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1.
渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土地资源合理利用对策分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文对干旱区内陆河流域下游具有代表性的渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲土地资源特征和存在的问题进行了详细的分析 ,分析表明 ,土地资源数量大、质量差、利用率低 ,土壤类型多 ;草场面积大、质量差 ;森林覆盖率低、疏林、灌木林比重大 ;土地利用中存在结构不合理 ,特别是林业、畜牧业比重偏低 ,绿肥和饲料作物面积过小 ;土壤次生盐渍化严重、土壤肥力下降 ,经营管理粗放、单产水平不高 ;草场面积锐减 ,森林资源破坏严重 ,保护绿洲的能力下降。在此基础上 ,提出了优化农业用地结构 ,提高土地利用综合效益 ;增加对农业用地开发利用的投入 ,促进农业用地由粗放型向集约型的转变 ;保护和更新胡杨林 ;保护和建设草场 ;大力治理盐碱 ;发展节水灌溉农业 ,提高水资源利用效益 ;扩大绿洲规模 ,加快城市化建设等持续合理利用土地资源的对策。 相似文献
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3.
HAO Haiguang 《干旱区科学》2015,7(5):653-664
Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the relationship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data of Taibus Banner, Duolun county and Zhengxiangbai Banner in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China, we identified the impact of livelihood diversification on ecosystems in these agro-pastoral areas by using the ecological footprint theory and methodology together with the one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and correlation analysis methods. In 2011, the total ecological footprint of consumption(EFC) was 0.665 g hm2, and the total ecological footprint of production(EFP) was 2.045 g hm2, which was more than three times the EFC. The ecological footprint of arable land consumption(EFAC) accounted for a large proportion of the EFC, and the ecological footprint of grassland production(EFGP) occupied a large proportion of the EFP. Both the ecological footprint of grassland consumption(EFGC) and EFGP had a significant positive correlation with the income, indicating that income was mainly depended on livestock production and the households with higher incomes consumed more livestock products. The full-time farming households(FTFHs) had the highest EFP, ecological footprint of arable land production(EFAP), EFGP and EFGC, followed by the part-time farming households(PTFHs) and non-farming households(NFHs), which indicated that part-time farming and non-farming employment reduced the occupancy and consumption of rural households on local ecosystems and natural resources to some extent. When farming households engaged in livestock rearing, both the EFAP and EFAC became smaller, while the EFP, EFC, EFGC and EFGP increased significantly. The differences in ecological footprints among different household groups should be taken into account when making ecosystem conservation policies. Encouraging the laborers who have the advantages of participating in non-farming employment to move out of the rural areas and increasing the diversification of livelihoods of rural households are important in reducing the environmental pressures and improving the welfare of households in the study area. Moreover, grassland should be utilized more effectively in the future. 相似文献
4.
The causes of land degradation in the African drylands have been shown to vary. Some researchers consider climate to be the major contributor to degradation, with anthropogenic factors playing a minor role. Others reverse the significance of these two factors. A third group attributes land degradation to climate and anthropogenic factors equally. This study was undertaken to establish the factors influencing land degradation in a semi-arid environment in southeastern Kenya and the rate of change in vegetation types for a period of 35 years(1973–2007). The reduction in grassland cover was used as an indicator of land degradation. Causes of land degradation were determined by a multiple regression analysis. A log-linear regression analysis was used to establish the rate of vegetation change. The multiple and log-linear regression analyses showed:(1) woody vegetation, livestock population and cultivated area to be the main contributors of reduction in grassland cover in the area, and (2) an increase in undesirable woody species, livestock population and cultivated area had a significant(P0.05) negative effect on grassland vegetation. Increased human population, low amounts of rainfall and drought showed no significant negative effect on grassland vegetation cover. In conclusion, human and livestock population growth and increased agricultural land have contributed to intensive crop cultivation and overgrazing in the semi-arid lands. This overuse of the semi-arid rangelands has worsened the deterioration of the natural grassland vegetation. 相似文献
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试验发现添加氮磷钾元素对割草地产量、群落组成及草地质量的影响有:(1)对一年割一次的草地,添加氮磷钾水平K2(120kg.hm-2)的小区增长最为显著;对一年割两次的草地,惟有最高水平K4(180 kg.hm-2)可见到显著的增产效果;对于不割草对照区,添加氮磷钾元素有一定增产作用,但没有达到显著性水平(p<0.05)。(2)添加氮磷钾元素能使羊草和大针茅种群在一年割一次和不割草对照中都表现出等补偿和超补偿,但在一年割两次中均为不足补偿;对糙隐子草则相反,在不割草对照中其仅为等补偿,而在割草处理后刈割频度越高超补偿现象越明显。(3)添加氮磷钾元素可提高草地质量,其中K2水平添加量的效果最为明显,草地质量维持的最好。 相似文献
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Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The dynamics of most rangelands in Kenya remain to be poorly understood.This paper provides baseline information on the response of a semiarid rangeland under different livestock grazing regimes on land inhabited by the Massai people in the east side of Amboseli National Park in Kenya.The data were collected from grasslands designated into four types:(1) grassland from previous Massai settlements that had been abandoned for over twenty years;(2) grassland excluded from livestock grazing for eight years;(3) a dry season grazing area;and (4) a continuous grazing area where grazing occurred throughout all seasons.Collected data included grass species composition,grass height,inter-tuft distance,standing grass biomass and soil characteristics.The results indicated that continuous grazing area in semiarid rangelands exhibited loss of vegetation with negative,long-term effects on grass functional qualities and forage production,whereas grassland that used traditional Maasai grazing methods showed efficiency and desirable effects on the rangelands.The results also showed that abandoned homestead sites,though degraded,were important nutrient reservoirs. 相似文献
7.
天山高寒草地特点及合理利用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
高寒草地分布在高海拔,低热量重庆环境;植物组成多系温生态类型,群落外貌低矮;草地具有一定的生产力和经济价值,且利用方式和改良途径有很大的一致性。它是一类特指的天然草地泛称,也是一类可更新的再生资源和人类经营畜牧业的生产资料。 相似文献
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论西北天然草地保护对策与技术 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
呼天明 《干旱地区农业研究》2001,19(2):122-126
中国西北地区的广阔草原约为1．2亿hm^2，占我国北方天然草地总面积的50％，是我国畜牧业的主要基地之一。由于过分地注重牧畜头数的增加，草原退化日趋严重。保护西北的天然草地，实现其合理利用，基本对策为：1．稳定性畜头数，提高牲畜群体质量，以质定数；2．施行季节畜牧业，实现草畜平衡，逐步建立牧区繁殖－农区肥育的新体系；3．进一步加强草地建设的投资；4．封育改良相结合，实行大范围的轮封轮牧制度；5．解决实现上述对策的关键问题与技术。 相似文献
9.
土地利用变化与生态服务功能冲突——以安塞县为例 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
安塞县位于黄土丘陵沟壑区,经济落后,农业生产水平较低.从土地利用和生态服务功能变化与冲突的角度,分析安塞县农业、环境与生态保护的变化过程与相互作用,指出安塞土地利用变化突出表现为坡地耕垦所引发的土地利用结构的改变;生态服务功能的冲突则主要表现为食物生产与水土保持之间的矛盾.通过资源的有效利用,在实现食物安全的同时,水土流失得到有效控制是完全可能的. 相似文献
10.
松嫩平原西部土地利用变化及其盐渍化效应研究--以大安市为例 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用1986年、1996年和2000年的遥感图像数据,对松嫩平原西部典型盐渍化区大安市的土地利用变化转换矩阵和空间格局指数进行计算,分析探讨了监测期间土地利用变化和分布特征及它们对盐渍化的影响。结果表明:大安市耕地、草地和碱斑地相互转化发生剧烈的地区主要分布在中部和南部地区,其中中覆盖草地变化最为剧烈;碱斑地分离度、分维数逐渐减小,面积不断扩大,占大安市总面积比由原来的23. 3%上升到32. 4%。耕地和草地是其面积变化的主要贡献者,其中草地对于碱斑地面积净增加和净减少的贡献分别达到48%和70%,其贡献远大于耕地。草地退化的主要原因是农业人口数和草原载畜量的不断增加,因此,合理的开发利用和保护草地资源将有助于盐碱化土地的防治。 相似文献
11.
韩明生 《干旱区资源与环境》1992,(4)
本文分析了阿拉善左旗资源与环境,论述了土地利用现状及存在的问题,并提出在荒漠区如何合理经营畜牧业,防止草场退化,建立饲草料基地及扩大林地面积等措施。 相似文献
12.
P. M. Berry D. R. Kindred J. E. Olesen L. N. Jorgensen N. D. Paveley 《Plant pathology》2010,59(4):753-763
A method for calculating the effect of disease control on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with wheat production, reported previously, was developed further to account for effects of disease control on the amount of fertilizer nitrogen (N) which should be applied and on changes in land use. Data from nine randomized and replicated field experiments from the UK and Denmark showed that the economic optimum N input to winter wheat was greater if diseases were controlled by fungicides, than for untreated wheat. The GHGs associated with this additional N largely negated the benefit to emissions per tonne of grain resulting from disease control. However, the mean grain yield obtained without fungicide treatment was 6·71 t ha?1, compared to 8·88 t ha?1 with fungicide treatment, if N input was optimal for each situation. In the absence of disease control by fungicides, and assuming that the optimum N rate was used, an additional 481 kha of wheat would be required to maintain UK wheat production at the current level. If the additional land area came from converting temperate grassland to arable production, the GHG emissions caused by ploughing grassland would cause emissions to rise from 503 to 713 kg CO2e per tonne of grain produced. This would result in an additional 3·15 Mt CO2e per year to produce the typical UK annual production of 15 Mt. This analysis reinforces the importance of winning the ‘arms race’ against pathogen evolution towards fungicide insensitivity and virulence. 相似文献
13.
燕沟流域通过坡耕地改梯田、推广抗旱高产品种和地膜覆盖技术、增加化肥投入、大垄沟规范化种植、调整粮食作物种植比例,改造了生产要素组合条件,使粮食单产稳步提高,粮田生产力发生了较大的跃迁。到2000年,燕沟流域粮食作物播种面积较1997年减少了59.1%,粮食平均单产较1997年翻了两番,粮食总产量较1997年提高了33.7%,实现了减地不减产和增产增效的效果。 相似文献
14.
Z. R. Khan C. A. O. Midega I. M. Nyang'au A. Murage J. Pittchar L. O. Agutu D. M. Amudavi J. A. Pickett 《Plant pathology》2014,63(6):1426-1435
Production of Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum, the most important livestock fodder in Western Kenya, is severely constrained by Napier stunt (Ns) disease. Understanding farmers' knowledge, perceptions and practices is a prerequisite to establishing an effective disease management approach. Using a random sample of 150 farmers drawn from Bungoma, Busia and Teso districts of Western Kenya, this study sought to: (i) assess farmers' perceptions and knowledge of Ns disease, including its effects on the smallholder dairy industry; (ii) record farmers' current practices in managing Ns disease; and (iii) identify Ns disease management challenges and intervention opportunities in order to develop an efficient integrated disease management approach. The majority (86·7%) of the farmers were aware of Ns disease and observed that it was spreading rapidly in the region, which was perfectly predicted by farmers' access to agricultural information (marginal effect = 0·164), indicating a need for extension platforms for knowledge sharing among the industry stakeholders. The disease had affected Napier grass yields so most farmers could not feed their livestock on the amounts they produced, and they were buying Napier grass. Those who relied on income from selling Napier grass received less due to loss in productivity. Milk production had reduced by over 35%. The cause of the disease was unknown to the farmers, with no effective disease management strategy available to them. An integrated disease management approach needs to be developed to fit within the mixed farming systems, supported by simple decision aids. 相似文献
15.
陕北丘陵沟壑区发展生态草畜产业的思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
实施退耕还林还草之后,种草养畜是陕北丘陵沟壑区重要的后续产业,成为农民增收新的突破口。挖掘发展草畜业的资源优势和潜力,采用扩大苜蓿种植、实行舍饲养羊发展节粮型畜牧业、发展草畜产品的加工和综合利用、建立健全服务体系等措施,应遵循生态学原理和循环经济理念,从牧草生产源头抓起,严格防止草畜生产各环节的污染,全面建设生态草畜业,实现区域生态经济可持续发展。 相似文献
16.
李政海 《干旱区资源与环境》1993,(2)
本文根据内蒙古阴山南部丘陵低山区自然条件特征,论述了该区草场资源的类型、利用状况及存在问题,探讨了该区以建立人工草地及饲料基地为主的草业发展途径,以及相应采取的措施。 相似文献
17.
黄土高原南部土地生产力及其与侵蚀的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
使用PI模型对泥河沟流域土地生产力特征及其与侵蚀的关系进行了研究.结果显示:泥河沟流域土地生产力的变化差异很大,总体上以林地最高,果园和草地次之,农地最低;整个流域土地生产力呈现出以村庄为中心辐射状递减(农地)和斑状交错(果园)分布特征,土地生产力随着土壤侵蚀强度增大呈现指数规律减小.农地生产力水平很低,其变化范围从0.042到0.211,平均值为0.125,仅相当于无侵蚀旱地的四分之一,且农地生产力与冬小麦产量具有密切线性相关关系. 相似文献
18.
YIN Hanmin 《干旱区科学》2021,13(5):500-515
Relatively little is known about fire regimes in grassland and cropland in Central Asia. In this study, eleven variables of fire regimes were measured from 2001 to 2019 by utilizing the burned area and active fire product, which was obtained and processed from the GEE(Google Earth Engine) platform, to describe the incidence, inter-annual variability, peak month and size of fire in four land cover types(forest, grassland, cropland and bare land). Then all variables were clustered to define clusters of fire regimes with unique fire attributes using the K-means algorithm. Results showed that Kazakhstan(KAZ) was the most affected by fire in Central Asia. Fire regimes in cropland in KAZ had the frequent, large and intense characters, which covered large burned areas and had a long duration. Fires in grassland mainly occurred in central KAZ and had the small scale and high-intensity characters with different quarterly frequencies. Fires in forest were mainly distributed in northern KAZ and eastern KAZ. Although fires in grassland underwent a shift from more to less frequent from 2001 to 2019 in Central Asia, vigilance is needed because most fires in grassland occur suddenly and cause harm to humans and livestock. 相似文献
19.
新疆草地生态安全问题、现状与对策分析 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
简要介绍新疆草地生态问题的由来及现状，运用新的生态安全理论分析新疆草地生态安全时空特征，指出新疆草地生态安全问题是长期人地矛盾不断尖锐与发展演变而来。人口膨胀引起的资源环境破坏、超载过牧造成对资源的掠夺经营等，使草地稳定自协调机制破坏，草地自然生态系统由稳定走向严重危机，并引发新的牧业危机。分析指出，实现人地关系的和谐，需综合考虑生态、经济、社会历史等方面的因素。其中，绿洲区牧民定居点的综合发展水平是维护草地生态安全、实现牧业可持续发展的关键。实现生态安全与可持续发展的主要对策有：依法监理草地放牧状况、合理利用、改良与保护天然草地、高效经营人工草料基地、提高畜牧业经营水平等。依托的关键技术有：草地资源监测技术、退化草地治理及草地利用实用技术等。 相似文献
20.
以宁夏盐池县的荒漠草原区为试验地,以现场试验为手段,研究放牧强度(1.50只/hm2、0.75只/hm2、0.50只/hm2、0只/hm2)对荒漠草原植物群落结构及草地生产力的影响。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,植物群落优质牧草的重要值明显下降,毒草及家畜厌食植物的重要值明显上升;植物群落总盖度呈下降趋势,植物群落多样性呈现先增加后降低的趋势;草地生产力呈下降趋势,当放牧强度达到1.50只/hm2时,家畜的采食量超过了50%,草产量比封育地下降了54.9%。最后,根据草场资源可持续发展利用原则提出了宁夏荒漠草原合理的放牧强度以0.75只/hm2为宜。 相似文献