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1.
The prophylactic antiemetic effect of 3 dosages of promethazine injected into cats 1 h before administration of xylazine was compared with that of a saline solution. Prior treatment with 2 and 4 mg/kg of promethazine significantly reduced the frequency of emetic episodes. Promethazine may be used as a prophylactic antiemetic in cats treated with xylazine.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sedative, analgesic, and cardiorespiratory effects of intramascular (IM) romifidine in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized experimental trial. ANIMALS: Ten healthy adult cats. METHODS: Romifidine (100, 200, and 400 microg kg(-1)) or xylazine (1 mg kg(-1)) was given IM in a cross-over study design. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), hemoglobin saturation, oscillometric arterial pressure, and scores for sedation, muscle relaxation, position, auditory response, and analgesia were determined before and after drug administration. Time to recumbency, duration of recumbency, and time to recover from sedation were determined. Subjective evaluation and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded before and at regular intervals for 60 minutes after drug administration. RESULTS: Bradycardia developed in all cats that were given romifidine or xylazine. No other significant differences in physiologic parameters were observed from baseline values or between treatments. Increasing the dose of romifidine did not result in increased sedation or muscle relaxation. Cats given xylazine showed higher sedation and muscle relaxation scores over time. Analgesia scores were significantly higher after administration of romifidine (400 microg kg(-1)) and xylazine (1 mg kg(-1)) than after romifidine at 100 or 200 microg kg(-1). Duration of lateral recumbency was not significantly different between treatments; however, cats took longer to recover after administration of 400 micro g kg(-1) romifidine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bradycardia is the most important adverse effect after IM administration of romifidine at doses ranging from 100 to 400 microg kg(-1) or 1 mg kg(-1) of xylazine in cats. The sedative effects of romifidine at 200 microg kg(-1) are comparable to those of 1 mg kg(-1) of xylazine, although muscle relaxation and analgesia were significantly less with romifidine than with xylazine.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol or ketamine in cats. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES: Cats were given dexmedetomidine alone (10 microg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], IM), a combination of dexmedetomidine (10 microg/kg, IM) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb], IM), or a combination of dexmedetomidine (10 microg/kg, IM) and ketamine (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], IM). Treatments were administered in random order, with > or = 1 week between treatments. Physiologic variables were assessed before and after drug administration. Time to lateral recumbency, duration of lateral recumbency, time to sternal recumbency, time to recovery from sedation, and subjective evaluation of sedation, muscle relaxation, and auditory response were assessed. RESULTS: Each treatment resulted in adequate sedation; time to lateral recumbency, duration of lateral recumbency, and time to recovery from sedation were similar among treatments. Time to sternal recumbency was significantly greater after administration of dexmedetomidine-ketamine. Heart rate decreased significantly after each treatment; however, the decrease was more pronounced after administration of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol, compared with that following the other treatments. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements decreased significantly from baseline with all treatments; 50 minutes after drug administration, mean blood pressure differed significantly from baseline only when cats received dexmedetomidine and butorphanol. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that in cats, administration of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol or ketamine resulted in more adequate sedation, without clinically important cardiovascular effects, than was achieved with dexmedetomidine alone.  相似文献   

4.
Cardiac performance was evaluated in 9 healthy cats sedated with xylazine. Each cat was evaluated echocardiographically before and after the administration of xylazine or xylazine and glycopyrrolate. Each cat was echocardiographically evaluated during manual restraint only (control value), after IM administration of 0.55 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, after IM administration of 2.2 mg of xylazine/kg, and after IM administration of 0.011 mg of glycopyrrolate/kg followed 10 minutes later by IM administration of 2.2 mg of xylazine/kg. Echocardiographic indices of cardiac performance (fractional shortening, left ventricular wall amplitude, aortic amplitude, mitral valve E point septal separation) indicated a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in the left ventricular function and heart rate after the small (0.55 mg/kg) and large (2.2 mg/kg) dosages of xylazine. With the administration of glycopyrrolate, the bradycardia was minimized, but cardiac performance was not improved. After administration of glycopyrrolate, cardiac performance decreased, but the decrease was not significant when compared with the ventricular performance of the cats after administration of the large dosage of xylazine. Compared with control values, the reduction in left ventricular function values associated with administration of xylazine or xylazine and glycopyrrolate was independent of the heart rate. Therefore, the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist xylazine has a marked depressive effect on cardiac performance in the cat, and premedication with glycopyrrolate may not completely alleviate the undesirable bradycardia, but may actually be detrimental to the cardiovascular system.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of intranasal administration of midazolam and xylazine (with or without ketamine) and detomidine and their specific antagonists in parakeets. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 17 healthy adult Ring-necked Parakeets (Psittacula krameri) of both sexes (mean weight, 128.83+/-10.46 g [0.28+/-0.02 lb]). PROCEDURE: The dose of each drug or ketamine-drug combination administered intranasally that resulted in adequate sedation (ie, unrestrained dorsal recumbency maintained for >or=5 minutes) was determined; the onset of action, duration of dorsal recumbency, and duration of sedation associated with these treatments were evaluated. The efficacy of the reversal agents flumazenil, yohimbine, and atipamezole was also evaluated. RESULTS: In parakeets, intranasal administration of midazolam (7.3 mg/kg [3.32 mg/lb]) or detomidine (12 mg/kg [5.45 mg/lb]) caused adequate sedation within 2.7 and 3.5 minutes, respectively. Combinations of midazolam (3.65 mg/kg [1.66 mg/lb]) and xylazine (10 mg/kg [4.55 mg/lb]) with ketamine (40 to 50 mg/kg [18.2 to 22.7 mg/lb]) also achieved adequate sedation. Compared with detomidine, duration of dorsal recumbency was significantly longer with midazolam. Intranasal administration of flumazenil (0.13 mg/kg [0.06 mg/lb]) significantly decreased midazolam-associated recumbency time. Compared with the xylazineketamine combination, duration of dorsal recumbency was longer after midazolam-ketamine administration. Intranasal administration of flumazenil, yohimbine, or atipamezole significantly decreased the duration of sedation induced by midazolam, xylazine, or detomidine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intranasal administration of sedative drugs appears to be an acceptable method of drug delivery in Ring-necked Parakeets. Reversal agents are also effective when administered via this route.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sedative effects of IM administration of a low dose of romifidine in dogs. ANIMALS: 13 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURE: Physiologic saline solution (0.2 ml), 0.1 % romifidine (10, 20, or 40 microg/kg), or 10% xylazine (1 mg/kg) was given IM in a crossover study design. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, hemoglobin saturation, and scores for sedation, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory response, and positioning response were recorded before and at regular intervals for up to 240 minutes after drug administration. RESULTS: Scores for sedation, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory response, and positioning response increased in a dose-dependent manner after romifidine administration. Sedation induced by the highest dose of romifidine (40 microg/kg) was comparable to that induced by xylazine (1 mg/kg). Heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature decreased in a dose-dependent manner after romifidine administration, but hemoglobin saturation did not change. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Romifidine (10, 20, or 40 microg/kg, IM) is an effective sedative in dogs, but causes a decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To compare effects of medetomidine and xylazine hydrochloride on results of cystometry and micturition reflexes in healthy dogs and results of urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) in sedated and conscious dogs. ANIMALS: 20 dogs. PROCEDURES: Urodynamic testing was performed 6 times in each dog (3 times after administration of xylazine [1 mg/kg of body weight, IV] and 3 times after administration of medetomidine (30 microg/kg, IM). Before each episode of sedation, UPP was performed. Heart and respiratory rates and indirect blood pressures were recorded prior to and 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after injection of sedative. Cystometry measurements included threshold volume, threshold pressure, and tonus limb. The UPP measurements included maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP), functional profile length, and, in male dogs, plateau pressure. RESULTS: Mean MUCP was decreased markedly in xylazine- and medetomidine-sedated dogs. Xylazine and medetomidine also decreased plateau pressure in male dogs. The MUCP measurements were consistent among days for conscious and xylazine-sedated dogs but were inconsistent for medetomidine-sedated female dogs. The proportion of valid cystometry measurements was greater for xylazine (39 of 60) than for medetomidine (27 of 60). Cystometry was considered invalid when bladder pressure reached 30 cm H2O without initiation of a micturition reflex. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine and xylazine have similar effects on measurement of UPP and cystometry. Medetomidine was less consistent among days for UPP in female dogs and produced fewer valid cystometry tests, compared with xylazine. For urodynamic evaluations, medetomidine administered IM cannot be substituted for xylazine administered IV.  相似文献   

8.
Although sedation is frequently used to facilitate patient compliance in feline echocardiography, the effects of sedative drugs on echocardiographic variables have been poorly documented. This study investigated the effects of two sedation protocols on echocardiographic indices in healthy cats, with special emphasis on the assessment of left atrial size and function, as well as left ventricular diastolic performance. Seven cats underwent echocardiography (transthoracic two-dimensional, spectral Doppler, color flow Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging) before and after sedation with both acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM) and butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM), or acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM), butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM) and ketamine (1.5 mg/kg IV). Heart rate increased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol/ketamine (mean ± SD of increase, 40 ± 26 beats/min) and non-invasive systolic blood pressure decreased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol (mean ± SD of decrease, 12 ± 19 mmHg). The majority of echocardiographic variables were not significantly different after sedation compared with baseline values. Both sedation protocols resulted in mildly decreased left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and mildly increased left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness. This study therefore failed to demonstrate clinically meaningful effects of these sedation protocols on echocardiographic measurements, suggesting that sedation with acepromazine, butorphanol and/or ketamine can be used to facilitate echocardiography in healthy cats.  相似文献   

9.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Although the efficacy of dexamethasone for the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) has been documented, the speed of onset of effect and duration of action are unknown, as is the efficacy of orally administered dexamethasone with or without fasting. OBJECTIVES: To document the time of onset of effect and duration of action of a dexamethasone solution i.v. or orally with and without fasting. METHODS: Protocol 1 used 8 RAO-affected horses with airway obstruction in a crossover design experiment that compared the effect of i.v. saline and dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg bwt) on pulmonary function over 4 h. Protocol 2 used 6 similar horses to compare, in a crossover design, the effects of dexamethasone i.v. (0.1 mg/kg bwt), dexamethasone per os (0.164 mg/kg bwt) with and without prior fasting, and dexamethasone per os (0.082 mg/kg) with fasting. RESULTS: Dexamethasone i.v. caused significant improvement in lung function within 2 h with a peak effect at 4-6 h. Dexamethasone per os was effective within 6 h with peak effect at 24 h at a dose of 0.164 mg/kg bwt prior to feeding. The duration of effect was, for all dexamethasone treatments, statistically significant for 30 h when compared to saline and tended to have a longer duration of effect when used orally. Dexamethasone per os at a dose of 0.164 mg/kg bwt to fed horses had mean effects comparable to dexamethasone at a dose of 0.082 mg/kg bwt per os given to fasted horses, indicating that feeding decreases bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS: Dexamethasone administered i.v. has a rapid onset of action in RAO-affected horses. Oral administration of a bioequivalent dose of the same solution to fasted horses is as effective as i.v. administration and tends to have longer duration of action. Fasting horses before oral administration of dexamethasone improves the efficacy of treatment. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Oral administration to fasted horses of a dexamethasone solution intended for i.v. use provides an effective treatment for RAO-affected animals.  相似文献   

10.
Evaluation of Three Midazolam-Xylazine Mixtures Preliminary Trials in Dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The depressant effects of midazolam and xylazine on the central nervous system (CNS) were evaluated in 12 dogs. Xylazine was administered to six dogs (1.1 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) followed in 5 minutes by midazolam (1.0 mg/kg intramuscularly [IM]). In a second group of six dogs, xylazine (2.2 mg/kg IM) was followed in 5 minutes by midazolam (1.0 mg/kg IV). Both drug regimens induced rapid and profound sedation or anesthesia. Duration of action varied with the doses and routes of administration. Dogs given the high dose of xylazine IM had an arousal time of 95.4 +/- 8.9 minutes and a walking time of 155.4 +/- 8.8 minutes. These values exceeded the IV xylazine values threefold. Partial reversal of CNS depression was accomplished with either a benzodiazepine antagonist (flumazenil) or an alpha-2 antagonist (yohimbine). In a separate trial, a mixture of xylazine (0.55 mg/kg), midazolam (1.0 mg/kg), and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg) with and without glycopyrrolate was evaluated in eight dogs. As with the xylazine-midazolam combinations, the CNS depressant effect of this mixture was clinically indistinguishable from anesthesia achieved with other rapid-acting injectable agents. Clinical signs of CNS depression were readily and completely antagonized by the simultaneous injection of flumazenil and yohimbine.  相似文献   

11.
The subcutaneous (SC) route is often chosen for drug administration in cats because it is easier to perform than intravenous (IV) injection and is perceived as less painful than intramuscular (IM) injection. However, little is known of how the route of administration influences the pharmacodynamics of drugs. This study measured the changes in skin temperature and thermal threshold (TT) and recorded the side-effects after SC injection of 0.1mg/kg of hydromorphone in six cats. Time to peak TT was 105min. Skin temperature was elevated at 15min and between 45 and 360min. Five cats vomited and two exhibited marked dysphoria. Compared to previously published studies of IV and IM administration of hydromorphone, the SC route results in a slower onset of peak effect, a shorter duration of antinociception and is associated with more undesirable side-effects. As with IV and IM injections, SC administration of hydromorphone at 0.1mg/kg is associated with a significant elevation in skin temperature. Overall, the SC route appears to have the least utility.  相似文献   

12.
Antagonism of xylazine sedation by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in cattle   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Twenty-four crossbred steers (4 groups of 6 steers each) were injected IM with a standard dosage range of xylazine hydrochloride (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg of body weight). When the steers were maximally sedated, group I (control group) were given isotonic saline solution (1 ml, IV), group II were given 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 0.3 mg/kg) IV, group III were given yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 mg/kg) IV, and group IV were given 4-AP (0.3 mg/kg) plus yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 mg/kg) IV. The 4-AP decreased mean standing time (MST; time until animal could stand unaided) from 94.3 minutes (control) to 13.4 minutes. Yohimbine decreased MST to 27 minutes. The combination of 4-AP + yohimbine decreased MST to 7.4 minutes. Mean total recovery time (MTRT; time from xylazine injection until normal behavior, including eating and drinking) was not significantly (P = greater than 0.05) decreased from control values by any of the antagonists tested. The combination of 4-AP + yohimbine decreased MST in animals given a 3X overdose of xylazine (0.6 mg/kg) from 124 minutes (control) to 30.3 min. The MTRT was not significantly (P greater than 0.05) decreased from control values. Two animals given a 5X overdose of xylazine (1 mg/kg) and then given 4-AP + yohimbine had a MST of 32.5 minutes and a MTRT of 3.7 hours. The combination of 4-AP + yohimbine produced marked antagonism of xylazine sedation in cattle. The combination of antagonists may prove to be useful for the arousal of animals sedated with xylazine alone or with a combination of sedatives including xylazine.  相似文献   

13.
Intramuscular injection of xylazine induced dose-dependent vomiting in cats (ED50 = 0.277 mg/kg); administration of standard dose of xylazine (2 mg/kg, 2 times the 100% emetic dose) induced vomiting in 100% of the cats studied. The xylazine-induced vomiting was antagonized by adrenoceptor antagonists possessing alpha 2-blocking activity, which were yohimbine, tolazoline, and phentolamine. Of these antagonists, yohimbine was the most effective; the maximal antagonistic effect was seen at 1 mg of yohimbine/kg, a dose at which the other drugs had little or no effect. At the doses studied, prazosin and phenoxybenzamine, adrenoceptor antagonists with alpha 1-blocking activity, did not prevent vomiting induced by xylazine. Beta-Adrenoceptor (propranolol), dopamine receptor (domperidone and chlorpromazine), a cholinoceptor (atropine), an opiate receptor (naloxone), and a histamine-receptor (diphenhydramine) antagonists, at the doses studied, did not prevent xylazine-induced vomiting. Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine failed to prevent xylazine-induced vomiting. These results indicated that xylazine-induced vomiting in cats is mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors and suggested that the alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediating the vomiting attributable to xylazine may not be presynaptic alpha 2-receptors located on noradrenergic nerve terminals.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To determine sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of romifidine alone and romifidine in combination with butorphanol and effects of preemptive atropine administration in cats sedated with romifidine-butorphanol. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES: Cats were given saline (0.9% NaCl) solution followed by romifidine alone (100 microg/kg [45.4 microg/lb], i.m.), saline solution followed by a combination of romifidine (40 microg/kg [18.1 microg/lb], i.m.) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb], i.m.), or atropine (0.04 mg/kg [0.02 mg/lb], s.c.) followed by romifidine (40 microg/kg, i.m.) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, i.m.). Treatments were administered in random order, with > or = 1 week between treatments. Physiologic variables were determined before and after drug administration. Time to recumbency, duration of recumbency, time to recover from sedation, and subjective evaluation of sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia were assessed. RESULTS: Bradycardia developed in all cats that received saline solution and romifidine-butorphanol or romifidine alone. Preemptive administration of atropine prevented bradycardia for 50 minutes in cats given romifidine-butorphanol. Oxyhemoglobin saturation was significantly decreased 10 minutes after romifidine-butorphanol administration in atropine-treated cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that administration of romifidine alone or romifidine-butorphanol causes a significant decrease in heart rate and that preemptive administration of atropine in cats sedated with romifidine-butorphanol effectively prevents bradycardia for 50 minutes.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and xylazine and their reversal with atipamezole in calves. ANIMALS: 25 calves. PROCEDURES: A 2-phase (7-day interval) study was performed. Sedative characteristics (phase I) and cardiopulmonary effects (phase II) of medetomidine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride administration followed by atipamezole hydrochloride administration were evaluated. In both phases, calves were randomly allocated to receive 1 of 4 treatments IV: medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg) followed by atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg; n = 6), xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) followed by atipamezole (0.04 mg/kg; 7), medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg) followed by saline (0.9% NaCl; 6) solution (10 mL), and xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) followed by saline solution (10 mL; 6). Atipamezole or saline solution was administered 20 minutes after the first injection. Cardiopulmonary variables were recorded at intervals for 35 minutes after medetomidine or xylazine administration. RESULTS: At the doses evaluated, xylazine and medetomidine induced a similar degree of sedation in calves; however, the duration of medetomidine-associated sedation was longer. Compared with pretreatment values, heart rate, cardiac index, and PaO(2) decreased, whereas central venous pressure, PaCO(2), and pulmonary artery pressures increased with medetomidine or xylazine. Systemic arterial blood pressures and vascular resistance increased with medetomidine and decreased with xylazine. Atipamezole reversed the sedative and most of the cardiopulmonary effects of both drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At these doses, xylazine and medetomidine induced similar degrees of sedation and cardiopulmonary depression in calves, although medetomidine administration resulted in increases in systemic arterial blood pressures. Atipamezole effectively reversed medetomidine- and xylazine-associated sedative and cardiopulmonary effects in calves.  相似文献   

16.
Objective To directly compare the time to onset and duration of analgesia produced by a lidocaine/xylazine combination with that produced by lidocaine and xylazine administered alone in the caudal epidural space of dairy cattle. Design Prospective randomized experimental study. Animals Nine adult (> 4 years of age) dairy cows (520–613 kg). Methods Caudal epidural analgesia was produced in all cows with 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg kg?1; 5.5 mL 500 kg?1), 10% xylazine (0.05 mg kg?1 diluted to 5.5 mL 500 kg?1 with sterile water), and 2% lidocaine/10% xylazine (0.22 mg kg?1/0.05 mg kg?1; total volume of 5.7 mL 500 kg?1), at no earlier than weekly intervals in a Latin square design. Time to onset, duration and cranial spread of analgesia were recorded, as were degree of sedation, ataxia and ptyalism. Results No significant difference (p > 0.05) was noted for time (mean ± SEM) of onset of analgesia between lidocaine (4.8 ± 1.0 minutes) and the lidocaine/xylazine combination (5.1 ± 0.9 minutes) but onset of analgesia following xylazine was significantly longer (11.7 ± 1.0 minutes) than either of the other two treatments. Lidocaine/xylazine (302.8 ± 11.0 minutes) produced analgesia of significantly longer duration than that of xylazine (252.9 ± 18.9 minutes) and both the lidocaine/xylazine combination and xylazine alone produced analgesia of significantly longer duration than that produced by lidocaine (81.8 ± 11.8 minutes). In all cattle, xylazine, administered either alone or with lidocaine, induced mild to moderate sedation and ataxia and cutaneous analgesia from the coccyx to T13. Mild ataxia was also present in those cattle receiving lidocaine alone. Conclusion The combination of xylazine and lidocaine produces analgesia of quicker onset and longer duration than xylazine administered alone and of longer duration than lidocaine administered alone. Clinical relevance Utilizing this combination, long‐duration obstetrical and surgical procedures could commence relatively soon after epidural injection and could be completed without re‐administration of anesthetic agents.  相似文献   

17.
Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of xylazine in combination with a 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam were determined in 6 horses. Each horse was given xylazine IV or IM, as well as tiletamine-zolazepam IV on 4 randomized occasions. Anesthetics were administered at the rate of 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, IV, 1.1 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 1); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 2); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 2.2 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 3); and 2.2 mg of xylazine/kg, IM, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 4). Tiletamine-zolazepam doses were the sum of tiletamine plus zolazepam. Xylazine, when given IV, was given 5 minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam. Xylazine, when given IM, was given 10 minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam. Tiletamine-zolazepam induced recumbency in all horses. Duration of recumbency in group 1 was 31.9 +/- 7.2 (mean +/- 1 SD) minutes. Increasing the dosage of tiletamine-zolazepam (treatments 2 and 3) significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the duration of recumbency. Xylazine caused significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in heart rate and cardiac output and significant (P less than 0.05) increases in central venous pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure 5 minutes after administration. Respiratory rate was decreased. Arterial blood pressures increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after xylazine was administered IV in treatments 1 and 3, but the increases were not significant in treatment 2. Xylazine administered IM caused significant (P less than 0.05) increases in central venous pressure and significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

18.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of xylazine or xylazine in combination with lidocaine on nociception, sedation, and physiologic values in horses. Six horses were given intravenous (IV) administration of a loading dose (LD) of 0.55 mg/kg of xylazine followed by a CRI of 1.1 mg/kg/hr. The horses were randomly assigned to receive three treatments, on different occasions, administered 10 minutes after initiation of the xylazine CRI, as follows: control, physiologic saline; lidocaine low CRI (LLCRI), lidocaine (LD: 1.3 mg/kg, CRI: 0.025 mg/kg/min); and lidocaine high CRI (LHCRI), lidocaine (LD: 1.3 mg/kg, CRI: 0.05 mg/kg/min). A blinded observer assessed objective and subjective data for 50 minutes during the CRIs. In all treatments, heart and respiratory rates decreased, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration increased, and moderate to intense sedation was observed, but no significant treatment effect was detected in these variables. Ataxia was significantly higher in LHCRI than in the control treatment at 20 minutes of infusion. Compared with baseline values, nociceptive threshold increased to as much as 79% in the control, 190% in LLCRI, and 158% in LHCRI. Nociceptive threshold was significantly higher in LLCRI (at 10 and 50 minutes) and in LHCRI (at 30 minutes) than in the control treatment. The combination of CRIs of lidocaine with xylazine produced greater increases in nociceptive threshold compared with xylazine alone. The effects of xylazine on sedation and cardiorespiratory variables were not enhanced by the coadministration of lidocaine. The potential to increase ataxia may contraindicate the clinical use of LHCRI, in combination with xylazine, in standing horses.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: The effect of sedation on gastric emptying was evaluated in six ponies by monitoring serum concentrations of acetaminophen (AP) after intragastric administration. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Prospective randomized experimental study. ANIMALS: Six adult ponies, 135 to 275 kg. METHODS: Fifteen minutes after the intravenous administration of xylazine (1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) or saline, ponies were given AP (20 mg/kg in 350 mL water) by stomach tube. Blood for AP analysis was collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after AP administration. The time (Tmax) to reach peak serum concentration (Cmax), and the area under the AP serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) were determined for each treatment group. RESULTS: Tmax was 31 mins in the control group, and this increased significantly (P<.05) after sedation. Cmax decreased (P<.05) after xylazine administration, and AUC decreased (P<.05) after acepromazine. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that sedation has a significant effect on the gastric emptying rate of a liquid in ponies.  相似文献   

20.
The acoustic reflex (AR) and brain stem auditory-evoked response (BAER) were recorded in adult cats 5 minutes after IM administration of xylazine (1 mg/kg) and after IM administration of ketamine (10 mg/kg). Ipsilateral and contralateral AR were recorded at 10 and 20 dB above acoustic reflex threshold 5 minutes after xylazine administration and 5 and 35 minutes after ketamine administration. Monaural BAER were recorded 5 minutes after xylazine and 5 and 35 minutes after ketamine, using stimulus intensities of 90-, 80-, and 70-dB hearing level (HL). Additional BAER were recorded at 10, 15, and 25 minutes after ketamine, using the 90-dB HL stimulus. Pre- and postinjection comparisons were made for threshold, latency, and amplitude of the AR and for latency and amplitude of waves I through VI of the BAER. At both stimulus intensities before and after ketamine administration threshold for the ipsilateral reflex was significantly lower (P greater than 0.05) than for the contralateral reflex. The threshold, latency, and amplitude of the AR were unaffected (P greater than 0.05) by the injection of ketamine after xylazine. The amplitude of BAER waves was not affected (P greater than 0.05) by ketamine after xylazine for each of the 3 stimulus intensities. Latency of the 90-dB HL-evoked response was increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) for waves III/IV at 5 and 35 minutes after ketamine, and for wave V at each of the postinjection times, except at postinjection minute 15.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

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