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1.
Chlamydophila psittaci (C. psittaci) infection was evaluated in 77 free-living nestlings of Blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) and Hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Tracheal and cloacal swab samples from 32 wild parrot and 45 macaw nestlings were submitted to semi-nested PCR, while serum samples were submitted to complement fixation test (CFT). Although all 32 Amazon parrot serum samples were negative by CFT, cloacal swabs from two birds were positive for Chlamydophila DNA by semi-nested PCR (6.3%); these positive birds were 32 and 45 days old. In macaws, tracheal and cloacal swabs were positive in 8.9% and 26.7% of the samples, respectively. Complement-fixing antibodies were detected in 4.8% of the macaw nestlings; macaw nestlings with positive findings were between 33 and 88 days old. These results indicate widespread dissemination of this pathogen in the two evaluated psittacine populations. No birds had clinical signs suggestive of chlamydiosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on C. psittaci in free-living Blue-fronted Amazon parrots and Hyacinth macaws in Brazil. 相似文献
2.
Tania de Freitas Raso Angelo Berchieri Júnior Aramis Augusto Pinto 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2002,33(2):118-121
The prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infection was assessed in 95 apparently healthy, captive Amazon parrots from three breeder collections in southeastern and west-central Brazil. Cloacal swabs from 95 birds were tested for chlamydial antigen, which was detected by direct immunofluorescence (DIF), and serum samples from 44 of these birds were tested for antibodies to C. psittaci using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prevalences of active infection as detected by DIF were 16.7%, 22.2%, and 56.1%, and seroprevalences were 100%, 87.5%, and 60% in flocks A, B, and C, respectively. We can therefore infer that C. psittaci may be widespread in captive parrot populations in Brazil. 相似文献
3.
Forty three koalas in a captive colony were investigated for the presence of Chlamydia psittaci infection and associated disease. Swabs were taken from conjunctivae and urogenital sites for cell culture isolation of C psittaci and for cytological examination (direct smears) for chlamydial inclusions and evidence of inflammation. On the basis of cell culture isolation, 28 samples from 25 koalas were positive for C psittaci (that is, infected). Three koalas were positive from both sites, 5 from conjunctivae alone and 17 from urogenital sites alone. Seven of the 8 koalas with positive conjunctival swabs had overt signs of conjunctivitis, but only 3 of the 20 koalas with positive urogenital swabs had overt signs of 'wet bottom' (continual urine soiling due to cystitis) or purulent discharge. However, 5 of the 20 with positive urogenital swabs had past episodes of 'wet bottom'. Moreover, examination of direct cytological smears showed evidence of inflammation (neutrophils) in 7 of 8 koalas with positive conjunctival swabs and 17 of 20 with positive urogenital swabs. Chlamydial inclusions were rarely identified with surety on direct cytological smears. In the 18 koalas without chlamydia, one had overt conjunctivitis while 2 had past episodes of conjunctivitis. The koala with conjunctivitis at the time of sampling had a prior history of 'wet bottom'. Examination of direct cytological smears revealed 2 of the chlamydial negative koalas had high numbers of neutrophils in urogenital smears. It was concluded that C psittaci infection may cause overt or sub-clinical disease, with the former developing when the koalas were stressed through management procedures or concomitant disease. 相似文献
4.
A commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in human urogenital and conjunctival specimens was compared with isolation in cell culture for the detection of Chlamydia psittaci in vaginal and placental swabs from aborting ewes and swabs of aborted fetal tissues. The EIA on vaginal swabs collected from 10 ewes experimentally infected with C. psittaci had a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 85.7%. Vaginal swabs collected at the time of abortion or within 3 days were the best samples for detection of chlamydial infection. The 29 vaginal swabs collected during this period from experimentally infected ewes were all strongly EIA-positive, and chlamydia were isolated from 28. The EIA on vaginal swabs from 78 field cases of abortion had a sensitivity of 78.0% and a specificity of 76.8%. The EIA on swabs of cotyledons from 65 placentas had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75.0% compared with isolation in cell culture. The EIA on 57 swabs of fetal tissues or body fluids from 10 aborted fetuses or weak lambs from experimentally infected ewes had a sensitivity of 26.6% and a specificity of 88.1% compared with isolation in cell culture. Limitations of the EIA are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Bert E Tomassone L Peccati C Navarrete MG Sola SC 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2005,52(2):64-68
Beak and feather disease (psittacine circovirus) and Budgerigar fledgling disease (avian polyomavirus) are viral diseases that can frequently affect captive psittacine birds. We designed the first survey to investigate the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and Avian polyomavirus (APV) inside the population of captive psittacine birds in Italy. Samples were collected in 18 Italian psittacine breeding centres and four trade centres over a 4-year period. A total of 1516 birds were tested for BFDV and 877 birds were tested for APV by means of a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay. BFDV was found in 122 (8.05%) and APV in 7 (0.79%) birds. No significant difference in infection rate was found between imported and locally raised parrots. We report the first BFDV DNA isolation in wild birds imported to Italy from Papua New Guinea. 相似文献
6.
Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from four red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) that died suddenly and from seven birds that survived at a raptor rehabilitation center in California in 1983. One hundred captive raptors representing 14 species in five families were subsequently tested serologically and by direct cloacal culture. C. psittaci was isolated from seven clinically normal birds. Forty-four percent of the raptors were considered positive using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and 19% were suspects. The ELISA was repeated on 54 raptors in 1986. Forty-one percent of the birds were considered positive, and 35% were suspect, indicating that C. psittaci is endemic in the population. 相似文献
7.
Suwimonteerabutr J Chaicumpa W Saengjaruk P Tapchaisri P Chongsa-nguan M Kalambaheti T Ramasoota P Sakolvaree Y Virakul P 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(5):762-766
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a novel monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based dot-blot ELISA for detection of Leptospira antigens in urine samples of cattle. SAMPLE POPULATION: Blood and urine samples of 45 test cattle from 5 farms in Chonburi province and 20 control cattle from 2 farms in Khon Kaen province in Thailand. PROCEDURE: Blood and urine samples were assayed (microscopic agglutination test and urine antigen test) for Leptospira infection by use of an MAb-based dot-blot ELISA, and results for the ELISA were compared with those for dark-field microscopy (DFM), microbial culture, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS: All urine samples with positive results for DFM, microbial culture, PCR assay, or > 1 of these tests also had positive results when tested by use of the MAb-based dot-blot ELISA, except for 1 sample that had positive results only for the PCR assay. Detection limits of the dot-blot ELISA were 10(3) leptospires/mL of urine and 9.3 ng of Leptospira homogenate. Comparison revealed that the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, efficacy (accuracy), positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the ELISA were in agreement with results for DFM (100%, 72.72%, 80%, 57.14%, and 100%, respectively), microbial culture (100%, 61.54%, 66.62%, 28.57%, and 100%, respectively), and PCR assay (95.45%, 100%, 91.77%, 100%, and 95.83%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The MAb-based dot-blot ELISA is suitable as a tool for detecting leptospires in urine samples of cattle. 相似文献
8.
D Vanrompay R Ducatelle F Haesebrouck 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1992,39(2):105-112
For the diagnosis of chlamydiosis in dead and live birds different methods were compared for their sensitivity and specificity. The specificity of the modified Giménez staining and the direct immunofluorescence (DIF) test for direct demonstration of Chlamydia psittaci in organ, cloacal and/or conjunctival smears was examined. The sensitivity of the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci in 6 days embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs, Buffalo Green Monkey (BGM) cell line, McCoy cell line and Vero cell line was compared. On smears, the direct immunofluorescence test was more specific than the modified Giménez staining. The concordance between the results of both detection methods was 80%. The BGM cell culture was the most sensitive artificial host for isolation of Chlamydia psittaci, followed by the embryonated eggs, the Vero cell line and the McCoy cell line. The concordance between the results of isolation in BGM cell culture and eggs was 96.5%, while it was 86% between the results of isolation in BGM cell culture and Vero cell culture and only 65.5% between the results of isolation in BGM cell culture and McCoy cell culture. For dead bird species, chlamydiosis could be diagnosed more often using DIF on smears than with isolation. The concordance between the results of the DIF on smears and isolation followed by DIF was 91%. 相似文献
9.
《Veterinary microbiology》1997,54(2):155-166
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect Chlamydia psittaci DNA in faeces and tissue samples from avian species. Primers were designed to amplify a 264 bp product derived from part of the 5′ non-translated region and part of the coding region of the ompA gene which encodes the major outer membrane protein. Amplified sequences were confirmed by Southern hybridization using an internal probe. The sensitivity of the combined assay was found to be between 60 to 600 fg of chlamydial DNA (approximately 6 to 60 genome copies). The specificity of the assay was confirmed since PCR product was not obtained from samples containing several serotypes of C. trachomatis, strains of C. pneumoniae, the type strain of C. pecorum, nor from samples containing microorganisms commonly found in the avian gut flora. In this study, 404 avian faeces and 141 avian tissue samples received by the Central Veterinary Laboratory over a 6 month period were analysed by PCR, antigen detection ELISA and where possible, cell culture isolation. PCR performed favourably compared with ELISA and cell culture, or with ELISA alone. The PCR assay was especially suited to the detection of C. psittaci DNA in avian faeces samples. The test was also useful when applied to tissue samples from small contact birds associated with a case of human psittacosis where ELISA results were negative and chlamydial isolation was a less favourable method due to the need for rapid diagnosis. 相似文献
10.
11.
In the literature, studies of Chlamydia infection in birds have usually been confined to the search for Chlamydia (C., formerly Chlamydophila) psittaci, so that little is known about the presence of other chlamydial agents. In the present study, cloacal swabs and faeces samples of urban pigeons have been examined by real-time PCR, DNA microarray assays and partial ompA sequencing. Whilst C. psittaci was the predominant chlamydial agent in this pigeon population (75.8% of all Chlamydiaceae positives), the combined use of highly specific and sensitive molecular assays facilitated the detection of atypical serovars of C. psittaci, as well as other species of Chlamydia, such as C. abortus. Detection of C. pecorum and C. trachomatis from an avian host is reported here for the first time. Rather unexpectedly, 19.5% of all Chlamydiaceae-positive cases turned out to be infected with non-classified organisms. The considerable prevalence of these novel agents raises the question of their epidemiological importance and possible role as pathogens. Future surveys in domestic and wild birds will have to take the extended variety of chlamydial organisms into account. 相似文献
12.
Okuda H Ohya K Shiota Y Kato H Fukushi H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(2):249-254
Chlamydophila psittaci is the causative agent of human psittacosis and avian chlamydiosis. This zoonotic pathogen is frequently transmitted from infected birds to humans. Therefore proper and rapid detection of C. psittaci in birds is important to control this disease. We developed a method for detecting C. psittaci by using SYBR Green Real-time PCR based on targeting the cysteine-rich protein gene (envB) of C. psittaci. This one step procedure was highly sensitive and rapid for detection and quantification of C. psittaci from fecal samples. This assay was also able to detect other zoonotic Chlamydophila species such as C. abortus and C. felis. The assay is well suited for use as a routine detection method in veterinary medicine. 相似文献
13.
The efficacy of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Megan Vac 1 vaccine (MV1) was evaluated against Salmonella Enteritidis in chicken pullets with the use of PCR and culture methods. Two hundred Hyline W-32 white leghorn chicks were obtained from a local hatchery and divided into four treatment groups. Two of the groups served as positive and negative controls. The MV1 vaccine was administered to the chicks in the remaining two groups at 1 and 35 days old by either the coarse spray (field) or the oral route (laboratory) method. The chicks were challenged with a high dose of a Salmonella Enteritidis strain at 10 wk old and euthanatized 3 days postinoculation. Samples for PCR analysis were collected prior to enrichment, after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water (BPW) and after primary enrichment from the ceca, liver, and spleen. None of the samples tested yielded positive results for the Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine strain by either the culture or PCR methods. Results from the standard culture method showed that vaccinating the birds with MV1 reduced the counts of Salmonella Enteritidis recovered from the challenged birds. In addition, fewer pre-enriched samples tested positive for Salmonella Enteritidis among the challenged groups that were vaccinated when compared to the unvaccinated challenged group. Under the conditions of this study, MV1 was unable to prevent colonization of other internal organs such as the liver and spleen. Real-time PCR was significantly more sensitive than conventional PCR (C-PCR) prior to enrichment, but after enrichment the sensitivities of the two methods were similar. Enrichment significantly increased the sensitivity of both PCR methods for the detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in cecal samples, but did not significantly increase the sensitivity for detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in liver and spleen samples that were pre-enriched in BPW. There was no significant difference between the laboratory or field vaccination methods with respect to either the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis isolation or the bacterial loads in culture-positive samples. Collectively, the data suggest that MV1 offered some protection against Salmonella Enteritidis in commercial layer chick pullets under the conditions of this study. Given the labor and time required to perform the C-PCR and culture methods, the real-time PCR method may prove to be a more useful method to use in diagnostics. 相似文献
14.
J E Pearson G A Gustafson D A Senne L A Peterson 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1989,195(11):1564-1567
Culturing of Chlamydia psittaci from pet birds requires the inoculation of a susceptible living host system with suspensions of various tissues from dead birds or with tracheal and/or cloacal swabs and fresh feces from live birds. Cell cultures have been used as the host system. The most commonly used cell cultures for isolation of C psittaci from pet birds are McCoy and mouse L cells. The sensitivity and specificity of cell culture equals or surpasses embryonating chicken eggs and mice, and results can be obtained in less than 7 days. To obtain satisfactory results, the inoculum must be centrifuged onto the cell cultures at 37 C, and the cells must be treated with a metabolic inhibitor such as colchicine or cycloheximide. Chlamydia psitaci can be detected in infected cells by use of fluorescent antibody, Giemsa, or Gimenez staining. 相似文献
15.
Van Droogenbroeck C Van Risseghem M Braeckman L Vanrompay D 《Veterinary microbiology》2009,135(1-2):31-37
Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci, a category B bioterrorism agent, causes respiratory disease in birds and psittacosis or parrot fever in man. The disease spreads aerogenically and no vaccines are available for either birds or man. Highly sensitive C. psittaci bioaerosol monitoring methods are unavailable. We evaluated: (1) dry filtration for collecting C. psittaci from contaminated air using different samplers and membrane filters, (2) impingement into different liquid collection media by use of the AGI-30 impinger and the BioSampler and (3) impaction into newly designed C. psittaci media utilizing the MAS-100 aerosol impactor. For personal bioaerosol sampling, we recommend the use of a gelatin filter in combination with the IOM inhalable dust sampler at an airflow rate of 2L/min. This allowed the detection of 10 organisms of C. psittaci by both PCR and culture. For stationary bioaerosol monitoring, sampling 1000L of air in 10min with the MAS-100 impactor and ChlamyTrap 1 impaction medium was most efficient and made it possible to detect 1 and 10 C. psittaci organisms by PCR and culture, respectively. ChlamyTrap 1 in combination with the MAS-100 impactor might also be applicable for bioaerosol monitoring of viruses. 相似文献
16.
B D Gartrell N P French L Howe N J Nelson M Houston E A Burrows 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(3):174-176
AIMS: To undertake disease surveillance for Chlamydia psittaci in native birds as part of a pilot study to examine pathogen diversity on Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island. To retrospectively review the Massey University post-mortem database to determine previous cases of avian chlamydiosis in New Zealand. METHODS:Mistnetting of forest birds was conducted across an elevational gradient on Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island. Minitip culture swabs were used to collect cloacal samples from native birds. These swabs were screened for Chlamydia family DNA using two PCR methods. Positive results were sequenced. A retrospective review of the Massey University post-mortem database of all avian cases from 1990 to 2011 was conducted. RESULTS:Ten native birds including four bellbirds (Anthornis melanura), three rifleman (Acanthisitta chloris), two hihi (Notiomyces cincta), and one whitehead (Mohoua albicilla) were sampled and one otherwise healthy female hihi was positive by both PCR screening methods for Chlamydophila. Sequencing confirmed 99–100% genetic similarity to C. psittaci. A retrospective review of the Massey University post-mortem database revealed no previous diagnoses of avian chlamydiosis in wild native New Zealand birds although it has been detected in captive parrots, and wild and captive exotic pigeons. CONCLUSIONS:This is the first report of the detection of C. psittaci from a wild native bird in New Zealand. The bird was a Passeriforme from an endangered species that was captured free-living on Little Barrier Island. The incidence of avian chlamydiosis in native birds in New Zealand appears to be very low, based on the retrospective review of the post-mortem database. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is unlikely that avian chlamydiosis is a significant problem for hihi population health. The detection of this organism has greater significance for other more susceptible species on Little Barrier Island and for human health, particularly for conservation workers involved in wildlife translocations. It further suggests that passerine birds may be a reservoir for C. psittaci in New Zealand ecosystems. 相似文献
17.
One hundred two fecal specimens from psittacine birds submitted to Veterinary Laboratory Services of the California Department of Food and Agriculture at Petaluma were screened for Chlamydia psittaci by a direct immunofluorescence assay using a fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody conjugate specific for Chlamydia sp. Results were compared with those obtained by isolation of chlamydia in cultures of McCoy mouse cells. The relative specificity of the direct fluorescent antibody test on fecal smears was 98.9% and the relative sensitivity was 62.5%. The results of this study suggested that the direct fluorescent antibody test was highly specific, and it proved to be a useful same-day antemortem diagnostic test for birds with symptomatic chlamydial infection. The use of centrifugation in the cell culture assay was found to significantly enhance the level of chlamydial infection in cell culture. 相似文献
18.
Natalha Biondo Rejane Schaefer Danielle Gava Mauricio E. Cantão Simone Silveira Marcos A.Z. Mores Janice R. Ciacci-Zanella David E.S.N. Barcellos 《Veterinary microbiology》2014
Influenza is a viral disease that affects human and several animal species. In Brazil, H1N1, H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate in domestic swine herds. Wild boars are also susceptible to IAV infection but in Brazil until this moment there are no reports of IAV infection in wild boars or in captive wild boars populations. Herein the occurrence of IAV in captive wild boars with the presence of lung consolidation lesions during slaughter was investigated. Lung samples were screened by RT-PCR for IAV detection. IAV positive samples were further analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRRT-PCR), virus isolation, genomic sequencing, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Eleven out of 60 lungs (18.3%) were positive for IAV by RT-PCR and seven out of the eleven were also positive for A(H1N1)pdm09 by qRRT-PCR. Chronic diffuse bronchopneumonia was observed in all samples and IHC analysis was negative for influenza A antigen. Full genes segments of H1N2 IAV were sequenced using Illumina's genome analyzer platform (MiSeq). The genomic analysis revealed that the HA and NA genes clustered with IAVs of the human lineage and the six internal genes were derived from the H1N1pdm09 IAV. This is the first report of a reassortant human-like H1N2 influenza virus infection in captive wild boars in Brazil and indicates the need to monitor IAV evolution in Suidae populations. 相似文献
19.
Prukner-Radovcić E Horvatek D Gottstein Z Grozdanić IC Mazija H 《Veterinary research communications》2005,29(Z1):17-21
During 2003, 278 adult pigeons (Columba livia) and 54 birds of 11 other free-living species were caught in the various locations in the City of Zagreb, Croatia. Sera from 182 pigeons were tested for the presence of antibodies against Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci by ELISA test and 174 of them (95.6%) were found positive. Because of the high positivity rate in sera, cloacal swabs of 278 pigeons as well as 54 other species of free-living birds were tested for the presence of C. psittaci antigen. Fourty-four of the 278 pigeons (15.83%) were antigen positive, whereas all 54 of the wild birds were negative. Antigen-positive pigeons were euthanised and examined pathomorphologically and cytologically. Findings of specific antibodies and antigen of C. psittaci confirmed the high rate of infection among urban pigeons in the City of Zagreb, fortunately not among other free-living birds. Although the pigeon serovars of C. psittaci are considered to be of moderate pathogenicity for humans, the identification of 15.8% antigen-positive birds represents a potential source of infection to humans, especially for elderly people and immunodeficient patients, as well as for poultry in the Zagreb city area. 相似文献
20.
Sharon L Deem Andrew J Noss Rosa Leny Cuéllar William B Karesh 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2005,36(4):598-605
Bolivia has a total of 47 species of Psittacidae, seven of which have been identified in our study site, the semiarid Gran Chaco of the Isoso. One species, the blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva), is frequently captured by local Isose?o Guaraní Indians for exploitation on the national and international market. These birds are often temporarily housed in small villages under unhygienic conditions with poultry and other domestic species. On occasion, these parrots escape back to the wild. Additionally, many of these birds are kept as pets or are used to lure wild. parrots within slingshot range for subsequent capture. In this study, we evaluated the health status, including the level of exposure to selected infectious agents, in the wild-caught captive birds and free-ranging birds. Physical examinations were performed, and blood was collected, from 54 live birds (20 captive and 34 free-ranging). Feces were collected from 15 birds (seven captive and eight free-ranging). Necropsies were also performed on four recently dead wild-caught birds. On serologic testing, no birds were found to have antibodies to avian influenza virus, Chlamydophila psittaci, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, Marek's disease virus, paramyxovirus-1, paramyxovirus-2, paramyxovirus-3, polyomavirus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Positive antibody titers were found for psittacine herpesvirus (8/44, 18.2%), Aspergillus spp. (3/51, 5.9%), and Salmonella pullorum (33/49, 67.3%). All three of the birds that tested antibody positive for Aspergillus spp. were captive, whereas six of the eight and 15 of the 33 birds that tested positive for psittacine herpesvirus and S. pullorum, respectively, were wild. 相似文献