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1.
LINDHOLM, A., H.-E. JOHANSSON & P. KJÆRSGAARD: Acute rhabdomyolysis (“tying-up”) in standardbred horses. A morphological and biochemical study. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 325–339. — Morphological, biochemical and histochemical changes were studied in muscle needle biopsy specimens (gluteus medius) from 59 standardbred trotters with acute clinical symptoms of the “tying-up” disease. All horses had increased levels of serum enzymes SGOT and SCPK. The biopsy specimens were taken at various intervals after onset of clinical symptoms (1–4 hrs., 18–24 hrs. and 2–20 days). Ry light microscopy it was shown that the muscular alterations had a focal distribution and were of the hyalin degeneration type with insignificant inflammatory reaction and slight calcification. The ultrastructural changes apparently commenced with myofibrillar waving, mitochondrial and sarcotubular alterations and terminated with myofibrillar degeneration and necrosis with invasion of inflammatory cells. The inflammatory cells were ultrastructurally similar to monocytes and macrophages. The degenerative changes mainly comprised fast twitch (FT and FTH) fibres as histochemically evidenced by myofibrillar ATPase and alkaline phosphatase staining.Riopsies from diseased muscle 1–4 hrs. after the onset of “tyingup” contained a low muscle concentration of glycogen, ATP and CP and a high concentration of lactate and glucose. Hence it is suggested that the described muscular alterations may be caused by a deranged carbohydrate metabolism caused by a local hypoxia.It was found that the “tying-up” disease resembled idiopathic rhabdomyolysis in man and was thus designated “equine rhabdomyolysis”.histochemistry; horse; rhabdomyolysis; skeletal muscle; “tying-up”; ultrastructure.  相似文献   

2.
LINDHOLM, ARNE and BENGT SALTIN: The physiological and biochemical response of standardbred horses to exercise of varying speed and duration. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 310–324. — Welltrained standardbred horses were studied to examine the metabolic response to excercise of various speeds and duration. Comparisons between interval (400, 700, 1,000 and 2,000 m) and continuous trotting (1 hr., 2 hrs.) and racing were made.Muscle and rectal temperatures were recorded before and immediately after each work bout. Heart rate was linearly related to trotting speed, and maximal heart rate (240 beats × min.−1) was achieved when trotting at least 700 m at close to maximal speed (12.0–12.5 m×sec.−1).Biopsy specimens from the gluteus medius muscle and venous blood were obtained before and after each work bout.Muscle and blood lactate values were markedly increased first at speeds close to maximal speed (11.4–12.5 m×sec.−1). Trotting 6×700 m at 12.5 m×sec.−1 produced as high muscle and blood lactate values as 23.7 and 19.0 mmol×kg−1 wet weight and l−1, respectively. Corresponding values after a race were about 15 mmol×kg−1 (muscle) and l−1 (blood).Glycogen utilization was related to work intensity and was most pronounced during the first work bouts. At a speed of 12 m×sec.−1 and trotting 2000 m, there was a glycogen utilization of near 12 mmol glucose units × kg−1 × min.−1 wet muscle.It is concluded that interval training over a distance of 700–1000 m repeated 4–6 times with a trotting speed close to maximal speed (11.4–12.5 m×sec.−1) appears to be optimal.ATP; CP; blood lactate; glycogen utilization; heart rate; horse skeletal muscle; muscle lactate; racing training.  相似文献   

3.
We hypothesize that high intensity training for Thoroughbred horses that have been subjected to conventional training could further improve the metabolic properties of the middle gluteal muscle. Nine well-trained horses were subjected to high intensity (80-100% Vdot;O(2)max, 5 minx2) training for 12 weeks. Biopsy samples were obtained from the muscle before and after 4 and 12 weeks of training. Three of the 9 horses did not complete the training programme. In the remaining 6 horses, activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), and the composition of myosin heavy chain isoforms were analyzed by biochemical techniques. After 12 weeks of training, a significant increase was found in PFK activity but not in the SDH and HAD activities. There were no significant changes in the composition of myosin heavy chain isoforms. The high intensity training in this study was effective at increasing glycolytic enzyme activity, indicating the possibility to improve anaerobic capacity, which potentially could contribute greatly to performance in Thoroughbred horses. This study also highlighted a fact that high intensity training should be given with the great care to prevent the skeletal muscle injuries.  相似文献   

4.
The location of carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) in frozen sections of biopsies of Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle was studied. Fibre types were determined by ATP-ase and succinate dehydrogenase staining. CA-III isozyme was detected using a peroxidase conjugated anti-CA-III antibody. CA-III was found to be localised in slow twitch oxidative fibres (ST), but was also present in fast twitch oxidative (FTH) fibres in small amounts. Fast twitch glycolytic (FT) fibres were stained lightly compared with control sections. The concentrations of CA-III in muscle and liver were 70 micrograms/mg protein and 4 micrograms/mg protein, respectively. CA-I and CA-II were not found in muscle extracts by the double immunodiffusion method.  相似文献   

5.

Background

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis occurs in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids has not been investigated in horses.

Objective

To determine if glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in horses can be measured using flow cytometry, and to use this information to evaluate HPA axis dynamics.

Animals

Eleven healthy adult horses in parts 1 and 2. Ten horses with SIRS and 10 age and sex matched controls in part 3.

Methods

Flow cytometry was used to evaluate GR density and binding affinity (BA) in 3 healthy horses in part 1. In part 2, exogenous ACTH was administered to eight healthy horses. Their cortisol response and GR properties were measured. In part 3, CBC, serum biochemistry, cortisol and ACTH, and GR properties were compared between controls without SIRS (n = 10) and horses with SIRS (n = 10), and between survivors and nonsurvivors (n = 4 and n = 6 respectively).

Results

Flow cytometry can be used to measure GR properties in equine PBMCs. No correlation was observed between plasma cortisol concentration and GR density or BA in healthy horses (r = −0.145, P = .428 and r = 0.046, P = .802 respectively). Nonsurvivors with SIRS had significantly decreased GR BA (P = .008). Horses with triglyceride concentration > 28.5 mg/dL had increased odds of nonsurvival (OR=117; 95% CI, 1.94–7,060). GR BA <35.79% was associated with nonsurvival (OR = 30.33; 95% CI, 0.96–960.5).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Tissue resistance to glucocorticoids contributes to HPA axis dysfunction in adult horses with SIRS. These horses might benefit from treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids.  相似文献   

6.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Most racehorses are trained regularly from about age 18 months; therefore, little information is available on the effect of training in Thoroughbred foals. HYPOTHESIS: Well-controlled exercise could improve muscle potential ability for endurance running. METHODS: Thoroughbred foals at age 2 months were separated into control and training (treadmill exercise) groups and samples obtained from the middle gluteal muscle at 2 and 12 months post partum. Muscle fibre compositions were determined by histochemical and electrophoretical techniques and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was analysed in each fibre type. RESULTS: All fibre types were hypertrophied with growth and type I and IIA fibres were significantly larger in the training than the control group at age 12 months. A significant increase of SDH activity was found in type IIX muscle fibres in the training group. CONCLUSIONS: Training in young Thoroughbred horses can facilitate muscle fibre hypertrophy and increase the oxidative capacity of type IIX fibres, which could potentially enhance stamina at high speeds. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: To apply this result to practical training, further studies are needed to determine more effective and safe intensities of controlled exercise.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the accuracy of the Perkins handheld applanation tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses and cattle. Both eyes of 10 adult horses and cattle were evaluated in a postmortem study. The eyes from 10 clinically normal adult horses and cattle were also examined after bilateral auriculopalpebral nerve block and topical anesthesia for an in vivo study. IOP was measured postmortem using direct manometry (measured with an aneroid manometer) and tonometry (measured with a Perkins handheld applanation tonometer). The correlation coefficients (r2) for the data from the postmortem manometry and Perkins tonometer study were 0.866 for horses and 0.864 for cattle. In the in vivo study, IOP in horses was 25.1 ± 2.9 mmHg (range 19.0~30.0 mmHg) as measured by manometry and 23.4 ± 3.2 mmHg (range 18.6~28.4 mmHg) according to tonometry. In cattle, IOP was found to be 19.7 ± 1.2 mmHg (range 18.0~22.0 mmHg) by manometry and 18.8 ± 1.7 mmHg (range 15.9~20.8 mmHg) by tonometry. There was a strong correlation between the IOP values obtained by direct ocular manometry and the tonometer in both horses and cattle. Our results demonstrate that the Perkins handheld tonometer could be an additional tool for accurately measuring IOP in equine and bovine eyes.  相似文献   

8.
Reasons for performing study: The trotting speed of Norwegian‐Swedish Coldblooded Trotters (NSCTs) is, although inferior to Standardbred speeds, gradually increasing. This development is mainly attributed to breeding progresses. Characteristics of the middle gluteal muscle have recently been described in a small number of these horses but the actual spread in muscle parameters within the population is unknown. Objectives: To describe the characteristics of the middle gluteal muscle and their naturally occurring variability in young NSCT horses and investigate possible association with body size, individual breeding index and early training. Methods: Biopsies of the middle gluteal muscle of 144 NSCT horses born in 2005 were collected at age 17–24 months. The horses were randomly selected by stratified sampling with gender and paternal progeny as stratification factors. The muscle samples were analysed for fibre type composition, fibre type areas, capillary supply and the activity of the key metabolic enzymes citrate synthase, 3‐OH‐acyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. Correlation analysis including muscle parameters and body size, individual breeding index and early training was performed. Results: Large interindividual differences were identified in muscle characteristics. Male horses had higher percentages of type IIA fibres and lower percentages of type IIX fibres than age‐matched females. Fibre type areas followed the order type IIX>IIAX>IIA>I, while the capillary supply per fibre type area increased in the opposite order. No gender‐related differences were found in fibre type areas or capillary supply. Height was correlated to the relative area of type I fibres. Early training was associated with increased oxidative capacity and increased percentage of type IIA fibres. The lowest breeding index was found in untrained horses. Conclusions: Muscle characteristics differ among young NSCT horses, but the innate oxidative capacity seems to be lower than in Standardbreds of comparable age. Early training may influence on these parameters.  相似文献   

9.

Background

The identification of serum biomarkers of lung inflammation would facilitate the diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses.

Hypothesis

Horses with IAD have higher serum concentrations of markers of inflammation compared to controls.

Animals

Twelve horses with IAD and 10 control horses.

Methods

This was a prospective case–control study. Blood and BALF were collected from horses with IAD and controls. Serum concentration of surfactant protein D (SP‐D), haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and of the soluble form of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM‐1) was measured using commercial ELISA tests.

Results

Horses with IAD had higher serum concentration (log‐transformed values) of SP‐D (mean ± SD: 1.773 ± 0.51), haptoglobin (6.657 ± 0.202) and SAA (0.128 ± 0.396) compared to controls (0.942 ± 0.226, 6.38 ± 0.22, −0.398 ± 0.319, respectively; P < .01 for all). Furthermore, the concentrations of SP‐D and haptoglobin combined allowed differentiating the 2 groups (IAD: 8.43 ± 0.564, controls: 7.322 ± 0.249, P < .0001) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% when a cut‐off of 7.70 (log value) was employed.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Surfactant protein D and haptoglobin serum concentrations could be a diagnostic aid in IAD. Further studies are necessary to establish the specificity of our findings before they can be applied in everyday practice.  相似文献   

10.

Background

Rapid determination of blood electrolyte concentrations can help determine electrolyte status and delivery of effective volume of electrolyte solutions in field conditions.

Objective

To evaluate reliability of the i‐STAT, a point‐of‐care (POC) device, in measuring blood K+, Na+, and CI − concentrations in cattle.

Animals

Ninety‐eight cattle with various diseases.

Methods

In this prospective study, blood samples collected from the jugular vein were processed for determination of K+, Na+, and CI − concentrations in blood and plasma using the i‐STAT and auto‐analyzer (Cobas C501), respectively. Blood and plasma electrolyte data were subjected to student t‐test for comparison, the concordance analysis for agreement, accuracy, and precision, the Passing‐Bablok regression and the Bland‐Altman plot for reliability, and receiver operating characteristics curves for sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp).

Results

Plasma concentrations of K+ (4.39 versus 4.2 mmol/L; P < .0001) and CI − (100.30 versus 99.4 mmol/L; P < .04) were greater than their concentrations in blood. Plasma and blood Na+ concentrations were similar (136.95 versus 136.8 mmol/L). The i‐STAT results were highly correlated with the Cobas C501 results (r = 0.970, 0.922, and 0.866 for K+, Na+, and CI −, respectively). Regression equations fitting blood (Y) and plasma (X) concentration did not deviate from the identity line for K+ (Y = −0.10 + 0.98 × X), Na+ (Y = X), and CI − (Y = 3.04 + 0.96 × X). The mean bias (blood concentration ‐ plasma concentration) was −0.20 for K+ (P = .03), −0.16 for Na+ (P = .12), and −0.87 for CI − (P = .93). The i‐STAT had 76–100% Se and 87.7–100% Sp for assessing electrolyte statuses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The i‐STAT yielded results that were in agreement with the auto‐analyzer, with negligible biases in measurement of plasma K+, Na+, and CI − concentrations. The i‐STAT is a reliable POC device and can be used in field condition to assess electrolyte status in cattle.  相似文献   

11.
A total of 43 horses were used for the study of the pharyngeal bacterial flora. The median value of the number of bacteria in the group of 19 normal horses was 3.8 × 104 cfu/g of secretions. This value was 6.4 × 104cfu/g in horses with grade I pharyngitis, 1.3 × 105 cfu/g in horses with grade II pharyngitis and 3.5 × 106 cfu/g in horses affected with grades III and IV pharyngitis. Corynebacterium spp, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Nocardia spp, Moraxella spp and Enterobacter spp were the most frequently encountered bacteria in the normal animals as well as in horses affected with pharyngitis of grades I or II. Moraxella spp were isolated in 87.5% of the horses with pharyngitis of grades III and IV, followed by Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Enterobacter spp. No fastidious bacteria, nor strict anaerobes were isolated from any of the 43 horses. None of the microorganisms were found in 100% of the animals and the majority of the isolates were opportunistic bacteria. These results demonstrate that the isolation of Moraxella spp and S. zooepidemicus in large numbers is frequent in horses with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia grades III and IV. Fungi were isolated in small numbers from two or three horses in each group.  相似文献   

12.

Background

There are no studies evaluating a large population of adult horses treated for botulism. Reported survival rates in outbreak situations are low; however, many horses in outbreaks do not receive treatment.

Hypothesis/Objectives

That adult horses treated at a veterinary hospital would have improved survival compared to outbreak situations. Additional aims included identification of predictors of nonsurvival.

Animals

All horses greater than 6 months of age with a final diagnosis of botulism admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital between 1989 and 2013 were included.

Methods

Retrospective study. Historical, admission, and hospitalization data were retrieved from medical records and associations between variables and nonsurvival were identified using logistic regression. Two multivariable models were developed pertaining to (1) information available at admission and (2) clinical findings during hospitalization.

Results

Ninety‐two records met inclusion criteria. Retained variables for the two models indicated that higher rectal temperature (OR, 1.94; CI, 1.19–3.17) and dysphagia (OR, 4.04; CI, 1.01–16.17) observed at admission increased the odds of survival, as did treatment with antitoxin (OR, 121.30; CI, 9.94–1,480.65). Horses with abnormal respiratory effort or inability to stand had decreased odds of survival. Overall survival was 48% but was significantly higher (67%, P = .011) for horses that arrived standing, and even higher (95%, P < .001) for horses that remained able to stand throughout hospitalization. Complications occurred in 62% of horses but were not associated with nonsurvival.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Horses that lose the ability to stand have a poor chance of survival. Complications are common in treated horses but do not reduce survival.  相似文献   

13.

Background

Although atrial fibrillation (AF) can be successfully treated in horses, recurrence occurs frequently. In humans, atrial function after cardioversion can predict recurrence.

Objectives

To examine the prognostic value of atrial mechanical function at 24 hours after cardioversion and other potential predictor variables for AF recurrence in horses.

Animals

117 horses treated for AF at 4 referral centers.

Methods

Retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were successful cardioversion, echocardiography at 24 hours after cardioversion and ≥4 months follow‐up. To determine factors associated with AF recurrence, a multivariable survival model was built.

Results

133 AF episodes in 117 horses were included. AF recurred in 36/100 horses with a first AF episode and in 57/133 AF episodes overall. Factors associated with recurrence in horses with a first episode were previous unsuccessful treatment attempt (hazard ratio HR 2.36, 95% confidence interval CI 1.11–4.99, P = .025) and mild or moderate mitral regurgitation (HR 2.70, 95% CI 1.23–5.91, P = .013). When the last AF episode of all horses was included, previous AF (HR 2.53, 1.33–4.82, P = .005) and active left atrial fractional area change ≤9.6% (HR 3.43, 1.22–9.67, P = .020) were significant predictors.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The only echocardiographic variable of left atrial function with significant prognostic value for recurrence was low active left atrial fractional area change. Further research is necessary to evaluate whether echocardiography at a later timepoint could provide more prognostic information.  相似文献   

14.

Background

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an accurate and precise biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans and cats. Serum creatinine (sCr) also correlates with GFR, but has limitations as a biomarker of renal function because nonrenal factors can influence its concentration.

Hypothesis

Differences in lean body mass (LBM) influence sCr, but not serum SDMA concentrations.

Animals

Forty‐one healthy Beagles, mean age 9.9 years (range: 3.1–14.8 years), were studied over a 6 month period.

Methods

Serum biomarkers of renal function were measured prospectively at baseline, and 1, 3, and 6 months. SDMA concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy and sCr concentrations by enzymatic colorimetry. Body composition was determined by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

LBM (P < .001) and age (P = .006) were significant explanatory variables for sCr concentration (R 2  = 0.38), but not SDMA concentration. Time on food was the only significant explanatory variable for SDMA concentration (R 2  = 0.49). SDMA concentrations decreased across time (P < .001). LBM was affected by sex (males > females; P = .02). Mature adult dogs (<8 years) had greater LBM compared with geriatric dogs (≥8 years; P < .001).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

sCr concentrations, but not SDMA concentrations, are influenced by LBM, which limits sCr utility as a biomarker for monitoring renal function in dogs with decreased LBM. Reductions in LBM can lower sCr concentration and overestimate GFR. SDMA concentrations, but not sCr concentrations were influenced by time on food. SDMA could have clinical advantages over sCr in monitoring response to nutritional interventions.  相似文献   

15.

Background

The study was prompted by a perceived high prevalence of myelographic complications varying in severity and type, and attributed to the contrast material or the procedure.

Hypotheses

1. Any adverse reaction (AAR) is associated with a change in CSF volume induced either by removal of CSF or addition of contrast material. 2. AAR occurs more frequently in horses with higher premyelography neurologic grade. 3. Nonspecific hyperthermia is attenuated by anti‐inflammatory and osmotic agents.

Animals

Horses (n = 278) that underwent myelography between 2000 and 2012 at 5 institutions: A (87), B (68), C (65), D (46), and E (12).

Methods

Multi‐institutional, retrospective, observational cross‐sectional study.

Results

AAR were observed in 95/278 (34%) horses, were associated with longer general anesthesia time (P = .04) and higher contrast‐medium volume (P = .04); euthanasia because of AAR was performed in 5/278 (2%) horses. Adverse neurologic reactions were the most common type of complication observed occurring in 15/278 (5%) and 42/235 (18%) of horses in the intra‐ and postmyelography periods. A relationship between AAR and premyelography neurologic grade was not identified (P = .31). Nonspecific hyperthermia was observed in 25/235 (11%) horses; no relationship was observed with administration of anti‐inflammatory drugs and osmotic agents (P = .30).

Conclusions and clinical importance

The category of AAR occurred in one‐third of the horses generally was mild and self‐limiting. These reactions were associated with increased contrast‐medium volume and longer anesthesia time; but, no specific procedural recommendations could be made because of small odds ratios (OR) of <2 for each 1 mL increase in contrast material and for each 1 minute of additional anesthesia time.  相似文献   

16.
To determine the behavioral and antinociceptive effects of narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics administered by intravenous injection in horses, 10 thoroughbred mares weighing between 450 and 550 kg and ranging in age from 8 to 13 years old were analyzed. The effects of alfentanil, butorphanol, flunixin, and saline solution on the general activity of the horses were investigated by measuring spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) and head height (HH) in two behavior stalls. The antinociceptive effects of alfentanil (0.02 mg kg−1), butorphanol (0.1 mg kg−1), flunixin meglumine (0.5 mg kg−1), and saline were determined by measuring skin twitch reflex latency (STRL) after thermal cutaneous nociceptive stimulation. A paired Student t-test was used to compare SLA and HH between the groups of horses receiving different doses of the same drug at various time points. The Tukey test was used to compare the antinociceptive effect of the treatments. Differences were considered significant when P value was <.05. Horses treated with opioid analgesics demonstrated excitation, as shown by a significant increase in SLA at all doses tested and by neighing and demonstrating attentive attitudes with movement of the ears, stereotypical walking, and ataxia in most of the animals. HH was elevated only in animals treated with alfentanil. Antinociception was observed at 5 and 30 minutes after administration of alfentanil and butorphanol, respectively. Increased SLA was observed at 30 and 90 minutes after administration of alfentanil and butorphanol, respectively. We observed no effect on antinociception in horses given flunixin. In conclusion, this study suggests that alfentanil has a faster onset and a shorter duration than butorphanol; however, both drugs are able to stimulate the central nervous system.  相似文献   

17.
The gluteus medius of two killed Thoroughbred horses were sampled along the muscle and across the muscle at four different depths. The distribution of fibre types in these two horses was assessed by staining cross sections of the muscle sample for ATPase. A non-uniform distribution of fibre types was found within the gluteus medius in both horses and there was a significant increase in percentage of slow twitch (ST) fibres from the surface to the deeper regions of the muscle. The rate of increase, however, depended on the individual site along the muscle. Averages ranges from a low of 2.4 per cent ST fibres to a high of 64.5 per cent. This study shows that small biopsy samples of fibres are not necessarily representative of the whole muscle and that there is a need in subsequent studies to define precisely biopsy location.  相似文献   

18.

Background

Different cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays give different results. Only 1 manufacturer has marketed troponin T (cTnT) assays. Therefore, cTnT often is preferred for detection of myocardial infarction in human patients. Studies of cTnT in horses are limited.

Objectives

To compare a cTnI and a high‐sensitive cTnT assay (hs‐cTnT) in horses.

Animals

Cardiac troponin I and cTnT were determined in 35 healthy horses (group 1), 23 horses suspected to have primary myocardial damage (group 2a), and 41 horses with secondary myocardial damage caused by structural heart disease (group 2b).

Methods

All cTnI samples were analyzed at laboratory A (limit of detection [LOD]: 0.03 ng/mL), whereas cTnT samples were analyzed at 2 laboratories with the same hs‐cTnT assay (laboratory B, LOD: 10.0 pg/mL; laboratory C, LOD: 4.0 pg/mL).

Results

The median cTnI concentration in group 2a (0.90 ng/mL; range, 0.03–58.27 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < .001) than in group 1 (0.03 ng/mL; range, 0.03–0.09 ng/mL) or group 2b (0.05 ng/mL; range, 0.03–30.92 ng/mL), and the optimal cut‐off for detection of primary myocardial damage was 0.095 ng/mL (sensitivity: 90.5%, specificity: 100%). Using an LOD of 10.0 pg/mL for all cTnT samples, a cut‐off value of 10.5 pg/mL was found, but sensitivity was low (42.9%). When only samples analyzed at laboratory C (n = 58) were included, a cut‐off of 6.6 pg/mL was found (sensitivity: 81%, specificity: 100%).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Despite large quantitative differences, cTnI and cTnT are both useful for detection of myocardial damage in horses.  相似文献   

19.
This study evaluated the effect of multi-carbohydrase (MC) on energy and nitrogen (N) balance and gene expression in broilers fed diets with different crude protein (CP) contents. The study employed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were presence or absence of MC, and standard (SCP) or low (LCP) dietary CP concentration. A 3-phase feeding program was used, including starter (0 to 7 d), grower (8 to 17 d) and finisher (18 to 28 d) phases. The study was undertaken in closed calorimetry chambers. Each of the 4 dietary treatments was replicated 8 times in total across 2 runs, with 2 birds per replicate (n = 64). Data for energy partitioning and N balance were collected from d 25 to 28. On d 28, birds were euthanized to collect muscle and intestinal tissue samples for gene expression. The results showed that the MC increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME, P < 0.01) and net energy (NE, P < 0.05), and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.01) in all diets. The proportion of energy retained as fat per total energy retention (REf/RE) was positively correlated with feed AME and NE (r = 0.541, P < 0.01 and r = 0.665, P < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that feed energy augmented with increased fat gain. Muscle ATP synthase subunit alpha (ATP5A1W) gene expression had a positive correlation with REf/RE and feed NE (r = 0.587, P < 0.001 and r = 0.430, P < 0.05, respectively). Similarly, muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1A) expression was negatively correlated with weight gain and positively correlated with FCR (r = −0.451, P < 0.05 and r = 0.359, P < 0.05, respectively). These correlations show that over-expressions of muscle genes related to energy production reduce bird performance. This study demonstrated that MC increase dietary energy utilization, regardless of dietary CP concentration. However, the energy released by the enzymes increases feed energy-to-CP ratio, meaning there is excess energy that is then deposited as body fat. This suggests that supplemental MC in broiler feeds is beneficial if diets are formulated to contain marginal energy levels.  相似文献   

20.

Background

Systemic inflammation is observed in horses with heaves and could also be present in horses with a lesser degree of pulmonary inflammation.

Hypothesis/Objectives

It was hypothesized that racehorses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD) have increased concentration of circulating acute phase proteins. The objective of this study was to compare serum acute phase proteins of racehorses with and without lower airway inflammation.

Animals

Serum from 21 client‐owned Standardbred racehorses with exercise intolerance and lower airway inflammation and serum from 10 client‐owned Standardbred racehorses with exercise intolerance without lower airway inflammation.

Methods

In a case–control study, serum samples from previously characterized horses presented for exercise intolerance with or without lower airway inflammation based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology were analyzed for serum amyloid A protein (SAA), C‐reactive protein (CRP), and haptoglobin using commercial ELISAs.

Results

There was no significant differences between groups for SAA (non‐IAD versus IAD, median (range): 3.47 (0.06–34.94) versus 6.33 (0.06–80) μg/mL, P = .49), CRP (10.87 (2.05–29.03) versus 4.63 (0.02–31.81) μg/mL, P = .23) or haptoglobin (900.36 (607.99–2018.84) versus 749.54 (530.81–1076.95) μg/mL, P = .09).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In this population of poorly performing racehorses in training, serum SAA, CRP, and haptoglobin were not helpful in distinguishing between horses with IAD from horses with exercise intolerance from other causes.  相似文献   

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