 10(5.0) P. haemolytica 100 g-1 lung) than from those that controlled the bacterial infection. Oxygen-dependent bactericidal activity of AM and neutrophils was measured by chemiluminescence. Infection with PI3 and P. haemolytica increased the chemiluminescence responses. The highest responses were recorded from lambs inoculated with P. haemolytica 6 days after PI3, the group where pulmonary clearance was poorest. Overall, responses were higher in lambs in which bacterial proliferation occurred than in those that controlled the infection. On the other hand, oxygen-independent bactericidal activity, measured by the direct effects of neutrophil lysates on Escherichia coli, was lowest in lambs inoculated with P. haemolytica 6 days after PI3 and was lower in lambs where bacterial proliferation occurred.  相似文献   

15.
We examined 18 horses with clinical signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using physical examination, cytological and bacteriological evaluation of bronchoalveolar fluid, and percutaneous lung biopsy. In 16 cases, histological examination of lung tissue confirmed the diagnosis of COPD. Two horses were excluded: one had uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia and in the other a satisfactory lung biopsy could not be obtained. In horses with COPD, the most common historical complaint was coughing, which was reported in 88%. The most frequently detected abnormal finding on physical examination was abnormal lung sounds; these were detected in 69% of horses at rest and in 88% of horses breathing deeply into a bag. A novel finding was that 29% of horses had lung sounds that were quieter than would be expected for the degree of respiratory effort. Horses with COPD had increased percentages of neutrophils and decreased percentages of lymphocytes and macrophages in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Bronchiolar neutrophil infiltration and peribronchiolar mast cell accumulation in lung biopsy tissue had the highest correlation with clinical condition. The severity of pathological changes in biopsies of lung did not predict whether the horse would die in the two to four year follow-up period. Horses that died in the follow-up period were more severely affected clinically at initial presentation than horses that were alive at the end of the follow-up period.  相似文献   

16.
The interaction of Rhodococcus equi with alveolar macrophages from adult horses, foals experimentally exposed to R. equi (sensitized foals) and non-exposed foals was studied using in vitro bactericidal assays, cytochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that R. equi is a facultative intracellular parasite, able to survive and multiply within the alveolar macrophages of the host by interfering with phagosome-lysosome fusion. Opsonization of R. equi with antibody against capsular components was associated with increased phagosome-lysosome fusion and significantly enhanced (P less than 0.05) killing of the organism by alveolar macrophages from non-exposed foals. Macrophages from non-exposed foals were able to ingest the non-opsonized organism, but unable to kill greater than 65% of the infective dose by 6 h post-exposure. Alveolar macrophages from sensitized foals behaved as adult macrophages, able to kill greater than 95% of the infective dose by 6 h. Lymphocyte factors, derived by in vitro incubation of sensitized peripheral blood lymphocytes with R. equi surface antigens, enhanced macrophage bactericidal activity. Macrophages from non-exposed foals incubated in the presence of the lymphocyte factors had a 50% increase in killing of R. equi, while sensitized macrophages incubated with lymphocyte factors had a greater than 100% increase in killing capacity.  相似文献   

17.
Four control calves were aerosolized with parainfluenza-3 and one week later with Pasteurella haemolytica. Three calves were given Corynebacterium parvum at a dose of 15 mg/m2 body surface area, infected with parainfluenza-3 virus one week later, and aerosolized with P. haemolytica two weeks after C. parvum injection. All calves were killed four hours after P. haemolytica exposure and the bacterial retention in the lung was determined. Parainfluenza-3 viral infection did not exert any suppressive effect on pulmonary clearance of P. haemolytica in six out of seven calves used. However, the bacterial colony counts in the lungs of control calves were higher (P less than 0.05) than those in calves given C. parvum. Hence, C. parvum appeared to enhance bacterial clearance. Despite the marked influx of neutrophils into the lungs after the bacterial inoculation, the neutrophil:macrophage ratio in lavage samples was less in calves given C. parvum than in the control calves. The alveolar macrophages in C. parvum treated calves were generally larger but did not differ significantly (P less than 0.05) from those in the controls. There was no significant (P less than 0.05) correlation between the percentages of alveolar macrophages and the bacterial clearance. In calves given C. parvum, bacterial clearance was enhanced in those calves which had larger macrophages.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the structural and functional alterations in circulating neutrophils that may lead to sequestration in lung microvasculature and endothelial injury in calves with experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis. ANIMALS: 10 healthy, 2- to 4-week-old male Holstein calves. PROCEDURES: Holstein calves were anesthetized and inoculated intrabronchially with Dulbecco phosphate buffered saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (DPBSS; 5 control calves) or 1 x 10(9) Pasteurella haemolytica organisms (5 infected calves). Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after inoculation. Total and differential WBC count, dilute whole blood leukocyte deformability, neutrophil size distribution, and neutrophil surface CD11b expression were measured in blood samples. RESULTS: A progressive decrease in leukocyte deformability and increase in neutrophil size was detected 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after inoculation of P haemolytica. Neutrophil surface CD11b expression was greater than baseline values at 6 hours after inoculation of P haemolytica. Two populations of neutrophils with an increase in size were detected in P haemolytica-infected calves. Both subpopulations had increased CD11b expression, compared with neutrophils that were typical in size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Neutrophils circulate in an activated and nondeformable state in calves with experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis. A decrease in neutrophil deformability and neutrophil aggregation may contribute to neutrophil trapping in the lung microvasculature during pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the activation status of neutrophils in blood samples obtained from horses with naturally occurring colic associated with strangulating obstruction, nonstrangulating obstruction, or inflammatory bowel disease. ANIMALS: 30 horses with naturally occurring colic and 30 healthy control horses. PROCEDURE: Activation status of neutrophils was determined by assessing the number of neutrophils that could pass through filters with 5-microm pores, cell-surface CD11-CD18 expression, and alterations in size and granularity of neutrophils. RESULTS: Horses with impaction or gas colic did not have evidence of activated neutrophils. Horses with inflammatory bowel disease consistently had evidence of activated neutrophils, including decreased leukocyte deformability, increased CD11-CD18 expression, increased neutrophil size, and decreased neutrophil granularity. Horses with strangulating colic had variable results. Of horses with strangulating colic, 7 of 14 had marked changes in filtration pressures, 5 of 14 had increased CD11-CD18 expression, 6 of 14 had changes in neutrophil size, and 5 of 14 had changes in neutrophil granularity. Among horses with strangulating colic, changes in deformability, size, and granularity of neutrophils correlated with an adverse outcome. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Activated neutrophils were detected in all horses with inflammatory bowel disease and a few horses with strangulating colic. Correlation of activated neutrophils with horses that had strangulating colic that died or were euthanatized indicates that activated neutrophils are a negative prognostic indicator. Additional studies are needed to determine whether activated neutrophils contribute directly to the adverse outcome in horses with strangulating colic.  相似文献   

20.
Continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis techniques were used to collect 300-ml volumes of leukocyte-rich plasma from 5 nonmedicated horses and from 5 corticosteroid-stimulated horses. White blood cell counts and differential counts were performed on the horses before (base line) and up to 48 hours after leukapheresis. Systemic administration of hydrocortisone increased numbers of total WBC and neutrophils and improved harvest of these cells. Nonmedicated horses had a mean yield of 3.38 X 10(10) leukocytes in the 300-ml volume. Stimulated horses yielded a mean of 6.88 X 10(10) leukocytes. After leukapheresis, WBC counts decreased a mean of 38% in nonstimulated horses and decreased a mean of 30% in stimulated horses. By 6 hours after leukapheresis, circulating WBC counts of horses in both groups had returned to preleukapheresis values. The relationship between neutrophil yield and the 4 variables (preleukapheresis WBC count, preleukapheresis neutrophil count, preleukapheresis lymphocyte count, and the PCV of the leukocyte-rich plasma) were examined, using simple (pair-wise) correlation and multiple linear regression. A significant positive correlation was found between neutrophil yield and preleukapheresis WBC and neutrophil counts. Because sodium citrate was used in the collection system to prevent extracorporeal blood coagulation, ionized and total serum calcium concentrations were monitored before and after leukapheresis. Although total serum calcium concentrations remained unchanged, ionized calcium concentrations decreased approximately 33% from base-line values during the 2-hour leukapheresis procedures. Occasional mild muscle fasciculations were the only adverse clinical signs of citrate toxicity exhibited by the horses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

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