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2012年玉米大斑病重发原因和控制对策 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
玉米大斑病是由真菌引起的世界性玉米病害,常给生产造成严重损失。2012年玉米大斑病在东北、华北地区大流行,本文归纳了玉米大斑病全国发生概况、区域分布和各地病情。总结了2012年玉米大斑病发病时间早,流行速度快,品种间和地区间发病程度差异大等发生特点,分析了适宜天气条件、主栽品种不抗病、栽培管理措施不合理是导致大斑病重发的主要原因。并针对性地提出了重视玉米病害的预测预报、推荐种植抗病品种、加强病害综合防治的对策建议,旨在对今后进一步做好玉米大斑病测报工作,指导玉米病害防治、有效控制其危害、保障玉米生产有所裨益。 相似文献
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玉米是咸宁市主要粮食作物之一,主要病害有大斑病、小斑病、纹枯病、丝黑穗病、黑粉病等。笔者介绍玉米主要病害在田间的发生规律和防治技术,以供生产上参考。 相似文献
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不同玉米自交系对小斑病和灰斑病的抗性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
玉米小斑病和灰斑病是我国玉米主产区的重要叶部病害.这两种病害都喜温暖、潮湿的环境,且主要在玉米抽雄后发生.其中灰斑病自1991年在辽宁丹东、庄河大发生后,目前已蔓延到全国各玉米产区.由于目前缺少抗灰斑病的杂交种,其为害有逐渐加重的趋势.对于小斑病,20世纪60年代,由于大面积推广感病杂交种,小斑病的为害日趋严重:70年代后,随着抗病品种的推广,小斑病的发生和为害基本得到了控制.但由于抗病性品种的大面积单一化种植和全球的气候变暖,玉米小斑病在我国的发生也有逐渐加重的趋势.鉴于其对玉米生产的潜在威胁,笔者对10个玉米自交系进行了小斑病和灰斑病的抗性分析,以期明确不同玉米自交系的抗性差异,为抗病育种工作提供理论依据. 相似文献
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玉米丝黑穗病是以土壤传病为主、在苗期侵入的系统侵染性病害,是玉米生产上的主要病害之一。介绍玉米丝黑穗病在田间的发生症状与防治方法,以减轻病害对玉米造成的损失,达到农业增产、农民增收的目的。 相似文献
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玉米是湄潭县种植面积居第2位的主要粮食作物,常年种植面积1万hm2,总产量3.68万t左右.由于20世纪80年代杂交玉米的全面推广普及和农户氮肥施用量的不断增加,全县玉米病害发生了变化:20世纪80年代前的主要病害大、小斑病已下降为次要病害,而玉米纹枯病、茎腐病、弯孢霉菌叶斑病等则上升为主要病害.为保障玉米产量持续稳定增长,减少化学农药施用量,适应无公害粮食生产和保护环境的需要,于2004年作了增施钾肥和锌肥控制玉米病害的试验研究,结果如下: 相似文献
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正玉米是五峰土家族自治县主要的粮食作物,在生产过程中常受到多种病害的危害,病害一旦发生就呈规模化发展的态势。近几年来,随着农业生产水平的提高、品种的更换、耕作制度的改变,病害的发生和危害呈加重趋势,病害的入侵,给五峰土家族自治县玉米生产造成巨大威胁,在病害流行的年份,可因病减产10%~30%,发病严重的可达50%以上。因此,掌握玉米病害的危害症状,做好玉米病害防治工作尤为重要,做到早 相似文献
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新疆奇台县近42a气候变化特征分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
根据新疆奇台县气象站的气温及降水资料,利用线性趋势函数及M ann-kendall突变检测法分析了该地区近42年的气候变化。结果表明:年平均气温与极端最低气温均呈上升趋势,而极端最高气温呈下降趋势;年降水量呈上升趋势。从季节变化来看,除夏季平均气温呈下降趋势,其它各季平均气温均呈上升趋势,其中以冬季增幅最大,秋季次之;各季降水均呈上升趋势,其中以夏季增幅最大,冬季次之。年平均气温未发生突变,而年降水量在1984年发生由少向多的突变。对气温和降水的异常分析得出,暖温年多发生在上世纪80年代后,冷温年多发生在上世纪60、70年代;多雨年主要在近20年,少雨年则多在上世纪60、70年代。此外,该县近42 a来增暖幅度小于全疆和北疆;增湿幅度大于全疆,小于北疆。 相似文献
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综述了我国苜蓿主要病害的分布和危害、病原学、发生规律、抗性种质材料的遗传筛选和鉴定及综合防治等方面的主要研究进展,并提出了今后的研究方向和发展目标。 相似文献
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Cees Waalwijk Pieter Kastelein Ineke de Vries Zoltan Kerényi Theo van der Lee Thamara Hesselink Jürgen Köhl Gert Kema 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):743-754
The re-emergence of fusarium head blight throughout the world and especially in Western Europe prompted a survey of the situation in the Netherlands. To allow for a high throughput screening of large numbers of samples, a diagnostic PCR method was developed to detect the most common species of Fusarium occurring on wheat. Seven primer pairs were tested for their ability to identify isolates of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. proliferatum and Microdochium nivale var. majus and M. nivale var. nivale. Each primer pair only generated a PCR product with the corresponding Fusarium species and all PCR fragments had different molecular sizes. This allowed the generation of these amplicons using a mixture of all seven primer pairs. The robustness of this multiplex PCR encouraged us to screen a large series of isolates collected in 2000 and 2001. In both years 40 fields were sampled leading to a collection of 209 isolates from 2000 and 145 isolates from 2001. The results of the multiplex PCR demonstrated that F. graminearum was the most abundant species in the Fusarium complex on wheat in both years. This is in sharp contrast to reports from the 1980s and early 1990s, which found F. culmorum as the predominant species. Primers derived from the tri7 and tri13 genes, which are implicated in the acetylation and oxygenation of the C-4 atom of the backbone of the trichothecene molecule, were used to discriminate between deoxynivalenol and nivalenol (NIV) producers. The populations of F. culmorum and F. graminearum both showed a slight increase in NIV-producers in 2001. 相似文献
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弹状病毒含有单链负义RNA基因组,寄主范围比较广泛,能侵染无脊椎动物、脊椎动物以及植物等寄主,对人类的健康、农作物产量和自然生态系统造成严重威胁。植物弹状病毒主要根据复制场所分为细胞质弹状病毒属Cytorhabdovirus和细胞核弹状病毒属Nucleorhabdovirus,其基因组由单股负链RNA组成。此外,Dichorhavirus和Varicosavirus病毒属是两个新鉴定的植物弹状病毒属,其特征是具有二分体基因组。本文着重介绍危害我国农作物的几类植物弹状病毒,对它们的病理学、病害流行、基因组信息以及传播媒介进行概述,为中国植物弹状病毒病害的研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Variation in pesticide residues in space and time has not been investigated systematically in spite of the large variability found at single scales (e.g. between trees or orchards). Information on variability at different scales will support the development of sampling methods and more reliable prediction of residues. Experiments were conducted to quantify the spatiotemporal variability in initial spray deposit on apple leaves and fruit using a substitute tracer (zinc EDTA chelate). Five hierarchical spatial scales were defined as (1) between orchards, (2) between plots within an orchard, (3) between trees within a plot, (4) between zones within a tree and (5) between leaves/fruit within a zone. Similarly, two temporal scales were defined as (1) between applications within a single year and (2) between years. The initial zinc concentration was approximately log-normally distributed; the variability in initial deposit concentration was greater on leaves than on fruit. The average initial zinc deposition was significantly greater in the top and outside zones than in the middle zones within individual trees. The most important scale for driving residue variability is the within-zone unit-to-unit variation, contributing to 71 and 49% of the observed variability for leaf and fruit samples respectively. Variability at other scales was related to the variation in the tree architecture. The results indicated that stratified sampling on the basis of within-tree zone structures, with the effort focused on within-zone sampling, should be used for the determination of pesticide residues. 相似文献