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为了校正退耕还林草工程操作方面的偏差,用正确的路径保证政策目标的实现,对案例地区———宁夏原州区做了有关政府部门和典型村的农户等2个层面的调查。考察了退耕还林草实施的目标、过程、方式、进度安排,其中存在的问题及各部门的政策建议;访问农户的家庭基本情况、退耕还林草工程参与情况、农地地块退耕前后的利用和投入产出状况、家庭各业生产情况等。结果表明,原州区在实施退耕还林路径上尚存在以下4个方面的主要问题:(1)尊重农民意愿不够;(2)对工程完成后农民的生计考虑不够;(3)工程操作中的乔灌草搭配与自然地理环境不相符;(4)退耕还林工程没有科学规划,操作上的随意性较大。为此提出3条基本建议:(1)加强对退耕还林科学问题的研究,增强政策的科学性;(2)科学规划,实事求是地做好退耕还林还草工作;(3)创造公正的政策环境,让农民做出正确选择。 相似文献
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陕西省15°以上坡耕地利用与退耕还林技术对策 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
陕西省在对 15°— 2 5°和 2 5°以上坡耕地利用方面存在以下问题 :(1)基础设施差 ,水土流失严重 ;(2 )地种植粗放 ,生产稳定性差 ;(3)人多地少 ,退耕缓慢 ;(4)种植结构不尽合理等问题。分析了其退耕还林的可行性。提出了陕西省 15°— 2 5°和 2 5°以上坡耕地实施退耕还林还草的技术对策 相似文献
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农户是退耕还林(草)的主体,他们的经济行为和认知响应对退耕还林(草)工程的实施具有重要的作用.基于参与性农村评估调查( participatory rural appraisal,PRA)方法,对米脂县退耕区8个行政村的325户退耕农户的退耕认知、退耕后家庭收入结构进行调查研究.研究表明,虽然农户对退耕还林工程持支持态度,但是巩固退耕还林(草)成果,保证退耕还林(草)工程的可持续发展,必须调整农业产业结构,提高农户收入.为此,需要协调好3个方面的关系:(1)劳务输出与退耕区的发展;(2)退耕区与农业产业发展;(3)农业补贴与农户增收. 相似文献
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内蒙古中部地区退耕还林还草后植被与土壤性状的变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
北方农牧交错带中部的内蒙古乌盟一带退耕还林还草有10余年的历史.通过野外调查和实验室分析,探讨了不同退耕还林还草模式和年限下植物群落和土壤性质的变化,结果表明:(1)人为控制了苜蓿、沙打旺的种植周期的退耕还草工程使得退耕还草后植物群落完全不同于自然群落的演替过程,退耕年限达到6年后严重退化指示植物才大量消失;(2)退耕还林与退耕还草均起到了阻沙作用.但退耕还草在降低土壤砂含量方面效果相对明显;(3)退耕还林还草所带来的植物物种多样性变化与土壤性状变化存在正相关关系,说明土壤性状的改良与物种多样性的增加可能 相似文献
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以草-畜-粮为路径提升山西省土地承载潜力研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄河中、上游退耕还林还草粮食问题是一项重要的研究内容,它直接牵涉到退耕还林还草的速度问题和恢复生态环境的持续问题.在假定某些条件下,从山西省草地资源最大利用的角度,通过以草养畜,以畜济粮的目标途径,最大限度地估算了山西省(山西省黄河流域)草地资源(包括退耕后还草)的粮食人口承载量,为退耕还林还草解决粮食问题的"生态移民"措施的选择,提供了科学依据. 相似文献
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乌江流域是贵州经济发展的黄金地域,对振兴贵州经济及对西南地区建设具有重要战略意义。为了使生态系统向良性循环转化,必须从退耕还林还牧(草)入手。其主要措施、对策:(1)执行有关技术政策:(2)摸清底子,制订退耕还林还牧规划:(3)流域治理开发首先抓住一个核心,实现两个调整;(4)群决群众后顾之忧,进行外部、内部经济补偿;(5)从实际出发,退耕既要坚定不移,又要稳妥,不能一刀切;(6)帮助农民寻求近期受益的致富门路,搞好剩余劳力转移;(7)进行生态农业、生态林业建设。 相似文献
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乌江流域是贵州经济发展的黄金地域,对振兴贵州经济及对西南地区建设具有重要战略意义。为了使生态系统向良性循环转化,必须从退耕还林还牧(草)入手。其主要措施、对策:(1)执行有关技术政策:(2)摸清底子,制订退耕还林还牧规划:(3)流域治理开发首先抓住一个核心,实现两个调整;(4)群决群众后顾之忧,进行外部、内部经济补偿;(5)从实际出发,退耕既要坚定不移,又要稳妥,不能一刀切;(6)帮助农民寻求近期受益的致富门路,搞好剩余劳力转移;(7)进行生态农业、生态林业建设。 相似文献
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会宁县退耕还林还草工程实施后植被状况调查 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过对MODIS NDVI数据的解译,结合研究区野外调查资料,对甘肃省会宁县退耕还林还草工程实施后的植被状况进行了分析和研究。结果表明,该区植被生长状况得到了明显改善,主要体现在以下4个方面:(1)通过退耕还林、封山禁牧等措施,该区植被盖度明显提高,2000-2011年植被NDVI指数增加的面积占全县总面积的77.74%,约4404.75 km2; (2)退耕还林还草区植被群落趋于稳定,且呈现出良好的生长势头;(3)严重水土流失的现象得到了遏制,山洪暴发次数明显降低,50个排洪沟暴发山洪的年均值比实施前减少了1/2多,而且山洪的流量和破坏力也明显降低; (4)广大农户对退耕还林还草工程取得的水土保持效益广泛认同,而且大多数农户的家庭经济收入呈现增加趋势。 相似文献
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[目的]分析新一轮退耕还林还草工程实施对黄河流域土地利用效率的影响机制与政策效果,为深刻理解土地利用效率与持续推进退耕还林还草工程提供理论参考。[方法]以黄河流域新一轮退耕还林还草工程政策实施作为自然实验,采用包含非期望产出指标的Super-Window-DEA模型测度土地利用效率,采用双重差分模型与中介效应模型分析政策效果与传导途径。[结果](1)2009—2020年黄河流域69个城市的土地利用效率略有下降,上游(0.546 5)和下游(0.419 9)的土地利用效率高于中游(0.279 5);(2)新一轮退耕还林还草工程显著抑制了土地利用效率的提高,且政策的负向影响存在异质性,同时,经济发展和人口密度也分别促进和抑制土地利用效率;(3)耕地所占比例与财政支出是新一轮退耕还林还草工程影响土地利用效率的中介变量,且耕地比例是部分中介。[结论]建议在肥力较差、劳动力投入匮乏的土地上推进退耕还林还草工程,鼓励黄河流域各城市开展未利用土地的开荒复绿工作,后续退耕还林还草工程实施过程中根据流域之间土地利用的不同功能开展黄河流域上中下游之间、流域内城市之间的生态补偿,并充分借助信贷资金,引入生态... 相似文献
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退耕还林还草地区面临的问题及对策研究—以张家口地区为例 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
结合张家口地区自然、社会经济特点简要论述了退耕还林还草的重要作用,对当前退耕还林还草工作中存在的问题进行了分析,认为国家在实施退耕过程中必须同时考虑当地由退耕带来的经济社会等方面的问题,并相应提出了解决的对策建议. 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two regional multi-disciplinary farm health fairs, pairing cardiovascular and agricultural health and safety risk factor assessments and education, in agricultural regions in southern Minnesota in 1999 and 2001. This study explores the rationales and motives cited as having an influence on: (1) work practice and lifestyle adaptations, (2) resistance to such changes, and (3) compliance with health fair recommendations. Evaluation took the form of standardized telephone surveys and callbacks with an open-ended component administered by a parish nurse interviewer and conducted six months following each of the fairs. Participants had received individualized work practice and lifestyle recommendations based upon their medical results and questionnaire responses. Of the 378 total attendees at the two farm health fairs, 272 (72%) participated by filling out on-site questionnaires, and 284 (75%) completed a post-fair interview. Participants who were actively farming totaled 237 (63%) of all participants. A majority of those interviewed on callback (78%) reported either work safety or lifestyle changes, while 47% of those actively farming claimed varying work safety changes as a result of the fair. The conclusions drawn from the follow-up interviews include: (1) the two farm health fairs resulted in a substantial number of participants positively modifying lifestyle and work practices, (2) the stand-alone farm health fairs were effective in attracting farmers, and (3) low-level stressors identified in the participants could be effectively addressed by knowledgeable rural health care resources such as parish nursing. 相似文献
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Canan BD Asti L Heaney C Ashida S Renick K Xiang H Stallones L Jepsen SD Crawford JM Wilkins JR 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2011,17(2):127-146
Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in the U.S. among persons 1 to 44 years of age. Over one million children and adolescents in the U.S. live, work, and/or play on farms, where injury risk is relatively high compared to other settings. In an attempt to reduce the number of childhood agricultural injuries occurring on farms, the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) was developed to assist parents or other caregivers in assigning developmentally appropriate chores to youth exposed to agricultural hazards. The results presented here are from a longitudinal study in which we obtained (self-reported) daily chore, injury, and safety behavior data from children and adolescents. We focused on one NAGCAT chore, cleaning a service alley in a stall barn, in order to estimate the extent of compliance with specific work practice recommendations contained in the NAGCAT. Our results indicated that among the four NAGCAT-recommended safety practices for cleaning service alleys in stall barns (wearing nonskid shoes, leather gloves, a respirator, and eye protection), wearing non-skid shoes was the only safety practice reported with any degree of regularity. Overall, boys were more likely to wear non-skid shoes compared to girls. In addition, older youth were generally more likely to report higher work practice compliance compared to younger youth. 相似文献
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Residues of azoxystrobin from grapes to raisins 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lentza-Rizos C Avramides EJ Kokkinaki K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(1):138-141
Azoxystrobin, a fungicide of the strobilurin group, has an European Union maximum residue level (MRL) of 2 mg/kg for grapes. This work aimed to assess residues on fresh and washed grapes and on raisins following processing with (i) alkali treatment and sun drying and (ii) sun drying only. QUADRIS 25% SC was applied according to good agricultural practice for two consecutive years on a typical cv. Thomson seedless and a seed-producing clone. Samples were collected 0, 15, and 21 days postapplication and analyzed using gas chromatography/electron capture detection; recoveries were 86 +/- 12% for grapes and 99 +/- 15% for raisins. Residues on grapes were 0.49-1.84 mg/kg, and washing removed 75% of the residue. Residues in raisins produced from seedless grapes were 0.51-1.49 (treatment 1) and 1.42-2.08 mg/kg (treatment 2), with residue transfer factors sometimes >1, even following alkali treatment, which reduced residues considerably. To avoid trade problems, a higher MRL for raisins is necessary. 相似文献
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中国几种生态农业产业化模式及其实施途径探讨 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
针对我国生态农业中存在的问题，指出必须把实现生态农业产业化，因地制宜地采取最有效的生态农业产业化模式作为我国农业发展的主攻方向。该文构建了生态农业产业化模式的基本框架，并根据生态农业产业化不同阶段的特点，提出了适宜于不同区域的生态农业产业化模式实施途径，即要素优化组合的综合发展型、市场导向为主的经济型和资源约束为主的保护型3种实施途径，同时，结合典型案例，重点探讨了各实施途径的适宜范围和实施方案，以期对我国生态农业的产业化转型起到借鉴和促进作用。 相似文献
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《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2019,7(2):176-183
Soil erosion from agricultural fields is a worldwide problem, to influence water quality, soil fertility and reservoir sedimentation especially in Mediterranean countries such as Morocco. In fact, this work assesses the effects of Best Management Practices (BMPs) on sediments using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the Kalaya watershed in Northern Morocco, to recommend the most appropriate practice. This study is based on the use of three most usable practices: contouring, strip-cropping and terracing, by the calibrated SWAT model. The general parameters of the model have been modified to reflect the implementation of different agricultural BMPs used. Resulting sediment yield were compared with the baseline scenario, for validation. However, the effective measures to reduce sediment losses at the watershed level are organized according to their effectiveness, and these are terracing (28% reduction and the value is 15t/ha/yr) followed by strip-cropping (9% reduction and the value is 5t/ha/yr). In contrast, measurements performed by the contouring are inappropriate for the study area because they have contributed to increasing the soil erosion (more than 31% of losses and the value is 17t/ha/yr more than existing conditions). Therefore, the model illustrates that the terrace is effective for reducing sediment losses and limiting soil erosion especially on steep slopes. Thus, the results provide useful information for targeted management in order to implement the most effective agricultural BMPs in the watershed. 相似文献
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Organic residue (OR) forms the undecomposed part of soil organic matter (SOM). The majority of it originates from plant remains, but to a certain extent it may also be derived from manure and from the remains of heterotrophic soil organisms. The OR content and dynamics are influenced by management practices (crop rotation, tillage, manuring). The main objective of this work was to study the effect of cropping on the content, fractional composition (coarse and fine fragments) and annual turnover of nonhumified SOM or OR in arable Podzoluvisol in the conditions of south Estonia and to evaluate the role of OR in the humus status of soil. Using the soil-coring method, the OR content and composition and underground phytomass (UGP) as a source of OR in the plough layer were studied. The soil cores (252) were taken during 1991–1992 from three long-term field trials cropped with wheat, barley, rye, potatoes and short-term clover-grass mixtures. The sample plots selected from field trials were tilled conventionally and fertilized according to normal Estonian soil management practice (with a mean rate of N80P23K40 kg ha-1 year-1). The average OR content in arable soil ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 g ash-free dry matter (DMaf) kg-1 soil. The greatest amount of UGP (2.85 g DMaf kg-1), as a source of OR in soil, was estimated for the 2-year clovergrass mixture. Soil organic carbon accumulated in the composition of OR forms 5.7% of the total organic carbon pool of the plough layer. In regular cropping systems the OR content and pool seem to fluctuate within limits determined by the pedoecological conditions of the soil. 相似文献