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通过系统分析北京地区西瓜根际微生物组,显示了细菌群落结构分布的显著区域性,磷元素和钾元素是影响西瓜根际菌群组成最主要的因子;扩增子测序分析表明,健康植株比发病植株根际土壤群落结构更为稳定,节点微生物更多;网络分析发现了来自5 个菌门的19 个菌属与镰刀菌属直接相关,其中芽孢菌属与假单胞菌属与镰刀菌属丰度呈正相关。通过对比西瓜健康植株与镰刀菌侵染植株根际细菌组成差异,并构建相关性网络发现了潜在的枯萎病防治菌群,为北京西瓜枯萎病预警和防控奠定了基础。 相似文献
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本研究旨在分析不同健康程度的西瓜植株根际土壤的微生态及化学性质来解析西瓜枯萎病的发病过程，为西瓜枯萎病的防治提供理论基础。通过检测西瓜根围土壤的有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、pH等化学性质，并利用高通量测序技术对其根际土壤微生物组进行测序。两者结合来比较不同健康程度的西瓜根际土壤的差异。结果显示，健康、严重发病植株根际都形成了各自的较为稳定的有益、有害微生物网络，根际微生物组成分析显示其各自富集了有益、有害菌；而轻微发病根际致病菌、生防菌都出现特异性富集，且特征物种不同于健康、严重发病植株，轻微发病植株根际较高的微生物多样性提示着我们，在生防菌的分离筛选时，选择轻微发病植株的根际土壤或许能获得更丰度的生防资源。根际特征物种分析显示，金孢子菌属Chrysosporium sp.、醋酸钙不动杆菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus等可能在西瓜枯萎病的防治中发挥着重要作用。另外，土壤理化性质与土壤微生物α多样性关联分析结果显示，土壤理化性质与细菌丰度显著正相关。 相似文献
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复合菌剂防控香蕉枯萎病的效果及其微生物学机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
由病原菌尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc)）侵染引起的香蕉枯萎病对全世界香蕉产业带来了毁灭性的影响，且目前尚无广泛采用的防治方法。研究复合生防真菌制剂对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果，以期为大田香蕉枯萎病的防治提供依据。设置3组不同的菌剂处理，分别为对照组CK、复合菌剂NFP、复合菌剂NFPT，通过两季的盆栽试验，研究复合菌剂对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果及其对土壤微生物多样性的影响；利用 Illumina Miseq 高通量测序平台对细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌ITS区域进行测序分析，采用实时荧光qPCR定量分析各处理病原菌的数量。结果表明：（1）复合菌剂处理（NFP和NFPT）对香蕉枯萎病有较好的防治效果，其防效分别为43%和48%。（2）施用复合菌剂增加了细菌和真菌群落丰富度和多样性。基于Bray-curtis距离矩阵的主坐标分析（PCoA）结果表明NFP和NFPT改变了细菌和真菌群落结构。NFP和NFPT处理增加了潜在有益微生物中与香蕉枯萎病病情指数呈显著负相关的大理石雕菌属Marmoricola、类诺卡氏菌属Nocardioides、野野村式菌属Nonomuraea、 norank_c__Acidobacteria、DS-100属和norank_f__Blastocatellaceae__Subgroup_4属的相对丰度，显著减少了病原菌尖孢镰刀菌的数量，重塑了土壤微生物结构和功能，增强其抗病性。 相似文献
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甘薯茎线虫（Ditylenchus destructor）是国际检疫植物寄生线虫,甘薯茎线虫病是危害我国甘薯生产的严重病害之一。本文通过不同种植方式下甘薯根际土壤线虫群落结构的变化,探索轮作对甘薯茎线虫病防治的作用,明确变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）在土壤线虫群落研究上应用的可行性。试验在河北省卢龙县多年连作的甘薯地上进行,种植方式分别为：A1,休闲→甘薯;A2,玉米-冬闲→甘薯;A3,玉米-黑麦→甘薯;A4,大豆-冬闲→甘薯;A5,大豆-黑麦→甘薯;CK,甘薯连作。提取3个时期甘薯根际土壤线虫,扩增线虫ITS区序列,采用DGGE技术分析土壤线虫群落。结果表明,与连作相比,轮作方式显著提高甘薯根际土壤线虫群落多样性,降低根际土壤甘薯茎线虫数量（P<0.05）,冬季轮作黑麦（A3,A5）使甘薯根际土壤线虫群落结构更加稳定,随时间变化幅度小。甘薯根际土壤中检测到的线虫优势属有：茎线虫属、矛线虫属、滑刃线虫属、头叶线虫属、短体线虫属、小环线虫属、刺线虫属、真滑刃线虫属、双胃线虫属。轮作方式提高甘薯产量42.08%~55.83%,降低病情指数22.72%~30.79%,不同轮作方式之间对甘薯产量和病情的影响差异不显著,收获期的甘薯茎线虫数量与甘薯产量和病情指数显著相关（P<0.05）。因此,轮作方式能够显著提高甘薯根际土壤线虫群落多样性和甘薯产量,DGGE可有效检测土壤线虫群落;大豆-黑麦→甘薯是经济效益和生态效益较好的轮作措施。 相似文献
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本文利用十字花科白菜型和芥菜型籽粕作为土壤绿色熏蒸剂，研究了籽粕对哈密瓜土传病害的防治效果以及该过程中真核微生物群落在哈密瓜整个生育期的动态变化。研究结果表明两种籽粕对病害有显著防控效果，与化学熏蒸剂棉隆效果相似，但对土壤中微生物群落的扰动以及根际微生物的富集方面存在明显不同。白菜型和芥菜型籽粕均能显著降低土壤中真核微生物的丰富度和多样性，并有选择性的促进土壤中某些特定微生物的恢复和富集，使得有益微生物在根际定殖。在整个过程中，子囊菌门（Ascomycota）真菌主导了微生物群落结构的变化，且在根际有益微生物的群落构建中起到了重要作用，其下属曲霉属（Aspergillus）和毛壳菌属（Chaetomium）中的慢性曲霉（Aspergillus lentulus）和未知物种（OTU_213）与发病率间呈现出显著负相关关系，可能抑制了病原菌群在根际的定殖。而棉隆处理对根际有益微生物的富集方面影响较小，对土壤微生物群落结构的作用也不显著。 相似文献
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添加秸秆碳源对土壤微生物生物量和原生动物丰富度的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了研究引入秸秆碳源对根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)病害严重土壤中微生物生物量和原生动物的影响, 以番茄为供试作物, 设置4个梯度的小麦秸秆添加量[CK(0 g·kg-1), 1N(2.08 g·kg-1)、2N(4.16 g·kg-1)和4N(8.32 g·kg-1)], 研究不同种植时间(6个月和4个月)下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和原生动物丰度的变化。研究结果表明: 添加秸秆对微生物生物量碳、氮和原生动物丰富度有明显促进作用, 添加的秸秆量越多, 这种促进作用越明显。不同秸秆添加量处理中, 微生物生物量碳、氮和原生动物丰度为: 4N>2N>1N>CK。秸秆对原生动物的群落结构也有显著影响, 在各处理中, 鞭毛虫和肉足虫占有绝大比例, 分别占总丰度的29.44%和66.19%, 纤毛虫仅占4.37%。在相同添加秸秆量条件下, 土壤原生动物丰度随种植时间的延长而提高, 而微生物生物量碳、氮量随种植时间的延长而降低。而在种植时间相同条件下, 随着秸秆量的增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮量和微生物生物量碳氮比和原生动物总丰度相应增加。 相似文献
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探究土壤原生动物对拉萨河谷温性草原不同放牧强度的响应，可以动态监测草原生态系统的环境变化，为保护青藏高原草原生态环境提供科学依据。本研究选取5年围封的温性草原进行为期3年的放牧试验，于2018年9月采取不同放牧强度下的土壤样品进行土壤原生动物培养和鉴定（非淹没培养法、活体观察法）。结果表明：供试样地共鉴定出土壤原生动物46属，隶属于2门、12纲、21目和36科；不同放牧强度下的土壤原生动物主要类群为旋毛纲（Spirotrichea）；不同放牧强度下土壤原生动物多样性指数（H、E、C、M）无显著差异（P>0.05）；Jaccard相似性指数在极不相似到中等不相似之间；样地B3（禁牧）单独聚为一类，说明其空间异质性较大；全氮是影响土壤原生动物分布的主要环境因子，土壤湿度、速效钾、电导率等环境因子共同影响不同放牧强度下土壤原生动物物种组成和分布。 相似文献
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根系分泌物与土传病害的关系研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根系分泌物是植物–土壤–病原微生物相互作用的桥梁,是决定病原菌–作物关系的关键生态因子,影响着土传病害的发生与发展。本文阐述了根系分泌物的定义、分类及产生机理;重点从根系分泌物的化感自毒效应,根系分泌物诱导根际微生物群落,根系分泌物影响病原菌丰度,根系分泌物影响根际土壤环境4个方面阐述了根系分泌物与土传病害的关系;并从研究方法和研究领域方面展望了今后研究的方向与重点。未来需要建立根系分泌物的原位收集、实时监测、量化方法技术体系,耦合利用组学技术,建立植物根系分泌物–根际微生物组成与功能–病害之间关系的数据库网络公用平台,加强根际病原菌与其他微生物相互作用关系研究,亟需根系分泌物作用下导致植物发病的病原菌浓度阈值研究,以期为发展土传病害的产生原理和完善土传病害根际防控技术提供依据。 相似文献
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Rasit Asiloglu Hiroki Honjo Norikuni Saka Susumu Asakawa Jun Murase 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):761-768
Rice roots provide a specific habitat for microorganisms in the rhizosphere of a submerged field through supply of oxygen and organic matter. Many studies have focused on the microbial community in the rice rhizosphere, but less is still known about the microeukaryotic community structure of rice rhizosphere. This study explored the microeukaryotic community structure of a rice rhizosphere through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) targeting 18S rRNA gene. The rice roots and the rhizosphere soil samples, which were collected from a field under rice-wheat rotation system, were separately analyzed. To characterize the rice rhizosphere-specific community, the bulk soil of rice field and the wheat rhizosphere samples were also examined. DGGE fingerprints showed that the microeukaryotic community of rice roots were distinct from the community of the bulk soil and showed a temporal shift with the growth stage. The rhizosphere soil community was distinct from the root and bulk soil communities, but this could be explained by that the root and bulk soil communities were shared in the rhizosphere. The rice rhizosphere community was also distinct from those in the wheat rhizosphere. Microeukaryotes that characterized the rice rhizosphere (roots and the rhizosphere soil) community could be affiliated to Polymyxa, flagellates, and oomycetes, which suggested that microeukaryotes with various ecological roles, e.g., parasites, bacterial grazers, and decomposers, inhabit the rice rhizosphere. The results showed that the rice root and its growth stages are key factors shaping the microeukaryotic community structure in the rhizosphere. 相似文献
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Rasit Asiloglu 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2016,62(5-6):440-446
The rhizosphere is one of the hot spots in soil ecosystems for a variety of microorganisms. In this study, we explored the seasonal change of the microeukaryotic community of a rice rhizosphere focusing on the active members through an RNA-based molecular approach. Rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in a pot where the rhizosphere was compartmented from bulk soil with a nylon gauze. The Eh in the rhizosphere compartment indicated that the rhizosphere was under oxic conditions in the initial stage of plant growth and then suddenly became anoxic or suboxic. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis targeting 18S rRNA-transcribed cDNA demonstrated that the active community of microeukaryotes in the rice rhizosphere was different from that in the bulk soil. The rhizosphere community showed a temporal shift in accordance with the shift of the redox conditions having three stages: the oxic before maximum tillering stage, anoxic/suboxic stage before maximum tillering stage, and anoxic/suboxic stage in the panicle initiation stage and thereafter. Active members specific to the rhizosphere at either the oxic or anoxic/suboxic stage were found: Heterolobosea amoeba, ciliates, and Chytridiomycota fungi for the oxic stage and oomycetes, ciliates and Ascomycota fungi in the anoxic/suboxic stage. The present results demonstrate that a specific group of microeukaryotes inhabit the rice rhizosphere even under anoxic/suboxic conditions and play various ecological roles as plant parasites, microbial grazers and organic decomposers. 相似文献
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Mark E. Harrison Susan M. Cheyne Fiteria Darma Dwi Angan Ribowo Suwido H. Limin Matthew J. Struebig 《Biological conservation》2011,(10):2441-2449
Widespread hunting of flying foxes has generated concern regarding population declines and the spread of emerging infectious diseases. To investigate the potential impacts of this trade, we conducted questionnaires in 45 settlements across 12 population centres within Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, a region previously identified as a hunting hotspot. By combining results from 63 hunter and 88 vendor interviews, we highlight two population centres (Palangka Raya and Buntok/Tamiang Layang) with higher hunting rates than other areas, which act as flying fox trading hubs. Flying fox populations were perceived to be declining province-wide: declines in captures and sales were reported by 81% of hunters and 60% of market vendors, who also reported availability as the key factor underlying temporal variations in trade. There was substantial risk of zoonotic disease transmission between bats, hunters and traders: the vast majority of respondents were unaware that flying foxes carry potentially fatal viruses, and so few people protected themselves from physical contact. Moreover, both hunters and vendors were frequently bitten and the majority of bites drew blood. Most hunters (58%) also reported unintentional by-catches that included keystone bird species and slow lorises. The scale of hunting over Central Kalimantan represents a serious threat to the long-term viability of flying fox populations (and potentially those of other species), and could have serious public health implications. Reducing or eliminating hunting and trade would mitigate the risk of disease transmission, while maintaining the economic and ecosystem benefits that flying foxes provide, in terms of pollination and seed dispersal. 相似文献
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P. Skelsey A.A.M. Holtslag Wopke van der Werf 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2008,148(8-9):1383-1394
Aerial dispersal of inoculum is the primary means of movement for many plant diseases. One of the challenges of modern decision support for plant health is to provide predictions of the influx of viable pathogen inoculum from sources outside a crop. Such prediction in a practical setting requires prediction tools that have modest computing and input requirements, yet provide sufficiently accurate predictions. In this paper a hybrid dispersion model is developed, combining Taylor's statistical theory of diffusion for horizontal dispersal with the eddy diffusion theory as implemented in the Lagrangian similarity diffusion model of [van Ulden, A.P., 1978. Simple estimates for vertical diffusion from sources near the ground. Atmos. Environ. 12, 2119–2124] and [Gryning, S.E., van Ulden, A.P., Larsen, S.E., 1983. Dispersion from a continuous ground-level source investigated by a K model. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 109, 355–364]. The model is extended with a dry deposition method and an effective source strength. Model results are compared with experimental data for the transport of artificially released spores of Lycopodium clavatum above a potato canopy. The numerical results are in close agreement with the experimental data, which cover distances up to 100 m. Numerical predictions are compared to those produced by two alternative model versions and a previously published Gaussian plume model for the transport of spores above potato canopies. The potential for practical implementation of atmospheric dispersion models in plant disease decision support systems is discussed. 相似文献
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强还原土壤对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制及微生物区系的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
强还原土壤灭菌(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)是一种抑制土传病原菌的高效和环保的方法。本试验通过荧光定量PCR和变性梯度凝胶电泳研究RSD对土壤尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)及微生物区系的影响。结果表明:处理15天后,较对照(CK)相比,除添加氨水处理(NH3)土壤p H上升外,以苜蓿粉和乙醇为有机碳源的RSD(Al-RSD和Et-RSD)处理土壤p H分别降低了0.54和1.16;NH3、Al-RSD和Et-RSD处理将尖孢镰刀菌数量分别降低了74%、98%和93%;Al-RSD显著增加了细菌的数量和多样性,Al-RSD和Et-RSD处理显著降低了土壤中真菌的数量,但增加了真菌的多样性。结果表明RSD与氨气熏蒸相比对于土壤微生物区系的改善具有更好的作用。 相似文献
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Yvonne Lokko Alfred Dixon Sam Offei Eric Danquah Martin Fregene 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(7):1441-1453
A study was conducted to determine the extent of genetic diversity among African cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) accessions resistant to the cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD), using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The accessions
included a breeding stock (clone 58308), five improved lines, 62 CMD resistant and 10 CMD susceptible landraces. Genetic diversity
was assessed among accessions in five cluster groups derived from UPGMA analysis on data from 18 SSR primer pairs. Average
gene diversity, He, was high in all cluster groups, with an average heterozygosity of 0.591 ± 0.061. The estimator of inbreeding
Fis revealed a low level of inbreeding within groups and averaged −0.262 ± 0.142. Gene diversity among all accessions was
51.4% and gene diversity within cluster groups was 46.6%, while 4.8% was due to diversity between the different cluster groups.
The amount of genetic differentiation measured by Gst and Fst were 9.6% and 12.1% respectively, indicating a weak genetic
structure. 相似文献
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Local environmental conditions are a primary factor influencing chytridiomycosis, an emerging disease caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) that has affected over 200 amphibian species worldwide. In North America, seasonality and regional habitat differences predict considerable spatial and temporal disease variability, yet the sparse and opportunistic nature of most studies have provided insufficient data for understanding regional Bd epidemiology. We present a five-year field study that reveals spatial and temporal Bd dynamics across Lithobates yavapaiensis populations in Arizona, USA. Two populations showed no Bd infection or mortality, ten populations showed winter Bd infection, and five populations experienced winter mortality. Infection intensity decreased over winter sampling seasons, whereas mortality and infection prevalence did not change over time. Frogs dying from chytridiomycosis were significantly larger and had significantly higher infection intensities than survivors. We conclude that conserving L. yavapaiensis and other native amphibians requires protection and management of riparian ecosystems to promote populations large enough to survive winter cycles of chytridiomycosis. 相似文献
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Summary Approximately two hundred A-genome cotton (Gossypium arboreum L. and G. herbaceum L.) accessions were evaluated for resistance to the seedling disease pathogens Rhizoctonia solani Kühn [Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk], and Pythium ultimum Trow. Susceptibility rating was based on a scale of 1 to 6 where 1 = no symptoms and 6 = dead. Variation was found among A-genome accessions in response to R. solani and P. ultimum, but none were highly resistant to these pathogens. As a group, the A-genome cottons were more susceptible to the pathogens than the G. hirsutum control.Abbreviations STV-A
G. hirsutum Stoneville 506 with agar only
- STV-NP
G. hirsutum Stoneville 506 with non-pathogenic isolate
- STV-P
G. hirsutum Stoneville 506 with pathogenic isolate
- A1
G. herbaceum
- A2
G. arboreum
- GRIN
Genetic Resources Information Network 相似文献
19.
有机氮替代部分无机氮对香蕉生产和土壤性状的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
改善施肥方式,利用有机肥替代部分化肥是指导农业合理施肥、维持土壤可持续利用、保证我国农业可持续发展的必然趋势。本文研究了有机氮替代部分无机氮对香蕉产量、品质、枯萎病发病率及土壤微生物群落的影响,为香蕉生产中减少化肥使用提供理论依据。试验共设置4个施肥处理:常规氮、磷、钾化肥(T1),商品有机肥替代20%无机氮肥(T2),商品有机肥替代30%无机氮肥(T3);商品有机肥替代40%无机氮肥(T4)。测定香蕉长势、枯萎病的发病率、产量、品质以及土壤理化性质、土壤可培养微生物。结果表明,有机氮肥替代无机氮用量的20%～40%均能满足香蕉正常生长的需要,并且相比于单施化肥,替代处理香蕉枯萎病发病率显著降低,香蕉产量显著增加,有机氮替代无机氮显著提高土壤有机质,减缓土壤酸化以及提高土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量,同时降低土壤可培养尖孢镰刀菌数量和真菌数量,增加土壤可培养细菌数量,提高B/F,使土壤向细菌型土壤转化。并且香蕉枯萎病发病率与土壤有机质、速效氮磷钾和可培养细菌呈显著负相关,与可培养真菌和尖孢镰刀菌数量呈显著正相关,主成分分析显示T4、T3处理的土壤质量水平最高,T2处理的土壤质量水平次之,T1处理最低。综上,连续有机氮替代40%无机氮处理提高土壤质量和土壤微生物群落结构、提高土壤抑病性作用、满足香蕉生长、提高香蕉产量最为显著。 相似文献
20.
Summary Ascochyta blight induced by Ascochyta fabae f.sp. lentis is a major foliar disease affecting lentil. Screening 248 accessions of the ICARDA wild lentil germplasm collection for resistance to a Syrian isolate of this fungus was conducted under artificial inoculation in a plastic house. The reaction of resistant accessions was confirmed in a second trial. Twenty-four out of 86 accessions of Lens culinaris ssp. orientalis were resistant, as were 12 of 35 accessions of L. culinaris ssp. odemensis, 3 of 35 accessions of L. nigricans ssp. nigricans, 36 of 89 accessions of L. nigricans ssp. ervoides, and all 3 accessions of Vicia montbretii. Sixty-four per cent of resistant sources were from Syria and southeastern Turkey. Disease reaction was uncorrelated both to the altitude of collection and its annual average rainfall. A significant correlation (r = 0.281) between leaflet width and disease reaction was due more to the frequency of the resistant reaction within the narrow-leaved L. nigricans ssp. ervoides than as a function of small leaf area. Disease reaction was uncorrelated with a range of other morphological traits. 相似文献