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1.
Data are presented from a series of 305 cases of canine anal furunculosis in which the German shepherd dog was over-represented (n = 255) compared with dogs of other breeds (n = 50). The age and sex distribution in each group was similar. The nature and severity of pathological change in surgically resected tissue from German shepherd dogs was compared to that in dogs of other breeds. The microscopic appearance of lesions in each group was similar and did not suggest a simple reason for the breed predisposition in this disorder.  相似文献   

2.
Treatment of anal furunculosis in dogs is often unsatisfactory and may be associated with significant recurrence and complications. This may be compounded by the simultaneous presence of colitis in affected animals. Clinical signs associated with colitis and anal furunculosis may be similar, including faecal tenesmus, dyschezia and haematochezia. To examine the incidence of concurrent anal furunculosis and colitis, colonic biopsies were collected from 18 dogs referred for treatment of anal furunculosis. Nine dogs (50 per cent) had a histopathological diagnosis of colitis. Clinical signs more indicative of colitis than anal furunculosis (increased frequency of defecation, mucus in faeces and diarrhoea) were not observed more frequently in dogs with confirmed colitis compared with those with furunculosis alone. Therefore, while an association between colitis and anal furunculosis may exist, clinical signs alone cannot be used as an indicator of the presence of colitis in cases of anal furunculosis. The authors recommend that colonic biopsies should be undertaken in all dogs presented with anal furunculosis. Whether specific treatment of colitis in dogs with histopathological evidence of colitis improves the outcome of treatment for anal furunculosis awaits further study.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of combining preoperative immunosuppressive therapy with surgical excision for treatment of anal furunculosis (AF) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Dogs (n=25) with stages 1-4 AF. METHODS: Preoperative immunosuppressive therapy was either cyclosporine A (CyA) alone or in combination with ketoconazole (Group 1; n=18), or azathioprine combined with prednisolone (Group 2; n=7). Surgical excision of residual draining tracts, cryptectomy, and anal sacculectomy were performed. Only dogs with postoperative clinical follow-up exceeding 9 months were retained for the study. RESULTS: Both immunosuppressive protocols were effective in reducing progression of AF. Subsequent draining tracts excision, cryptectomy, and anal sacculectomy were bilateral (12 dogs) or unilateral (13 dogs of which 4 had bilateral anal sacculectomy). Postoperative recovery was uneventful, except for 2 dogs that had wound breakdown. Recurrence was not observed in any of the dogs that had bilateral surgical excision and or in 9 dogs that had unilateral excision. CONCLUSION: Preoperative immunosuppressive therapy, combined with bilateral surgical resection of affected tissue consistently, resulted in resolution of AF. Four dogs that had recurrence had unilateral excision despite initial bilateral involvement, suggesting that all diseased tissue should be excised. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These preliminary results suggest that immunosuppressive therapy before surgical excision for AF yields minimizes recurrence in dogs.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
The concentration of serum alpha-tocopherol was measured in German shepherd dogs with chronic degenerative radiculomyopathy, and in German shepherd dogs and dogs of other breeds unaffected by the condition. The mean concentration was significantly higher in German shepherd dogs with the condition than in other breeds of dog unaffected by it, but it was not significantly higher than in unaffected German shepherd dogs. Estimates of components of variance indicated that the concentration varied more widely in individual affected dogs than in unaffected dogs, irrespective of breed. These results suggest that chronic degenerative radiculomyopathy in German shepherd dogs is unlikely to be due to uncomplicated vitamin E deficiency.  相似文献   

6.
The most common cause for the clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs is pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA). In the subclinical phase of EPI, before total atrophy occurs, exocrine pancreas is affected by infiltrative lymphocytic inflammation, which gradually leads to selective destruction and atrophy of the acinar tissue.Here, we analyzed the role of cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atrophic lymphocytic pancreatitis in German shepherd dogs and rough-coated collies. Pancreas biopsies and serum samples were obtained from 12 dogs with subclinical EPI (SEPI), 13 dogs with clinical EPI and 13 healthy control dogs.Immunohistochemical analysis showed that, in the subclinical phase, the majority of the infiltrating lymphocytes were T-cells with an almost equal number of CD4+ 'T-helper' and CD8+ 'cytotoxic' T-lymphocytes. The distribution of the two lymphocyte subsets was different. Typically, the CD4+ cells were present in large cellular infiltrates in the affected parenchyma, and the scattered CD8+ cells had infiltrated both the affected and the normal parenchyma. In sections where destruction of acinar parenchyma was present, the CD8+ T-cells were predominant. In cases of marked T-cell infiltration, CD79+ B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, and lysozyme-positive macrophages were also detected. Lymphoid follicle germinal centers with a majority of cells staining positively for CD79 were found. The lymphocytic infiltration in the totally atrophic tissue of dogs with clinical EPI was less prominent. Indirect immunofluorescence staining showed serum antibodies reacting weakly with pancreatic acinar cells in five out of nine dogs with subclinical and three out of 10 dogs with clinical EPI, but not in the control dogs.The results suggest that the tissue destruction is largely T-cell-mediated, although the presence of numerous B-lymphocytes and pancreas-specific antibodies in the sera of some dogs indicate that humoral mechanisms are also involved. In conclusion, this study suggests that the atrophic lymphocytic pancreatitis in German shepherds and rough-coated collies is an autoimmune disease.  相似文献   

7.
Dermatological disorders accounted for 18.8% and 15.2%, respectively, of all the dogs and cats examined at the Small Animal Clinic, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, during a one-year period. In dogs, the most common groups of dermatological disorders encountered were bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis, allergic dermatitis, endocrinopathy, neoplasia, ectoparasitism, and immune-mediated dermatitis. The most common primary final diagnoses were bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis, atopy, food hypersensitivity, flea bite hypersensitivity, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism. Breed predispositions were found for several canine dermatoses: bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis (collie, German shepherd, golden retriever, Newfoundland), atopy (boxer, golden retriever), food hypersensitivity (boxer, German shepherd), hyperadrenocorticism (miniature poodle), hypothyroidism (Doberman pinscher, Gordon setter), castration-responsive alopecia (chow chow), demodicosis (Old English sheepdog), and idiopathic pruritus (pit bull terrier).

In cats, the most common dermatoses were abscesses, otodectic mange, cheyletiellosis, flea bite hypersensitivity, atopy, flea infestation, neoplasia, and food hypersensitivity. Himalayan and Persian cats accounted for 50% of the cases of cheyletiellosis and 75% of the cases of dermatophytosis, respectively. Hereditary primary seborrhea oleosa was seen only in Persian cats.

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8.
An 11-year-old, neutered male German shepherd dog was presented with perianal ulceration and fistulas. A clinical diagnosis of anal furunculosis was made, and the dog was treated with cyclosporine and ketoconazole. The perianal lesions resolved. However, after four weeks of therapy the dog developed multicentric lymphoma. Complete remission was achieved with combination chemotherapy (Wisconsin-Madison protocol). Cyclosporine administration is associated with an increased risk of development of lymphoma in humans and a similar increased risk might be expected in dogs. Although a causative relationship between cyclosporine administration and the development of lymphoma cannot be proven in this case, it is possible that cyclosporine therapy may have contributed to lymphomagenesis. As the use of cyclosporine in small animals is increasing, further work is required to substantiate and quantify the proposed increased risk.  相似文献   

9.
Serum immunoglobulin concentrations and densities of IgA-producing immunocytes in intestinal mucosa were compared in a group of clinically healthy dogs of various breeds, a group of clinically healthy German shepherd dogs, and a group of German shepherds with bacterial overgrowth in the proximal small intestine. Serum concentrations of IgA, but not IgM or IgG, were significantly lower in the clinically healthy German shepherd dogs than in other purebreed and mixbreed dogs, indicating that production of IgA by gut-associated lymphoid tissue might be relatively low in this breed. However, densities of IgA-producing cells were not significantly different comparing these two groups, suggesting that any impairment of mucosal IgA production is more likely to be related to defective synthesis or secretion of IgA than to reduced numbers of IgA-producing immunocytes. Comparable findings in German shepherd dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth provided further indirect evidence that local immunity might be defective in this breed, since these luminal bacteria would be expected to stimulate mucosal IgA production. However, it is not clear whether such a defect is directly responsible for the overgrowth, or whether there is an indirect relationship between defective local immunity and bacterial overgrowth in German shepherd dogs.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of season and breed on reproductive parameters in bitches raised under tropical climatic conditions. METHODS: Over a seven year period, from 1998 to 2004, 310 oestrous periods of 53 bitches were observed. The dogs were of various breeds; dobermann (number of bitches/number of oestrous cycles) (n=2/19), German shepherd dog (n=35/211), Labrador retriever (n=14/68) and Rottweiler (n=2/12). In 250 of the 310 oestrous periods, natural matings took place on days 9 and 11 after the onset of pro-oestrus. The whelping rate was analysed for bitches of each breed. Variables, including breed and the whelping rate, by month of the year, were used for analysis of the inter-oestrus interval, gestation length, total number of pups born, number of live pups born and the weight of the pups at birth. RESULTS: A low frequency of oestrous activity was found during the summer. Breeding dogs in the summer resulted in a low whelping rate. No difference (P>0.05) was seen in the whelping rate of each breed: dobermann (70.5 per cent), German shepherd dog (61.5 per cent), Labrador retriever (67.9 per cent) and Rottweiler (100 per cent). The Labrador retriever had a longer inter-oestrus interval (252 [114] and 190 [61] days) (P<0.01) and a larger litter size (8.2 [1.8] and 6.6 [2.8]) (P<0.05) than the German shepherd dog. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The environmental factors in summer tend to reduce oestrus incidence and fertility in the bitches. According to litter size, the Labrador retriever seems to have a more efficient reproductive performance than the German shepherd dog. The Labrador retriever had a longer inter-oestrus interval than the German shepherd dog.  相似文献   

11.
Bacterial infection (pyoderma) of the canine skin is largely caused by Staphylococcus intermedius and may be a superficial or deep infection. Pyoderma may be a primary, idiopathic disease or secondary to a range of other dermatological disorders. In this study, the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, antistaphylococcal IgG and antistaphylococcal IgA were measured by ELISA in normal dogs (n = 22), dogs with idiopathic deep pyoderma (n = 22), atopic dermatitis and superficial pyoderma (n = 24), atopic dermatitis without pyoderma (n = 25), flea bite dermatitis with superficial pyoderma (n = 8), pustular demodicosis (n = 8) and German shepherd dogs with anal furunculosis (n = 28). The serum IgG was significantly increased in dogs with atopy and superficial pyoderma (p < 0.001), and lower than normal in dogs with idiopathic deep pyoderma (p < 0.015). The concentration of serum IgA was significantly lower than normal in dogs with atopy uncomplicated by pyoderma (p < 0.015). The concentration of antistaphylococcal IgG in all clinical sera was significantly elevated (p < 0.001) when compared to normal dogs but concentrations of antistaphylococcal IgA were no greater than in normal dogs. Western blotting analysis for determination of the specificity of serum IgG antistaphylococcal antibody revealed that there were nine major epitopes. Discriminant analysis demonstrated that particular combinations of these epitopes were recognised more frequently by sera from dogs in different clinical groups.  相似文献   

12.
The records of all dogs surgically treated for perianal fistulae during a S-year period were reviewed. The findings indicated that perianal fistulae occur predominantly in middle aged, intact male German shepherd dogs. The dogs were treated by superficial surgical excision of the involved skin, anorectal mucosa, and anal sacculectomy. Deeper fistulous tracts were flushed two to three times weekly with 10% Lugol's solution until healed by granulation. Fecal incontinence, the most common postoperative complication, was seen initially in 20% of cases. Fifty per cent of these animals regained fecal continence by the sixth month postoperatively, at which time they were considered acceptable house pets. The complication rate with this treatment regimen was less than that reported for techniques in which all diseased tissue is surgically excised.  相似文献   

13.
Previously published studies of the pathology of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) have been based on morphological findings during the clinical phase of the disease, when atrophy of acinar parenchyma occurs. Recently, low serum trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI) concentration has been shown to precede clinical signs, making it possible to diagnose EPI prior to onset of the clinical disease. This study presents histological and ultrastructural findings of pancreatic biopsies from 11 German Shepherd Dogs and 2 Rough-coated Collies with subclinical EPI (SEPI). These findings were compared with those from dogs with clinical EPI (n = 11) and healthy control dogs (n = 5). Biopsied tissue from dogs with SEPI typically contained both normal and atrophied acinar parenchyma. The most significant finding was the marked lymphocytic infiltration, which was most prevalent at the border zone of affected and nonaffected parenchyma but had spread into the normal acinar tissue. Numerous intraacinar lymphocytes were found. Most of the lymphocytes were positive by immunostaining for CD3. In more advanced stages of destruction, the findings were characteristic of pancreatic acinar atrophy. In the atrophied parenchyma, the inflammatory reaction, if present, was less prominent. Ultrastructural changes were in accordance with those of the histological study showing infiltration of lymphocytes both in affected acini and in acini that revealed no obvious ultrastructural changes. Progressive degenerative changes of acinar cells were considered a nonspecific finding. Apoptotic death of acinar cells was occasionally found. The inflammatory reaction was clearly shown to precede the pancreatic acinar atrophy, and the findings suggested that lymphocytic pancreatitis leads to atrophy of the pancreas. The possibility that EPI is an immune-mediated disease in German Shepherd Dogs and Rough-coated Collies is discussed.  相似文献   

14.
German shepherd dogs are overrepresented in the group of dogs with cauda equina compression syndrome due to degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. A congenital predisposition for early degeneration of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc has been suspected. Our aims were to assess the morphologic appearance of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc and the lumbosacral junction in healthy German shepherd dogs compared to other breeds and to evaluate for an early onset of degenerative changes. The lumbosacral spine of 110 clinically sound German shepherd dogs and 47 healthy dogs of other large breeds was examined using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The degeneration of every intervertebral disc was graded using an established classification system. Signal intensity of the entire lumbosacral disc and the nucleus pulposus was determined independently. Lumbosacral malalignment was assessed according to a previously described method. The findings for the German shepherd dogs were compared to those of the other breeds. Although most dogs were younger than 18 months at the date of examination, significantly higher grades of degeneration were detected for the lumbosacral intervertebral disc of German shepherd dogs (P < 0.003). Degeneration of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc was independent from findings in the other lumbar discs. We conclude that the German shepherd dog has a predisposition for degenerative changes in the lumbosacral intervertebral disc.  相似文献   

15.
An analysis of 319 interoestrous intervals of 36 beagles, 36 German shepherd dogs and 20 labrador retrievers was made to study the influence of whelping on the length of this interval and the within-year variation in length of interoestrous intervals and timing of the oestrous periods. The mean interoestrous interval was significantly longer for beagles (247±5 days) than for German shepherd dogs and labrador retrievers (both 198±5 days)(P<0–001). For bitches that had not whelped there were no significant differences between breeds (beagles 172+10; German shepherd dogs 166±6; and labrador retrievers 172±7 days). The mean interoestrous interval after whelping was significantly lengthened in all breeds (P<0–001). This increase was more pronounced for beagles (84 days)(P<0–001) than for German shepherd dogs (58 days) and labrador retrievers (52 days). Heat periods were evenly distributed over the year for the labrador retrievers and German shepherd dogs that were kept as family pets. For the beagles kept as a colony and housed outdoors without heating or supplementary light, there were significant differences between months (P<0001), with a peak in May. The longest interoestrous intervals were found in beagle bitches that had been in oestrous and whelped during autumn.  相似文献   

16.
The present study was performed to assess the expression of isoforms 1, 2 and 3 of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in skin nodular dermatofibrosis lesions, kidney, bladder and pancreas from a 10-year-old female German shepherd dog (GSD) affected by renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis (RCND) compared with normal GSDs (n = 2). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from the dog affected by RCND, diagnosed by renal ultrasonography and histopathological examination were analysed by immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies to TGF-beta1, 2 and 3, and evaluated semiquantitatively using an immunoreactivity score. Similar expression of TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 was observed in all tissue specimens in both the RCND-affected animal and normal dogs. In contrast, TGF-beta1 immunoreactivity was increased in the derma of the RCND canine. Comparable TGF-beta1 serum levels were found between the diseased and normal animals. The increased local cutaneous production of TGF-beta1 in the RCND dog, compared with the normal animals, suggests that this cytokine may play an important role in the induction of nodular dermatofibrosis associated with renal cystadenocarcinoma.  相似文献   

17.
Static respiratory compliance was measured in a series of normal dogs. The values (mean SEM) for total compliance (n = 42), pulmonary compliance (n = 42) and chest wall compliance (n = 93) were 61 (3–8), 82 (4–7) and 94 (3-3) ml/ cmH20, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between bodyweight and chest wall circumference and all divisions of compliance (r 0–55) and a slight negative correlation (r = -0–39) between age and chest wall compliance. There was a significant difference between compliance values for narrow chested dogs and broad chested dogs (P < 0–01). Of the four most frequently encountered breeds in this study (border collie, German shepherd, labrador retriever and rottweiler) the German shepherd dog had the strongest correlation between bodysize and compliance while the rottweiler, in general, showed a negative correlation. When corrected for body-weight the border collie had the highest compliance values and the rottweiler had the lowest. It was concluded from this study that compliance values for specific breeds cannot be extrapolated from the general population data and must be determined on an individual breed basis.  相似文献   

18.
Visceral leishmaniasis in the German shepherd dog. II. Pathology   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Three German shepherd dogs were inoculated with Leishmania chagasi and three with Leishmania donovani and the infection was followed for 82 days. All infected dogs developed splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly. In lymph nodes there was a reduction in lymphocyte population in paracortical areas, extensive proliferation of macrophages in paracortical areas and medullary cords, follicular hyperplasia, and increased numbers of plasma cells. The spleen had decreased numbers of lymphocytes in periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, proliferation of macrophages in these regions, follicular hyperplasia, and enlargement of the red pulp with clusters of macrophages and plasma cells. The morphology of the tonsil was similar to the lymph nodes. Clusters of macrophages, often containing Leishmania spp, were present in liver, bone marrow, lung, and the intestines. The morphologic changes in lymph nodes and spleen were suggestive of a suppressed cell-mediated immunity and an active humoral immunity. The German shepherd dog may be a useful laboratory model for the study of immunopathologic changes in visceral leishmaniasis.  相似文献   

19.
In German shepherd dogs pituitary dwarfism is known as an autosomal recessive inherited abnormality. To investigate whether the function of cells other than the somatotropes may also be impaired in this disease, the secretory capacity of the pituitary anterior lobe (AL) cells was studied by a combined pituitary AL stimulation test with four releasing hormones (4RH test) in four male and four female German shepherd dwarfs. In addition, the morphology of the pituitary was investigated by computed tomography. The physical features of the eight German shepherd dwarfs were primarily characterized by growth retardation and stagnant development of the hair coat. The results of the 4RH test confirmed the presence of hyposomatotropism. The basal plasma TSH and prolactin concentrations were also low and did not change upon stimulation. Basal plasma concentrations of LH were relatively low and responded only slightly to suprapituitary stimulation. With respect to the plasma FSH levels there was a clear gender difference. In the males plasma FSH concentrations remained below the detection limit throughout the 4RH test, whereas in the females the basal plasma FSH levels were slightly lower and there was only a small increase following suprapituitary stimulation, compared with the values in age-matched controls. In contrast, basal and stimulated plasma ACTH concentrations did not differ between the dwarfs and the controls. Computed tomography of the pituitary fossa revealed a normal sized pituitary with cysts in five dogs, an enlarged pituitary with cysts in two dogs, and a small pituitary gland without cysts in the remaining dog. The results of this study demonstrate that German shepherd dwarfs have a combined deficiency of GH, TSH, and prolactin together with impaired release of gonadotropins, whereas ACTH secretion is preserved. The combined pituitary hormone deficiency is associated with cyst formation and pituitary hypoplasia.  相似文献   

20.
Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurological disorder of the spinal cord preferentially occurring in German shepherd dogs. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. However, there are indications that vitamin E deficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of DM. Therefore, we analyzed the expression and the nucleotide sequence of the canine alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha Ttp) of German shepherd dogs with DM in order to determine whether a deficiency or a defect of the alpha Ttp could be a primary factor in the pathogenesis of DM, as found in human patients with Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED). The cDNA of the coding region of the canine alpha Ttp-mRNA was generated from total liver RNA using RT-PCR and 5' RACE technique. We determined the sequence of 707 out of 834 base pairs or 84.8% of the canine alpha Ttp coding region. Sequence comparison of canine alpha Ttp between affected and control dogs revealed no differences in either nucleotide or predicted amino acid sequence. Using Northern blot analysis alpha Ttp-mRNA expression was solely found in the liver of the dogs, rats and humans, while various other organs showed no alpha Ttp-mRNA expression. No significant differences in expression levels of canine alpha Ttp mRNA were found between DM and control dogs. Our data suggest that the canine alpha Ttp gene is unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of DM in German shepherd dogs.  相似文献   

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