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1.
Background: Thyroid hormone concentrations were found to be different in Greyhounds and Whippets compared with nonsight hound dogs.
Hypothesis: In Sloughis, thyroid hormone concentration is lower than in nonsight hounds and comparable to Greyhounds.
Animals: Fifty-one Sloughis with no evidence of disease and a mean age of 4 years (range, 1–12 years).
Methods: Thyroid profiles consisting of total thyroxine (tT4), free thyroxine (fT4), free thyroxine after equilibrium dialysis (fT4 after ED), canine thyroid stimulation hormone (cTSH), and thyroglobulin antibodies as well as CBC and serum biochemistry results of Sloughis were compared with those of normal dogs. In 8 Sloughis, TSH stimulation tests were performed.
Results: In Sloughis, tT4 concentrations and fT4 concentrations measured by chemiluminescence were lower than those of controls (1.13 ± 0.65 μg/dL compared with 2.9 ± 0.8 μg/dL, P < .0001 and 11 ± 4.3 pmol/L compared with 16.7 ± 5.2 pmol/L, P < .0001, respectively). Concentrations of fT4 after ED and TSH were increased in Sloughis, when compared with controls (41.3 ± 26.9 pmol/L compared with 20.98 ± 10.29 pmol/L, P < .0001 and 0.22 ± 0.15 pmol/L compared with 0.15 ± 0.13 pmol/L, P = .0138, respectively). T4 concentration after TSH stimulation increased from 1.5 μg/dL (range, 0.2–2.7 μg/dL) to 2.7 μg/dL (range, 1.2–4.7 μg/dL); the recommended post-TSH T4 concentration was achieved by only 3 of 8 Sloughis. Hemoconcentration was found in 84.3% and hypoglobulinemia in 80.3%.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: When evaluating Sloughis for hypothyroidism, veterinarians should be aware that these dogs have different thyroid hormone concentrations than nonsight hound dogs.  相似文献   

2.
Background: Intravenous administration of human immunoglobulin G (hIVIgG) has been suggested to potentiate thromboembolism in dogs, but supportive scientific reports are lacking.
Objectives: To determine if hIVIgG therapy promotes hypercoagulability and inflammation in dogs.
Animals: Twelve healthy Beagle dogs.
Methods: Prospective, experimental trial. An hIVIgG/saline solution was infused IV at 1 g/kg BW over 8 hours to 6 dogs, and physiological saline was infused to the other 6 dogs. Blood samples were drawn before, during, and after infusion for serial measurement of indicators of coagulation and inflammation. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results: Dogs administered hIVIgG developed mildly decreased blood platelet concentrations without thrombocytopenia (median, 200 × 103/μL; range, 150–302 × 103/μL; P < .01), leukopenia (median, 3.5 × 103/μL; range, 20–62 × 103/μL; P < .001), and mildly increased plasma total protein concentrations (median, 6.3 g/dL; range, 5.6–6.7 g/dL; P < .001). Administration of hIVIgG was also associated with increases in fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in all dogs (either 5 μg/mL or 10 μg/dL), thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (median, 7.2 ng/mL; range, 4.9–14.2 ng/mL; P < .001), and C-reactive protein concentrations (median, 2.5 mg/dL; range, 0.5–4.3 mg/dL; P < .01).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Administration of hIVIgG to dogs promotes hypercoagulability and an inflammatory state. This should be further evaluated and considered when using hIVIgG in dogs with IMHA or other prothrombotic conditions.  相似文献   

3.
Oral l -thyroxine ( l -T4) supplementation is used to replace thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with hypothyroidism. The pharmacokinetics of l -T4 following administration of a solution (Leventa®) was investigated in healthy dogs. l -T4 was absorbed fairly rapidly ( t max 3 h). A mean bioavailability of 22% was calculated following a single oral administration of 40 μg l -T4/kg body weight. Repeated oral administration at the same dose for 14 consecutive days did not lead to any accumulation of T4 in serum. After intravenous administration of l -T4, a serum half-life of 11.6 h was calculated. Food intake concomitant with l -T4 oral administration delayed l -T4 absorption and decreased its rate and extent by about 45%. The relative bioavailability of l -T4 following administration of a tablet formulation was about 50% of that of the l -T4 solution. The pharmacokinetic properties of liquid l -T4 after oral administration support the use of a dose rate of 20 μg/kg once daily, as a starting dose for replacement therapy in dogs with hypothyroidism.  相似文献   

4.
Background: Various protocols using different doses of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) in TSH stimulation testing have been described. However, the influence of TSH dosage on thyroxine (T4) concentration has not yet been evaluated in suspected hypothyroid dogs.
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of 2 doses of rhTSH.
Animals: Fifteen dogs with clinical signs consistent with hypothyroidism and abnormal stimulation results with 75 μg rhTSH and 18 clinically healthy dogs.
Methods: All dogs were stimulated with 75 and 150 μg rhTSH IV in a 1st and 2nd stimulation test, respectively. Blood samples were taken before and 6 hours after rhTSH administration for determination of total T4 concentration.
Results: Using the higher dose led to a normal test interpretation in 9 of the 15 dogs, in which stimulation had been abnormal using the lower dose. Based on follow-up information, hypothyroidism was excluded in 7 of these 9 dogs. In all 6 dogs with a blunted response to the higher dose, hypothyroidism could be confirmed. Healthy dogs showed significantly higher post-TSH T4 concentrations with the higher compared with the lower dose. Post-TSH T4 concentrations after TSH stimulation were not related to dogs' body weight in either healthy or diseased dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: TSH dose significantly influenced test interpretation in suspected hypothyroid dogs. Differentiation between primary hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal disease was improved with 150 μg rhTSH. Because this effect was independent of the dogs' body weight, the higher dose is recommended in dogs that have concurrent disease or are receiving medication.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of dirlotapide on body weight (BW) reduction were investigated in overweight Labradors in two parallel-design studies. Study A involved 42 dogs randomized to 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg dirlotapide/kg/day orally for 4 weeks. Study B involved 72 dogs randomized to nine treatments: placebo (24 weeks); dirlotapide (24 weeks) followed by placebo (28 weeks); or dirlotapide (52 weeks); on diets containing 5%, 10% or 15% fat. Dirlotapide dose (initially 0.1 mg/kg) was adjusted monthly during 24-week weight-loss and subsequent 28-week weight-stabilization phases. Food was offered above maintenance energy requirements (MER× 1.1–1.2) based on initial BW. Body composition (body fat, lean tissue and bone mineral content) was monitored using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After treatment, dogs that had received dirlotapide for 52 weeks were fed 90% of quantity consumed at week 52. In study A, BW and food intake decreased asymptotically with dose: mean weekly weight loss exceeded 1% at 0.1–0.4 mg/kg. In study B, dirlotapide resulted in significant mean weekly weight loss (>0.8%) and decreased food intake over 24 weeks compared with placebo ( P  = 0.0001) for all diets. Food restriction minimized post-treatment weight rebound. Dirlotapide administered daily to dogs for up to 52 weeks was clinically safe and resulted in sustained weight reduction.  相似文献   

6.
Objective— To evaluate the effect of preoperative intrathecal administration of a low dose of morphine on intraoperative fentanyl requirements in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery.
Study Design— Prospective randomized clinical study.
Animals— Dogs (n=18) matched by surgical procedure administered intrathecal morphine (MG) or no-treatment (control group, CG).
Methods— After premedication with romifidine (4 μg/kg, intravenously) and induction with propofol, anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. Intrathecal morphine 0.03 (0.023–0.034) mg/kg was administered at lumbar level 41 (25–65) minutes before surgery in MG. Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) was administered hourly, starting before incision. Fentanyl infusion (1.2 and 4.2 μg/kg/h in MG and CG, respectively) was administered after a loading dose (5 and 10 μg/kg in MG and CG, respectively), and boluses were given if an increase >20% in heart rate and arterial blood pressure was observed. Total amount of fentanyl administered was recorded, to calculate hourly requirements and predict plasma concentration using a computer simulation.
Results— Hourly fentanyl consumption and predicted plasma concentrations at the time of response to surgery were significantly lower in MG compared with CG.
Conclusions— Preoperative administration of a low dose of intrathecal morphine has a sparing effect on intraoperative fentanyl requirements.
Clinical Relevance— Preoperative intrathecal administration of a low dose of morphine at the lumbar level represented a safe and effective mean of providing intraoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery.  相似文献   

7.
Background: Measurement of concentrations of acute-phase proteins (APPs) is used as an aid in the diagnosis of a variety of diseases in animals.
Objective: To determine the concentration of APPs in dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) and other neurologic diseases.
Animals: One hundred and thirty-three dogs with neurologic diseases, 6 dogs with sepsis, and 8 healthy dogs were included in the study. Thirty-six dogs had SRMA (31 of which had monitoring), 14 dogs had other meningoencephalitides (ME), 32 had disk disease (IVDD/DLSS), 26 had tumors affecting the central nervous system (TCNS), and 25 had idiopathic epilepsy (IE).
Methods: Prospective, observational study: C-reactive protein (CRP), α2-macroglobulin (AMG), and albumin concentrations were determined in the serum or plasma. CRP was also measured in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Results: Serum CRP was significantly higher in dogs with SRMA (     = 142 μg/mL ± 75) and sepsis (     = 114 μg/mL ± 67) in comparison with dogs with other neurologic diseases (     = 2.3–21 μg/mL; P < .001). There was no significant difference detected in AMG between groups. Serum albumin concentration was significantly lower ( P < .01) in dogs with SRMA (     = 3.2 g/dL ± 0.41) than in other groups (     = 3.6–3.9 g/dL). Serum CRP concentration of SRMA dogs correlated with alkaline phosphatase levels ( r = 0.515, P = .003).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: CRP concentrations in serum are useful in diagnosis of dogs with SRMA. Serum CRP could be used as a monitoring parameter in treatment management of these dogs.  相似文献   

8.
Background: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased in humans with hypothyroidism, but information about kidney function in dogs with hypothyroidism is lacking.
Hypothesis: Hypothyroidism influences GFR in dogs. The objective of this study was to assess GFR in hypothyroid dogs before implementation of thyroxine supplementation and after re-establishing euthyroidism.
Animals: Fourteen hypothyroid dogs without abnormalities on renal ultrasound examination or urinalysis.
Methods: Blood pressure and GFR (measured by exogenous creatinine clearance) were measured before treatment (T0, n = 14) and at 1 month (T1, n = 14) and at 6 months (T6, n = 11) after beginning levothyroxine supplementation therapy (20 μg/kg/d, PO). The response to therapy was monitored at T1 by measuring serum total thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations. If needed, levothyroxine dosage was adjusted and reassessed after 1 month. Statistical analysis was performed using a general linear model. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
Results: At T0, the average age of dogs in the study group was 6.3 ± 1.4 years. Their average body weight decreased from 35 ± 18 kg at T0 to 27 ± 14 kg at T6 ( P < .05). All dogs remained normotensive throughout the study. GFR increased significantly with levothyroxine supplementation; the corresponding results were 1.6 ± 0.4 mL/min/kg at T0, 2.1 ± 0.4 at T1, and 2.0 ± 0.4 at T6 ( P < .01).
Conclusion: GFR was <2 mL/min/kg in untreated hypothyroid dogs. Re-establishment of a euthyroid state increased GFR significantly.  相似文献   

9.
Background: Hypothyroidism affects renal function in a manner opposite the effects of hyperthyroidism.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and basal plasma creatinine concentration in dogs.
Animals: Sixteen anestrous, female dogs.
Methods: Hypothyroidism was induced by administration of 131I in 8 dogs, and 8 healthy euthyroid dogs acted as controls. Exogenous plasma creatinine clearance (an estimate of GFR) was measured in all dogs before (control period) and 43–50 weeks after induction of hypothyroidism (posttreatment period). Other pharmacokinetic parameters of creatinine were also determined.
Results: No significant difference was observed for basal plasma creatinine concentration and creatinine clearance between control and hypothyroid dogs in the control period. In the posttreatment period, mean ± SD creatinine clearance in the hypothyroid group (2.13 ± 0.48 mL/min/kg) was lower ( P < .001) than that of the control group (3.20 ± 0.42 mL/kg/min). Nevertheless, basal plasma creatinine concentrations were not significantly different between the hypothyroid and control groups (0.74 ± 0.18 versus 0.70 ± 0.08 mg/dL, respectively) because endogenous production of creatinine was decreased in hypothyroid dogs (22 ± 3 versus 32 ± 5 mg/kg/d, P =.001).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Hypothyroidism causes a substantial decrease in GFR without altering plasma creatinine concentrations, indicating that GFR evaluation is needed to identify renal dysfunction in such patients.  相似文献   

10.
Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is common and new therapies are beneficial. This multicentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study tested the efficacy of Actinidia arguta (hardy kiwi) (EFF1001) in dogs with mild/moderate AD. The study was divided into two stages. Stage 1 lasted 6 weeks. In the first 2 weeks prednisolone [days 1–3: 0.2 mg/kg twice daily (BID), days 4–14: 0.2 mg/kg every other day (EOD)] was administered. Responsive dogs were placed on prednisolone 0.2 mg/kg EOD + assigned test article [either placebo or EFF1001 (30 mg/kg)] once daily for 4 weeks. Stage 1 responders were advanced to stage 2, which involved 4 weeks of just EFF1001. Clinicians scored lesions using Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI) and owners scored pruritus using a Pruritus Visual Analogue Scale. Seventy-seven dogs were enrolled, 76 were randomized on day 14, and 57 (57/76 = 75%) completed stage 1 (27 in EFF1001 and 30 in placebo). At the end of stage 1, 35 of 57 dogs (35/57 = 61%) responded (18 in EFF1001 and 17 in placebo) and advanced to stage 2. At completion of stage 1, CADESI scores did not significantly differ between groups while pruritus decreased in EFF1001 group and approached significance. At completion of stage 2, 19 dogs (19/35 = 54%) responded (15/19 = 79% had received EFF1001 and 4/19 = 21% placebo in stage 1). After completing stage 2, dogs placed on EFF1001 throughout the study were 3.5 times more likely to either maintain or improve scores than those that started it in stage 2. It is concluded that EFF1001 is beneficial adjunctive therapy after prolonged use.  相似文献   

11.
Dirlotapide was evaluated in the management of obesity in dogs in two multicenter, clinical studies in North America. A total of 335 obese dogs of various breeds were randomized to dirlotapide or placebo in a 2:1 ratio. Dirlotapide was administered orally once daily to dogs at an initial dose of 0.05 mg/kg, increased after 14 days to 0.1 (study B, label dose) or 0.2 mg/kg (study A) and then adjusted according to individual weight loss at 28-day intervals. Dogs were examined and weighed, and body condition scores (BCSs) were recorded every 28 days. Study A had three consecutive phases: weight loss (16 weeks, day 0–112); weight management (12 weeks); and post-treatment (8 weeks). Study B had a weight loss phase only. For dirlotapide-treated dogs, mean weight loss by day 112 was 11.8–14.0% compared with 3.0–3.9% for placebo ( P  = 0.0001). In study A, weight losses for dirlotapide were 19.3% after 12 weeks of weight management and 16.7% (regain of 3.4%) by 8 weeks after dirlotapide was discontinued. In both studies, dogs in both treatments had emesis, lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea, and mildly elevated hepatic transaminase activity, that resolved spontaneously with time. These were experienced more frequently with dirlotapide. Improved activity levels and BCS for >50% dogs were reported with dirlotapide. Dirlotapide was safe and effective in the reduction and management of body weight in obese dogs.  相似文献   

12.
Introduction:  Mycobacterial cell wall‐DNA complex (MCC) is a bifunctional anticancer agent that induces cancer cell apoptosis and stimulates cytokine synthesis by immune cells. Intravesical MCC is currently being evaluated in humans with high‐grade urinary bladder cancer. Evaluation of MCC in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) will allow mechanistic studies in a natural animal model of TCC, and a potentially beneficial therapy for dogs with this cancer. In this study, we have determined the anticancer activity of MCC against canine TCC cells in vitro .
Methods:  Canine TCC cells (K9TCC cell line) were incubated with MCC (0.05–100 μg/ml, 0.5–72 hours). Cellular proliferation was measured by MTT reduction. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide. Apoptosis was identified by flow cytometry using anti‐active‐caspase‐3/PE and anti‐cleaved‐PARP/FITC antibodies. Apoptosis‐inducing activity of 100 μg/ml MCC in combination with piroxicam (0.1–1.0 uM) was evaluated.
Results:  MCC inhibited K9TCC cell proliferation in a concentration‐dependent manner (maximal activity – 45% at 100 μg/ml MCC) in association with the presence of activated caspase‐3 and cleaved PARP. Inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis‐inducing activities of MCC were independent of cell cycle phase. A thirty‐minute exposure of MCC was sufficient for optimal activity. Piroxicam (0.5 uM) enhanced apoptosis‐inducing activity of MCC.
Conclusions:  MCC induces apoptosis in K9TCC cells. This activity is potentiated by piroxicam. Following positive results in vitro , in vivo studies have been initiated. One dog, treated to date, has had a minor reduction in tumor volume following the first course of treatment with no treatment‐related toxicity.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of levothyroxine sodium (L-T4) on serum concentrations of thyroid gland hormones and responses to injections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in euthyroid horses. ANIMALS: 12 healthy adult mares. PROCEDURE: 8 horses received an incrementally increasing dosage of L-T4 (24, 48, 72, or 96 mg of L-T4/d) for weeks 1 to 8. Each dose was provided for 2 weeks. Four additional horses remained untreated. Serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine (tT3), total thyroxine (tT4), free T3 (fT3), free T4 (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in samples obtained at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8; 1.2 mg of TRH was then administered i.v., and serum concentrations of thyroid gland hormones were measured 2 and 4 hours after injection. Serum reverseT3 (rT3) concentration was also measured in the samples collected at weeks 0 and 8. RESULTS: Treated horses lost a significant amount of weight (median, 19 kg). Significant treatment-by-time effects were detected for serum tT3, tT4, fT3, fT4, and TSH concentrations, and serum tT4 concentrations were positively correlated (r, 0.95) with time (and therefore dosage) in treated horses. Mean +/- SD serum rT3 concentration significantly increased in treated horses (3.06 +/- 0.51 nmol/L for week 8 vs 0.74 +/- 0.22 nmol/L for week 0). Serum tT3, tT4, fT3, and TSH concentrations in response to TRH injections differed significantly between treated and untreated horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of levothyroxine sodium increased serum tT4 concentrations and blunted responses toTRH injection in healthy euthyroid horses.  相似文献   

14.
Objective – Compare the effects of 3 anticoagulation protocols on anti-factor Xa activity (AXa).
Design – Prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
Setting – University veterinary teaching hospital.
Animals – Eighteen dogs considered to be at risk for venous thrombosis.
Interventions – Each dog was randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 groups ( n =6/group) and was treated for 24 hours: low-dose heparin (LDH), high-dose heparin (HDH), and dalteparin (DP). Dogs in the LDH group received a constant rate infusion (CRI) of unfractionated heparin (UFH) at 300 U/kg/d, the HDH group received a bolus of 100 U/kg of UFH IV, then a CRI of 900 U/kg/day, and the DP group received 100 U/kg DP SC at 0, 12, and 24 hours.
Measurements and Main Results – A total of 54 samples for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and AXa assays were collected at 0, 4, and 28 hours. Six samples had an AXa >0.1 U/mL, 5 of those were from the HDH group at hour 4. Two samples from the HDH group at hour 4 had a prolonged aPTT (93 and 200 seconds) and the highest AXa (0.6 and 1.0 U/mL, respectively). Four additional dogs in the HDH group did not complete the study due to hemorrhage; none of the dogs completing the study showed signs of hemorrhage.
Conclusions: Neither DP nor LDH increased AXa to values considered therapeutic in humans (0.5–1 and 0.35–0.75 U/mL, respectively), and both protocols appear to be inadequate to increase AXa in dogs with clinical illness. HDH increased AXa to this range in 2 of 6 dogs, but had unpredictable effects on aPTT and resulted in hemorrhage in some dogs.  相似文献   

15.
Background: Marked eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalomyelitis (EME) is rarely reported in dogs and the cause is usually undetermined. Long-term prognosis for dogs with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilia is variable.
Animals: Twenty-three client-owned dogs.
Methods: Retrospective case series. Dogs with eosinophilic CSF, defined as total nucleated cell count (TNCC) >3 cells/μL with >20% eosinophils, were identified by a computerized search of all dogs having cisternal and/or lumbar CSF analyzed as part of the diagnostic workup between 1992 and 2007.
Results: TNCC in CSF ranged from 4 to 4,740 cells/μL (median 84 cells/μL, reference range ≤3 cells/μL), with 22 to 95% (median 78%) eosinophils in the differential count. An infectious agent was identified on necropsy in 4 of 23 (17%) dogs ( Cryptococcus neoformans [n = 2], Neospora caninum [n = 1], and Baylisascaris procyonis [n = 1]). Each of these dogs had progressive neurologic deterioration. Sixteen dogs had idiopathic EME. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were abnormal in 7 of 13 dogs with EME; 2 dogs had focal lesions and 5 dogs had multifocal lesions. Clinical signs in 12 of 16 (75%) dogs with idiopathic EME resolved with prednisone treatment. Three dogs with acute intervertebral disc herniations recovered after decompressive surgery alone.
Conclusions: Idiopathic EME is a common cause of eosinophilic pleocytosis in dogs. MRI findings are variable. Infectious causes of EME were less common and had a poor prognosis.  相似文献   

16.
Objective – To establish the efficacy of Oxyglobin (HB-200) in canine babesiosis and compare it to standard therapy, packed red blood cell transfusion (pRBCT) with respect to improvements in specific parameters of blood gas, acid-base, blood pressure, and subjective evaluations.
Design – Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.
Setting – Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital.
Animals – Twelve dogs (8–25 kg) naturally infected with Babesia rossi and a hematocrit of 0.1–0.2 L/L (10–20%).
Interventions – Treatment groups were randomized to receive either 20 mL/kg of Oxyglobin or pRBCT over 4 hours via a central venous catheter. Transfusions were followed by lactated Ringer's solution infusion. Rectal temperature, femoral arterial and mixed venous blood sampling, oscillometric blood pressure, and subjective assessment of patient status (habitus), and appetite were performed at time points 0, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours.
Main Results – Dogs presented with a hypoalbuminemic alkalosis; hyperchloremic, dilutional acidosis; normotensive tachycardia; pyrexia; depression; and anorexia. Both treatments produced similar results, with the exception of significant differences in pH (4 h); PCO2 (4 h); hemoglobin (8 h, 24 h); mean arterial pressure (48 h); albumin (4 h, 8 h); habitus (8 h, 48 h); and appetite (24 h). Arterial O2 content was higher for pRBCT than Oxyglobin at 72 hours, but central venous PO2 did not differ between groups or over time and was consistently subnormal.
Conclusions – Oxyglobin provides similar overall improvements to pRBCT in dogs with anemia from babesiosis, with respect to blood gas, acid-base and blood pressure, although patients receiving packed cells tended to have more rapid normalization of habitus and appetite.  相似文献   

17.
Background: Serial monitoring of acute phase protein (APP) concentrations in canine autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has not been reported.
Hypotheses: Acute canine AIHA is accompanied by an acute phase response (APR) characterized by increased C-reactive protein (CRP) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations and decreased albumin concentrations.
Animals: Twenty-seven dogs with AIHA and 11 control dogs.
Methods: Prospective, cohort study. CRP, AAG, and albumin concentrations, white blood cell (WBC) count, and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined at admission (day 1), every 48 hours until death or discharge, and on days 30, 90, 180, and 365.
Results: Compared with controls, CRP and AAG concentrations were increased and albumin concentration was decreased in dogs with AIHA (days 1–7; P < .002) and normalized with disease stabilization (days 9–365; P > .05). APP concentrations on day 1 were not predictive of survival, duration of hospitalization, or number of blood transfusions ( P = .153–.940). PCV correlated with APP concentrations over time (CRP r =−.600, AAG r =−.665, albumin r = .533; P < .0001) as did WBC count (CRP r = .253, AAG r = .486, albumin r =−.246; P < .006). Day 1 CRP concentration was lower for dogs that received corticosteroids before referral (115.3 μg/mL) compared with dogs that did not (191.2 μg/mL; P = .02).
Conclusions: An APR occurs in canine AIHA. Initial APP concentrations are not predictive of acute survival, correlate with hematologic markers of remission, and normalize rapidly with disease stabilization.  相似文献   

18.
Objective— To report the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amikacin sulfate for equine clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and characterize the initial kill and duration of the postantibiotic effect (PAE) for selected strains.
Study Design— Experimental study.
Methods— Isolates of MRSA (n=35) had their amikacin MIC determined using the E-test agar diffusion method. Two isolates with MICs>256 μg/mL limit were further characterized using broth macrodilution. Six distinct isolates with amikacin MICs of 32, 48, 128 (2 isolates) and 500 (2 isolates) μg/mL had PAE determinations made over a range of amikacin concentrations from 31.25–1000 μg/mL using standard culture-based techniques.
Results— Median MIC of the 35 isolates was 32 μg/mL (range 2 to >256 μg/mL). Mean PAE of selected MRSA strains had an overall mean (all amikacin doses) of 3.43 hours (range 0.10–9.57 hours). PAE for MRSA exposed to amikacin at 1000 μg/mL was 6.18 hours (range 3.30–9.57 hours), significantly longer than that for all other concentrations ( P <.0001). There was no statistically significant effect of isolate MIC on PAE.
Conclusions— Isolates had a wide range of MIC; however, growth of all 6 selected strains were inhibited within the range of concentrations tested, including 2 strains with MICs of 500 μg/mL. PAE duration was not influenced by the MIC of amikacin but was significantly longer with treatment at 1000 μg/mL than at lower concentrations.
Clinical Relevance— Clinical isolates of MRSA are susceptible to amikacin at concentrations achieved by regional perfusion: however, the modest duration of PAE observed suggest that further laboratory and in vivo evaluation be conducted before recommending the technique for clinical use.  相似文献   

19.
Background: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function is dynamic in the neonatal foal. The paired low dose/high dose cosyntropin (ACTH) stimulation test allows comprehensive HPA axis assessment, but has not been evaluated in neonatal foals.
Hypothesis: Foal age will significantly affect cortisol responses to a paired 10 and 100 μg dose cosyntropin stimulation test in healthy neonatal foals.
Animals: Twenty healthy neonatal foals.
Methods: HPA axis function was assessed in 12 foals at birth and at 12–24, 36–48 hours, and 5–7 days of age. At each age, basal cortisol and ACTH concentrations were measured and cortisol responses to 10 and 100 μg cosyntropin were assessed with a paired ACTH stimulation test protocol. Eight additional 36–48-hour-old foals received saline instead of 10 μg cosyntropin in the same-paired ACTH stimulation test design.
Results: At birth, foals had significantly higher basal cortisol and ACTH concentrations and higher basal ACTH : cortisol ratios compared with foals in all other age groups. A significant cortisol response to both the 10 and 100 μg doses of cosyntropin was observed in all foals. The magnitude of the cortisol response to both doses of cosyntropin was significantly different across age groups, with the most marked responses in younger foals. There was no effect of the paired ACTH stimulation test design itself on cortisol responses.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A paired 10 and 100 μg cosyntropin stimulation test can be used to evaluate HPA axis function in neonatal foals. Consideration of foal age is important in interpretation of HPA axis assessment.  相似文献   

20.
Intravenous (IV) levetiracetam (LEV) is available for humans for bridge therapy when the oral route is unavailable. We investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics of LEV administered intramuscularly (IM), IV, and orally to dogs.
Six Hound dogs received 19.5–22.6 mg/kg of LEV IM, IV and orally with a wash-out period in between. All dogs received 500 mg LEV orally and 5 mL of 100 mg/mL LEV IM. Three dogs received 500 mg of LEV IV and three dogs received 250 mg LEV IV with 250 mg given perivascularly to approximate extravasation. Safety was assessed using a pain scale at time of IM administration and histopathological examination 24 h to 5 days after injection.
Intravenous LEV half-life was 180 ± 18 min. Bioavailability of IM LEV was 100%. Mean time to Tmax after IM was 40 ± 16 min. The mean Cmax IM was 30.3 ± 3 μg/mL compared to the C0 of 37 ± 5 μg/mL for IV. Mean inflammation score (0–4 scale) for IM LEV was 0.28 and for saline 0.62. Extravasation did not cause tissue damage.
Parenteral LEV is well tolerated and appears safe following IM and IV injections in dogs. Parenteral LEV should be evaluated for use in dogs with epilepsy.  相似文献   

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