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1.
水稻无孢子生殖的胚胎学研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
为进一步确定水稻HDAR的无融合生殖胚的倍性及发生类型，系统观察了胚囊的发生发育。结果表明水稻HDAR中具有一定频率的无孢子生殖胚囊和由卵细胞孤雌生殖而形成的无融合生殖胚。 相似文献
2.
水稻无融合生殖研究的新进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
从水稻双胚苗中提高不定胚的发生频率是研究利用无融合生殖固定Ｆ１代杂种优势的主要途径之一。通过特殊的选育方法，已将原有双胚苗品系的双苗率由３０％提高到６０％左右。由于不定胚与双苗的发生率有着一定的内在联系，随着双苗率的提高，内含不定胚的频率也有相应提高的趋势。又据细胞学观察，认为不定胚发生在远离珠孔端的部位，故在种子中部的萌发苗可能是不定胚产生的种子形态学特征。１９８９年，我们采用特定苗位为标记的筛选方法，选取种子正中部萌发苗并结合对其它非正中苗的人工切除，使水稻的不定胚频率由原来的２．６—５．１％提高到２１．２％。水稻不定胚频率的大幅度提高，为无融合生殖在杂交水稻育种中的研究应用开拓了诱人的前景。 相似文献
3.
论无融合生殖固定水稻杂种优势的策略 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文对利用无融合生殖固定水稻杂种优势的策略进行了讨论。提出该研究可分三步进行：１．确定无融合生殖水稻的基本要求，即后代不分离，发育良好的胚乳，显性核基因控制的专性无融合生殖。其中获得不分离的后代有三条途径：二倍体孢子生殖，体细胞无孢子生殖，珠心、珠被等体细胞胚挤入胚囊取代合子胚发育；２．从栽培稻、野生稻及其远缘物种，特别是早熟禾属、狼尾草属等具无融合生殖特性的材料中挑选无融合生殖材料；３．利用常规杂交、杂交与组织培养结合以及基因转移方法向水稻引入无融合生殖基因。 相似文献
4.
水稻远缘杂种Ｆ_２一个不分离株系的小孢子发育过程赵世绪，凌祖铭，杜中（北京农业大学，北京１０００９４）关键词：小孢子发育；无融合生殖；远缘杂种ＭｉｃｒｐｓｐｏｒｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆａＩｎｔｅｒｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＨｙｂｒｉｄＦ_２Ｎｏｎｓｅｇｒｅｇ... 相似文献
5.
作物无融合生殖的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
作物无融合生殖的研究王黎明（黑龙江省农科院作物育种所１５００８６）一、无融合生殖的概念植物的有性繁殖意味着双受精。当一个精核与卵细胞结合时形成受精卵，产生胚；另一个精核与两个极核结合，产生的三倍体细胞形成胚乳。而有些植物不通过精、卵细胞的融合，直接产... 相似文献
6.
西卡柱花草受精作用和胚及胚乳发育的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用常规石蜡切片与压片方法,用铁矾苏木精、汞溴酚蓝和ＰＡＳ反应等进行染色观 察西卡柱花草（Ｓｔｙｌｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｓｃａｂｒａ ｃｖ． ｓｅｃａ）受精作用和胚及胚乳发育过程。开花后 ３～６ ｈ, 发生双受精作用。卵核的受精作用属有丝分裂前配子融合类型。极核受精过程有２种类型： （１）两极核融合成次生核,然后次生核与精核融合;（２）精核先与上极核融合,受精极核与 另一极核直到有丝分裂开始时才融合。花后２２～２３ ｈ,合子分裂为二细胞原胚,经历单列细 胞胚、长棒形胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚、幼胚、扩大生长胚阶段,花后 ２５～３０ｄ胚发育成 熟。胚发育属于茄型。在扩大生长压时期胚体开始积累淀粉和蛋白质。花后８～９ｈ初生胚乳 核分裂,胚乳发育为核型。至胚长大,充满整个胶囊时胚乳开始退化,胚发育成熟时胚乳仅余 残迹。 相似文献
7.
通过镜检对二倍体水稻APIV（2）和同源四倍体水稻APIV（4）的双受精过程进行了对比观察，结果表明，与二倍体水稻相比，同源四倍体水稻的双受精过程比较特殊，花粉粒在其柱头上萌发比较慢，花粉管在花柱内的伸长比较迟缓，双受精延迟，退化型胚囊的频率比较高（36.0%)，极核和反足细胞的形态异常，存在着一定频率的胚自发现象。由此认为，同源四倍体水稻的有性生殖能力已经明显变弱。 相似文献
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作者以前曾设想利用粘果山羊草（Ａｅ．ｋｏｔｓｃｈｙｉ）的Ｓｖ型细胞质与１ＢＬ－１ＲＳ染色体互作产生的雄性不育培育杂交小麦（Ｔｏｒｉｙａｍａ等，１９９１，１９９３），在此设想中，雄性不育保持系可通过两个渠道获得，即回交法（Ｎｏｎａｋａ等，１９９３）和花药培养法．本文报道花药培养的结果。用 １ＢＬ－１ＲＳ染色体携带者９１１－Ｂ－８－１０（简称ｓｔ．９１１）与１３个日本品种杂交，用 Ｆ１及 Ｂ１Ｆ１植株的花药进行培养，Ｆ１的胚形成频率高于亲本（日本品种），Ｂ１Ｆ１的胚形成频率低于 Ｆ１代。ｓｔ．９１１和Ｆ１代较高的胚形成频率部分地得益于 １ＢＬ－１ＲＳ染色体．因为抗叶锈病基因Ｌｒ位于１ＲＳ染色体臂上，所以在再生单倍体植株上人工接种叶锈病菌（２１Ｂ小种）可以选出抗病个体。用抗叶锈的加倍单倍体与带有１Ｂ染色体的（Ｓｖ）－中国春和带有１ＢＬ－１ＲＳ染色体的（Ｓｖ）－Ｓａｉｍｏｎ杂交，前者的Ｆ１表现出较高的自交可育性，而后者的Ｆ１表现出完全雄性不育，这说明，通过花药培养获得的抗叶锈病的加倍单倍体系可以用作雄性不育系的保持系。 相似文献
10.
栽培甜菜和白花甜菜种间杂交后代无融合生殖的观察 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
栽培甜菜和白花甜菜杂交获得的Ｆ＿１代以栽培甜菜连续回交产生了Ｂ＿１Ｆ＿２代和Ｂ＿２Ｆ＿３代￣［４］．在Ｂ＿２Ｆ＿３代中，２ｎ＝２７的植株达３０．１９％，推测其中大多数染色体组仍为ＶＶＣ。具有ＶＶＣ染色体组的核型中，含９个白花甜菜校长的染色体和１８个较短的栽培甜菜染色体，差别明显，易于区分。我们通过对Ｂ＿１Ｆ＿２（Ｂ１４，２ｎ＝２７）和Ｂ＿２Ｆ－３（２ｎ＝２７）植株间形态特征相似性比较、两个世代植株有丝分裂特异核型比较、两类植株减粉分裂行为比较、过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶酶谱相似性比较，有力地证明了栽培甜菜和白花甜菜种间杂交后代中，从Ｂ＿１Ｆ＿２（Ｂ１４）到Ｂ＿２Ｆ＿３之间传递上存在着无融合生殖现象。 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
16.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
17.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献
18.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
19.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
20.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Aimee J. Guerrero Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Fumiaki Nakamura Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2021,19(2)
The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories. 相似文献