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1.
微喷带补灌对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为给适于麦田精量灌溉的新型灌溉设施和方法的研发提供理论依据,于2011-2013年冬小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,以全生育期不灌水处理和传统畦灌处理为对照,设置6个不同带宽(60、80、100mm)和孔径(1.0和0.8mm)配置的微喷带补灌处理,研究了微喷补灌对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在60~100mm带宽范围内适当增大微喷带带宽,或在80mm带宽下增加内喷孔孔径均可显著提高灌溉水分布均匀系数。带宽80mm、内喷孔孔径1.0mm配置的微喷带灌溉处理(T80/1.0)下小麦拔节期至开花期对80~200cm土层贮水的消耗量低于其他处理,对0~40cm土层贮水的消耗量亦较低,其开花期补灌水量、全生育期总灌水量和总耗水量均低于其他微喷带灌溉处理。T80/1.0处理籽粒产量、水分利用效率及灌溉效益均显著高于带宽为60mm的处理及内喷孔孔径为0.8mm、带宽为80mm和100mm的处理;T80/1.0处理与传统畦灌处理相比,灌水均匀度和籽粒产量均无显著差异,但全生育期总灌水量减少33.2~70.8mm,总耗水量减少47.6~52.2mm,水分利用效率提高2.1~2.9kg·hm-2·mm-1。说明小麦生育中后期采用带宽80mm、内喷孔孔径1.0mm配置的微喷带进行按需补灌,有明显的节水高产效果。 相似文献
2.
为探究不同土层测墒补灌对不同小麦品种光合特性和产量的影响,在大田条件下,以小麦品种济麦22(J22)和泰农18(T18)为材料,设置4个试验处理:全生育期不灌水(W0);拔节期和开花期各灌溉60mm(WCK);拔节期和开花期测定0~40cm(W1)和0~140cm(W2)土层土壤相对含水量,并补灌至土壤相对含水量为65%;研究各灌水处理对小麦光合特性和产量的效应。结果表明:(1)T18拔节期灌溉量为W1WCKW2,开花期为WCK、W2W1,总灌水量W1与WCK无显著差异,显著高于W2处理;J22拔节期灌溉量为W1WCK、W2,开花期为WCK、W2W1,总灌水量各处理间无显著差异。(2)两个小麦品种W1处理的旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率在灌浆中后期均显著高于W2和WCK处理,不灌水W0处理最低;T18各灌水处理的旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率在花后28~35d均显著高于J22。(3)两个小麦品种光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率为W1W2WCKW0,PAR透射率与之相反,各处理间的PAR反射率无显著差异;T18各处理冠层平均PAR截获率低于J22,其冠层平均PAR透射率高于J22。(4)两个小麦品种籽粒产量以W1处理最高;T18各灌水处理间的水分利用效率无显著差异,其灌溉效益为W2W1WCK;J22各处理间的水分利用效率为W1W2、WCKW0,灌溉效益为W1W2WCK。本试验条件下,T18具有较高的叶绿素含量、光合速率及冠层透射率,使得旗叶衰老延缓,利于穗粒重增加,其产量较J22略高。综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉效益,W1是两个小麦品种兼顾节水和高产的最佳灌水处理。 相似文献
3.
限水减氮对高产麦田群体动态和产量形成的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为解决河北省水资源匮乏和麦田施氮量偏多问题,于2013~(-2)014和2014~(-2)015年度,在河北省石家庄市藁城区分别设置限水灌溉的单因素试验和限水减氮的二因素裂区试验,研究了限水减氮对河北省高产麦田群体动态和产量的影响。结果表明,在2013~(-2)014年度,限水灌溉处理(拔节期45mm、开花期30mm、灌浆期30mm,春季总灌水量105mm)与节水灌溉对照(拔节期60mm、开花期60mm,春季总灌水量120mm)间小麦叶面积指数、光能截获率、生物产量、穗数和穗粒数差异均不显著;限水灌溉的千粒重显著增加,籽粒产量为10 081.08kg·hm~(-2),水分利用效率为27.98kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1。在2014~(-2)015年度,限水灌溉处理中W3处理(拔节期37.5mm、开花期15mm、灌浆期15mm,春季总灌水量67.5mm)的叶面积指数、光能截获率与节水灌溉对照(拔节期67.5mm、开花期67.5mm,春季总灌水量135mm)无显著差异,穗数和穗粒数有所降低,但千粒重显著增加,籽粒产量8 903.70kg·hm~(-2),比节水灌溉对照减产7.95%,生物产量降低7.15%,但水分利用效率和灌水利用效率分别提高9.28%和84.10%,且未显著增加0~140cm和0~200cm土层贮水的消耗,是本试验条件下保证高产高效的最佳限水灌溉模式。120、180和240kg·hm~(-2)的3个施氮水平间各指标差异均不显著。综合节水高产和减氮增效的现状,以小麦拔节期灌水37.5mm、开花期15mm、灌浆期15mm的灌溉模式结合生育期施N 120kg·hm~(-2)为本试验条件下的最优限水减氮组合。 相似文献
4.
为给邯郸地区小麦节水栽培提供依据,于2016-2017年选用高产小麦品种邯麦16号进行大田试验,设置了3个测墒补灌处理(分别用W70、W75和W80表示,W70处理拔节期、开花期的0～40 cm土层目标相对含水量均为70%,W75处理均为75%,W80处理均为80%),以全生育期不灌溉W0和当地常规灌溉WN为对照,研究了拔节期、开花期测墒补灌对邯麦16号小麦产量及耗水特征的影响。结果表明,与WN处理相比,W75处理的总灌水量明显降低,土壤水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例明显提高,促进了小麦对土壤水的利用;W75处理的总耗水量明显下降,籽粒产量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、灌溉效率均显著增加。开花期依据土壤含水量补灌至目标相对含水量为75%的水分管理措施,较传统灌溉明显降低了总耗水,同时提高了小麦产量和水分利用率,实现了高产、节水及水分高效利用,是本试验条件下最优测墒补灌处理。 相似文献
5.
内蒙古河套灌区春小麦高产节水灌溉制度研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为给河套灌区春小麦高产节水灌溉制度的建立提供理论依据,2006-2007年在内蒙古河套平原浅层地下水灌区,研究了不同灌水处理下春小麦产量形成、耗水组成及水分利用效率的特点.结果表明,随着灌水量的增加,小麦生育期总耗水量明显增加,而水分利用效率显著降低;总耗水的增加主要是由于灌溉水消耗增多所致,地下水补给量则随灌水量增加呈明显减少趋势.小麦生育期总灌水量与产量和水分利用效率均呈抛物线关系,产量达峰值时的灌水量大于水分利用效率达峰值时的灌水量.综合两年试验结果得出,在秋季浇足底墒水的基础上,春浇2水是实现春小麦节水与高产相统一的最佳灌溉模式,即在小麦分蘖至拔节期、抽穗至开花期灌2次水,每次灌水750～1050 m3·hm 2,产量和水分利用效率可分别达到6750 kg·hm-2和1.75 kg·m-3以上. 相似文献
6.
为探究拔节期和开花期不同补灌方案对不同穗型冬小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响，于2017-2019年在山东省泰安市以大穗型品种山农23和中多穗型品种山农29为试验材料，以拔节后无灌水(T1)为对照，设置拔节期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T2)、拔节期和开花期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T3)和拔节期补灌目标为0~40 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T4) 3种补灌方案。结果表明，拔节后不同补灌方案对大穗型和多穗型小麦品种影响基本一致。与T1处理相比，T4处理显著提高了0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率，使60~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率在开花期仍保持较高水平；T3处理显著提高了拔节期0～60 cm和开花期0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水率。与T3处理相比，T4处理的拔节至开花阶段耗水量增加了28.9%，其中对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了66.4%；T4处理在开花至成熟阶段对深层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了68.0%，对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量降低了37.4%。在开花至成熟期降水较多(121.2 mm)的年份，T4处理的开花至成熟阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率和籽粒产量相对于T3处理均无显著变化，但总耗水量较高，水分利用效率显著降低；在开花至成熟期降水较少(45.2 mm)的年份，T4处理的开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率较T3处理均显著降低。因此，在小麦全生育期降水量为111.6~220.2 mm、开花后降水量为45.2~121.2 mm的条件下，大穗型和中多穗型小麦品种均以在拔节期和开花期将0~20 cm土层补灌至100%田间持水率的补灌方案最优，可同时实现高产和高水分利用效率。 相似文献
7.
为筛选适宜于黄淮冬麦区小麦节水高产栽培的测墒补灌深度,在大田条件下设置0~20cm(D1)、0~40cm(D2)、0~60cm(D3)和0~140cm(D4)4个测墒补灌土层深度,越冬期各土层土壤相对含水量补灌至75%,拔节期补灌至70%,开花期补灌至75%,研究了测墒补灌深度对小麦旗叶光合作用和产量的影响。结果表明,D2处理越冬期、拔节期、开花期灌水量和总灌水量显著高于D1和D4处理,拔节期灌水量和总灌水量显著低于D3处理,土壤水消耗量与D1和D3处理无显著差异,但低于D4处理。D2和D3处理旗叶光合速率高于D4处理,旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖含量、籽粒支链淀粉和总淀粉含量高于D1和D4处理。D2和D3处理间千粒重和籽粒产量均无显著差异,但显著高于D1和D4处理;D2和D3处理的水分利用效率高于D4处理。0~40cm是本试验条件下小麦节水高产的适宜补灌深度。 相似文献
8.
测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索适于冬小麦高产节水的耕作模式,通过裂区试验,在小麦全生育期不灌溉、拔节期和开花期测墒补灌两种水分管理方式下,设置旋耕、深松+旋耕、深松+旋耕+耙压2遍共3种耕作方式,研究了测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,深松能明显促进小麦拔节后对0~200cm土层土壤贮水的吸收,显著提高产量和水分利用效率。与深松+旋耕处理相比,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理显著减少小麦播种至越冬前对土壤水分的消耗,在全生育期无灌水的条件下总耗水量减少,籽粒产量和水分利用效率明显提高;在小麦拔节期和开花期测墒补灌条件下,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理小麦在拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量和日耗水量明显提高,籽粒产量显著增加,水分利用效率无显著变化。 相似文献
9.
为明确黄淮麦区冬小麦高产节水条件下的适宜施氮量,以小麦品种山农23为材料,在大田拔节期和开花期0~40cm土壤含水量分别补灌至田间持水量的70%和65%条件下,设置每公顷施纯氮0kg(N0)、180kg(N1)、240kg(N2)、300kg(N3)4个施氮水平,研究小麦耗水特性和水氮利用效率对施氮量的响应。结果表明,N2处理较N0和N1处理显著提高了20~160cm土层土壤贮水消耗量,但与N3处理无显著差异。N2处理灌水量较N0和N1处理分别降低7.35%和9.51%,显著提高土壤贮水消耗量、开花至成熟阶段的耗水量和耗水模系数;N3处理的灌水量较N2处理增加9.59%,两个处理间土壤贮水消耗量、开花至成熟阶段的耗水量和耗水模系数均无显著差异。N2处理的籽粒产量、降水利用效率和灌水利用效率比N1处理分别高9.53%、9.54%和21.04%,施氮量增加至300kg·hm-2时,籽粒产量无显著变化,灌水利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别降低7.55%和18.94%。因此,在本试验条件下,施氮240kg·hm-2的增产、水氮高效利用效果最佳。 相似文献
10.
为了探明灌溉对淀粉积累及其相关酶活性的影响规律,在大田条件下,以弱筋小麦豫麦50为材料,研究了三种灌溉方式(W1:拔节期灌水一次;W2:拔节期和孕穗期各灌水一次;W3:拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期各灌水一次.每次灌水定额750 m3/ha)下弱筋小麦淀粉及其相关酶活性的变化规律.结果表明,弱筋小麦灌浆中后期和成熟期籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累速率均表现为W3>W2>W1.成孰期籽粒淀粉支/直比例表现为W3＞W2＞W1.成熟期籽粒淀粉支/直比例表现为W3＜W2＜W1.孕穗期和灌浆期增加灌水提高了灌浆中后期旗叶和籽粒中蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性,提高了灌泺中后期籽粒中可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性.说明增加灌水使弱筋小麦旗叶蔗糖合成能力强,促进源器官蔗糖向库中运输,保证籽粒库中糖源的充分供应,有利于籽粒淀粉的合成和积累. 相似文献
11.
Taiwan is a small island located in monsoon Asia with an annual precipitation exceeding 2,500 mm, which is 2.6 times the world average. However, water available for each person in Taiwan is less than one seventh of the world average due to Taiwan's crowded population and river basin characteristics. Steep land slope and uneven time and space distribution of rainfall have caused water resources problems. Providing a pure and plentiful supply of water for the people challenges the Water Resources Agency in Taiwan. History is a powerful tool for portraying the future. This paper discusses major themes in the review of water resources development over the last centuries. The changes in social-economic development, water resources infrastructure and demands of water are central to the discussion, with an eye to the plentiful and sustainable implications of water resources management in Taiwan. The water policy in the twenty-first century is also outlined.Dr. Hwang is the Advice of the Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan, Chairman of the Water Resources Committee, Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, a board member of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) Chinese Taipei Committee, former chairman of the Chinese Society of Agriculture Engineering (CSAE), former director of Water Resources Agency (WRA), former director of the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Agency (TPWCA), and former director of the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau (TPWCB). 相似文献
12.
Water transfer from agriculture to urban uses: lessons learned, with policy considerations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper sets forth the accomplishments to date of the international collaborative study program on efficient and equitable
transfer of water from agriculture to other uses. The research consists of several components. First a bibliographical review
was prepared of literature available on the practice of inter-sector water transfer. Second, nine case studies have been prepared
that illustrate inter-sector water transfer under a variety of physical and economic and political environments. Third, a
framework has been developed for characterizing and comparing water transfer options and compensation among case studies.
We discuss the pricing of irrigation water in determining compensation. We develop a decision tree that traces the paths to
the various sector water transfer options. Finally, we discuss water transfer policy options with specific reference to Taiwan,
though they have more general relevance. Three options are identified which reflect different objectives for government intervention. 相似文献
13.
Chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen management of rice grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Farmers have adopted alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation to cope with water scarcity in rice production. This practice shifts rice land away from being continuously anaerobic to being partly aerobic, thus affecting nutrient availability to the rice plant, and requiring some adjustment in nutrient management. The use of a chlorophyll meter (also known as a SPAD meter) has been proven effective in increasing nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in continuously flooded (CF) rice, but its use has not been investigated under AWD irrigation. This study aimed at testing the hypotheses that (i) SPAD-based N management can be applied to AWD in the same way it is used in CF rice, and (ii) combining chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen management and AWD can enhance NUE, save water, and maintain high rice yield. Experiments were conducted in a split-plot design with four replications in the 2004 and 2005 dry seasons (DS) at IRRI. The main plots were three water treatments: CF, AWD that involved irrigation application when the soil dried to soil water potential at 15-cm depth of −20 kPa (AWD−20) and −80 kPa (AWD−80) in 2004, and AWD−10 and AWD−50 were used in 2005. The subplots were five N management treatments: zero N (N0), 180 kg N ha−1 in four splits (N180), and three SPAD-based N-management treatments in which N was applied when the SPAD reading of the youngest fully extended leaf was less than or equaled 35 (NSPAD35), 38 (NSPAD38), and 41 (NSPAD41). In 2005, NSPAD32 was tested instead of NSPAD41. A good correlation between leaf N content per unit leaf area and the SPAD reading was observed for all water treatments, suggesting that the SPAD reading can be used to estimate leaf N of rice grown under AWD in a way similar to that under CF. SPAD readings and leaf color chart (LCC) values also showed a good correlation. There were no water × nitrogen interactive effects on rice yield, water input, water productivity, and N-use efficiency. Rice yield in AWD−10 was similar to those of CF; yields of other AWD treatments were significantly lower than those of CF. AWD−10 reduced irrigation water input by 20% and significantly increased water productivity compared with CF. The apparent nitrogen recovery and agronomic N-use efficiency (ANUE) of AWD−10 and AWD−20 were similar to those of CF. The ANUE of NSPAD38 and NSPAD35 was consistently higher than that of N180 in all water treatments. NSPAD38 consistently gave yield similar to that of N180 in all water treatments, while yield of NSPAD35 about 90% of that of CF. We conclude that a combination of AWD−10 and SPAD-based N management, using critical value 38, can save irrigation water and N fertilizer while maintaining high yield as in CF conditions with fixed time and rate of nitrogen application of 180 kg ha−1. Treatments AWD−20 and NSPAD35 may be accepted by farmers when water and N fertilizer are scarce and costly. The findings also suggested LCC can also be a practical tool for N-fertilizer management of rice grown under AWD, but this needs further field validation. 相似文献
14.
G. Levine 《Paddy and Water Environment》2007,5(4):279-284
The Lower Rio Grande Valley is a sub-tropical area with a productive irrigated agriculture, but with an over-committed single
water resource. It is experiencing a rapidly growing population that is placing increasing pressure on the water resource.
This, combined with expanding urban areas and land moving out of agriculture, has resulted in a vigorous water market, with
transfers from agriculture to municipal uses. For the US portion of the valley, transfers from agriculture to municipalities
are either short-term (usually 1 year) or permanent. Prices vary depending upon the location and timing, and result from negotiations
between the parties. Over time, and not without difficulty, the water market has been facilitated by appropriate enabling
legislation, water rights that have been validated judicially, and an efficient transfer mechanism that has a minimum of transaction
cost. Government involvement is primarily for protection of the public, and to facilitate the transfer process.
相似文献
| G. LevineEmail: |
15.
16.
Water markets as a mechanism for intersectoral water transfers: the Elqui Basin in Chile 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Robert R. Hearne 《Paddy and Water Environment》2007,5(4):223-227
The Elqui River in north-central Chile provides water for a medium-sized urban area and a small but thriving irrigated agriculture
sector. A number of factors combined to provide incentive for the municipal water company servicing the coastal urban area
to purchase water-use rights from irrigators in the early 1990s. This transfer was a well-recorded example of Chilean water
markets functioning as proponents had expected. And despite the elapsed time, and Chile’s favorable system of transferable
water-use rights, these trades remain among the very few recorded cases of intersectoral trading in the country. By purchasing
water rights this water supply company was able to reduce its cost of raw water provision. Economic analysis of this transfer
showed relatively modest economic gains from trade. Although, the value of water in municipal water supply is high, the value
of water to profitable farmers is also high. The construction of the Puclaro Dam on the Elqui River demonstrates that the
intersectoral water transfer that occurred in the early 1990s will not be the ultimate solution to the urban water supply
needs of this urban area. 相似文献
17.
Improving irrigation performance is a crucial issue for agriculture and irrigation development in the Lower Mekong River Basin
to secure food production for people’s livelihoods. Irrigation efficiency is the most important indicator to determine the
performance of an irrigation scheme. This study looks at water management practices and irrigation efficiency in three pilot
sites in the Lower Mekong River Basin: the Numhoum scheme in Laos, the Huay Luang scheme in Thailand, and the Komping Pouy
scheme in Cambodia. Irrigation efficiency and water productivity were analyzed using a water balance approach at the irrigation
scheme level and results in the pilot areas show efficiencies that are definitely higher using this approach than by using
the classical concept. Lower water productivity was observed at pilot schemes in areas of single cropping and higher productivity
in areas where multiple agricultural activities were practiced. Strict and active water management is required to control
and save water to meet agricultural demand and have sufficient water to expand cultivation areas while avoiding shortages.
Promoting multiple uses of water for various agricultural activities in command area will increase water productivity.
相似文献
| Hiroshi OkudairaEmail: |
18.
19.
为了阐明不同水分条件下氮、磷对不同基因型小麦的水分生理指标的作用及其变化趋势，试验逸用6个不同基因型的小麦进化材料，研究了拔节期各基因型小麦的叶片保水力、叶水势、叶片膜透性与气孔导度。结果表明，当土壤水分充足时，施肥会提高叶片保水力、叶水势，降低叶片膜透性，增加二倍体小走的气孔导度，而降低六倍体小走的气孔导度。在水分胁迫下，施肥会提高叶片保水力，降低叶水势、叶片膜透性和气孔导度；而且随小麦染色体倍性从2n→4n→6n的进化方向，小麦叶片保水力、叶水势、叶片膜透性均先降低，然后又升高。 相似文献
20.
The OECD has introduced a water pricing mechanism and listed eight categories gleaned from experience in OECD countries. However, in the Asian humid tropics, it is too early to apply water pricing because there is seldom a concept of water right, or practical organization of water management. In almost all irrigation projects in Japan, area charge has been applied, and collected fees have recovered entire operation and maintenance costs. Although effective volumetric charge is employed in several regions in Japan, most farmers pay area-based annual charges at several times of the year via Land Improvement Districts. In the Asian humid tropics, it is important to facilitate the establishment of sound management organizations of irrigation water before introducing a strict water pricing mechanism to levy the charge. 相似文献