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1.
三峡水库消落带因水位的周期性变化,使其土壤含水量呈干湿交替变化,而大多数原有植物难以适应新的生境,导致生态系统严重破坏。利用盆栽法模拟其水淹条件,以30,60,90和120d为周期进行水淹—干旱交替处理,研究了香根草当年实生幼苗在水淹与干旱交替胁迫下的光合特性及生理生态适应机制。结果表明,不同胁迫周期的水淹—干旱交替胁迫均显著影响香根草幼苗的生长及其光合生理特性。各组幼苗的株高、净光合速率、气孔导度及叶绿素含量等生理生态学指标均随时间变化呈不同幅度的升降变化。而不同组间的各项指标值均随交替周期的增大而减小。但无论何种变化,各处理组最终又都能逐渐恢复或趋于稳定状态,保持较高的存活率。因此,香根草对水淹和干旱均具有良好的耐受力和适应性,可作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复建设的重要植物种类。  相似文献   

2.
深淹对狗牙根根际土壤酶活性及肥力的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
以三峡库区消落带生境和非消落带生境生长的狗牙根(XC、FC)为试验材料, 研究了不同生境狗牙根经不同深度水淹胁迫后, 植株根际土壤酶活性和土壤肥力状况。结果表明: 未淹对照植株根际土壤的蔗糖酶活性明显大于不同深度淹水处理, 说明淹水处理不能给植物提供与未淹对照同样多的营养源; FC 根际土壤的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性都较XC 的高; 淹水处理后, FC 根际土壤的全氮含量明显低于XC; 淹水前FC 根际土壤的全磷含量明显高于XC, 表明在未进行淹水处理之前的生长时期, XC 可能较FC 利用更多的土壤营养进行生长, 储备更多的能量, 从而为淹水期间植株提供能量供应, 为增强其耐淹能力奠定较好的能量基础。以上结果说明不同生境狗牙根在不同水淹胁迫下, 植株根际土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的变化与其耐淹能力有关。  相似文献   

3.
针对三峡库区消落带淹水变化引起的土壤水分梯度性特征,利用盆栽法模拟各种土壤水分条件,从形态学和生理生化的角度研究了当年实生新银合欢幼苗的不定根数、叶绿素含量及光合生理特性的变化特点.结果表明:新银合欢幼苗受水分变化的影响显著,在水淹条件下,幼苗的株高和不定根数等生长指标均受到明显抑制,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞间CO2浓度等光合指标也均显著下降,表现出不利的负向生理生态学响应.而在水分饱和及轻度干旱的水分条件下,幼苗各项指标综合表现最佳,表现出增益的正向响应.因此,新银合欢具有一定耐淹性但相对较弱,耐旱性较强,适宜于土壤水分饱和或偏干旱的环境生长,可考虑列为三峡库区消落带植被恢复建设树种.  相似文献   

4.
淹渍对花椰菜根系活力和叶片光合特性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以上海崇明岛花椰菜品种“崇花120天”为试材,于2014年8-11月人工气候室开展盆栽试验,将花椰菜植株根部分别淹水处理3、6、9、12、15d,以正常灌溉为对照（CK）,测定花椰菜的根系活力和叶片光合参数等指标。结果表明：(1)随着淹渍胁迫时间的延长,花椰菜的根系活力呈不同程度的降低。当淹渍胁迫超过9d后,根系活力趋于0;(2)与CK相比,淹渍胁迫3、6、9、12和15d时,叶片最大净光合速率分别下降4.90%、68.13%、78.71%、90.92%和98.68%,与此同时,光补偿点降低、光饱和点也随之增大;(3)淹渍胁迫下花椰菜气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度明显下降,淹渍胁迫初期,气孔限制值增大。说明胁迫初期影响花椰菜净光合速率下降的因素为气孔限制因子。(4)淹渍胁迫前6d各项指标下降明显,之后趋于稳定,可以确定淹渍胁迫第6天为致灾临界指标。  相似文献   

5.
三峡库区消落带治理的重点方向是筛选消落带适生植物,故研究已筛选的适生植物狗牙根在水淹生境下抗胁迫相关酶活性变化对于消落带的生态治理具有重要意义。以三峡库区自然消落带野生狗牙根（XC）和非消落带野生狗牙根（FC）为研究对象,采用野外采样和对比分析等手段研究了三峡库区自然消落带野生狗牙根（XC）在不同水淹深度的抗胁迫酶活性变化。结果显示:①随着水淹深度增加,XC组狗牙根根系MDA含量均呈递增趋势,表明狗牙根在深淹胁迫下胁迫程度逐渐加剧。② XC组狗牙根根系乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的酶活性和游离脯氨酸含量较对照均有增加;ADH、POD和SOD酶活性最高值出现在水淹深度为8 m,而GR酶活性的最高值出现在水淹深度为4 m。③水淹期间,XC组狗牙根根系淀粉含量基本和对照同水平,可溶性糖含量较对照有所降低,表明水淹期间狗牙根处于低代谢和高储能状态。从水淹胁迫下抗胁迫酶活性变化角度解释了筛选到的野生狗牙根是三峡水库消落带植被恢复的适生物种。  相似文献   

6.
以"中椒4号"辣椒为试材,研究了低温(18℃/10℃,昼/夜)、弱光(80μmol·m-2·s-1)及盐胁迫(70mmol·L-1NaCl)3重逆境对辣椒幼苗叶片光合参数、需光特性及CO2需求特性等指标的影响。低温、弱光、盐胁迫单一及复合逆境均导致辣椒叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,低温盐胁迫处理的上述各指标降低幅度较大,处理后15d净光合速率比对照降低71.28%。各逆境导致净光合速率下降的限制因子不同。弱光处理提高了辣椒叶片表观量子效率(AQY),其他逆境处理均导致辣椒叶片光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、AQY及光饱和时的光合速率降低;低温弱光处理辣椒幼苗的CO2补偿点(CCP)高于对照,其他逆境处理辣椒幼苗的CCP、CO2饱和点(CSP)、羧化效率(CE)及RuBP最大再生速率均有所降低;低温盐胁迫处理辣椒叶片上述各指标降低幅度最大,其次为低温弱光及盐胁迫处理。说明低温、弱光及盐胁迫3重逆境下辣椒叶片光合特性的响应机制与单一或双重逆境下有所差异,弱光在一定程度上可缓解低温盐胁迫复合逆境处理引起的辣椒叶片光合能力的降低。  相似文献   

7.
2015-2016年以小麦品种烟农19为材料,采用盆栽实验研究灌浆期持续6d和9d涝害处理对旗叶光合特性的影响及水分胁迫解除后旗叶光合特性的变化。结果表明：灌浆期涝害会显著降低小麦旗叶的净光合速率（P＜0.05）,但不同处理下降的幅度存在差异;涝害6d处理（WL6）和涝害9d处理（WL9）净光合速率分别降至正常水分处理（对照,CK）的82.0%和71.5%;水分胁迫解除后3d,WL6处理的净光合速率得到恢复,与CK表现一致,而WL9处理的旗叶净光合速率与CK差异显著,仅恢复至CK的86.3%。涝害阶段及水分胁迫解除后3d,小麦旗叶SPAD值的变化趋势与净光合速率基本保持一致。与涝害9d处理相比,涝害6d处理进行降渍以后,小麦叶片的光合特性能得到较好恢复。涝害期间,WL6处理的旗叶胞间CO2浓度较对照显著升高,表明涝害6d后旗叶净光合速率下降的主要原因是由于非气孔因素所致;WL9处理气孔导度显著下降的同时,胞间CO2浓度却无显著变化,说明涝害9d后小麦叶片的低光合作用主要也是受到了非气孔因素的影响,与叶片气孔的张开程度无关。  相似文献   

8.
长江三峡库区消落带中山杉耐淹试验   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
于2014年3月,通过对长江三峡库区消落带中山杉的保存率与生长状况进行调查,研究中山杉的耐淹性。结果表明:1)中山杉在163~174 m高程范围内的平均保存率为98.1%,消落带坡度对水淹后中山杉的保存率具有显著影响,消落带原土地利用类型对其保存率影响不显著;2)中山杉在各高程上的平均树高均超过3.5 m,平均胸径均超过4 cm,水淹深度对中山杉的高生长没有显著影响,对其胸径生长有显著影响;3)消落带坡度对中山杉树高和胸径生长存在显著影响,但消落带原土地利用类型对其树高和胸径生长没有显著影响。中山杉极强的耐淹性为生物治理长江三峡库区消落带奠定了基础。  相似文献   

9.
本文以二年生刺槐为供试材料,探讨水分胁迫对其生理的影响,为园林绿地中刺槐的灌溉提供理论指导。结果表明,水淹和干旱胁迫明显影响刺槐的生长。水淹11d后,qP值、ETR值、Fv’／Fm’值和净光合速率的明显下降,qN值上升,19d后植株死亡。中度干旱胁迫（土壤含水量在8％～15％之间）对植株生长有一定影响,表现为净光合速率的下降和qN值上升等;干旱胁迫（土壤含水量低于10％）严重抑制植株的生长,表现为qN值上升,而qP、ETR、Fv’／Fm’和净光合速率下降,处理19d后干旱组植株死亡。轻度干旱（土壤含水量在15％～25％之间）适宜植物生长,表现为3次测定的qP、ETR、Fv’／Fm’、FV／Fm和净光合速率都较高且稳定。土壤含水量日变化在15％～25％以内受轻度干旱胁迫是园林中刺槐的最佳灌溉方式,既不影响景观效果,同时也能节约灌溉用水。  相似文献   

10.
江淮地区受梅雨影响,玉米苗期易发生渍害,如何通过合理运筹氮肥达到减灾效果值得研究。以夏玉米品种‘隆平206’为试验材料,研究不同氮肥运筹方式[氮肥全部基施(N1)、基肥70%+拔节肥30%(N2)、基肥50%+拔节肥50%(N3)和基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20%(N4)]对苗期受渍夏玉米根系形态和花后光合性能恢复的影响,以期为苗期受渍夏玉米合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,苗期渍水7 d抑制根系生长,根重、根长度、根表面积和根直径均显著降低,渍水对根系形态指标抑制效应表现为:根长度根表面积根直径。氮肥后移对渍水后根系生长有显著的补偿效应,氮肥后移量增加,根重、根长度和根表面积显著增加。渍水胁迫解除后18 d,N1-N4处理根长度较渍水前提高1.9~5.1倍,根表面积提高6.3~10.3倍,根直径提高0.7~1.0倍,氮肥后移对根系形态指标补偿生长效应强弱表现为:根表面积根长度根直径。渍水使群体叶面积系数降低9.3%~22.5%,氮肥后移可提高群体叶面积系数,较全部基施处理提高3.2%~20.7%。苗期渍水7 d显著降低灌浆期间穗位叶片的光合能力,净光合速率下降,灌浆中期和末期净光合速率分别下降16.1%和28.9%,灌浆后期光合能力下降幅度高于对照,非气孔限制是导致渍水胁迫下净光合速率下降的主要原因。渍水胁迫下,氮肥后移处理改善了穗位叶光合性能,光合能力优于氮肥前移处理。在苗期易导致渍害的地区适当减少基肥比例,后移氮素至拔节期和大喇叭口期,能够对受渍夏玉米起到较好的补偿生长效应。  相似文献   

11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

16.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

17.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

18.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

19.
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.  相似文献   

20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.  相似文献   

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