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1.
OBJECTIVE: To describe semiconductor diode laser use for anterior uveal cyst deflation and coagulation in dogs, horses and cats. ANIMALS STUDIED: The presenting clinical signs, surgical technique and postoperative results for four dogs, nine horses and seven cats with anterior uveal cysts treated with diode laser are described. Treated cysts were of sufficient size and/or number to potentially impair vision, damage the corneal endothelium, or increase intraocular pressure (IOP). One dog with free-floating cysts exhibited 'fly biting' behavior. Cysts were suspected of causing shying on the affected side and/or head-shaking behavior in seven horses. Cysts were free floating within the anterior chamber in dogs, occurred in the corpora nigrum in horses and were attached to the posterior iris surface in cats. In cats, shallowing of the anterior chamber and dyscoria were observed. In all cats prior to cyst deflation, IOP increased after pharmacologic pupil dilation. Cats were more likely than dogs and horses to have bilateral and multiple cysts. PROCEDURE: Two dogs and all horses were treated without general anesthesia and two dogs and all cats were treated under general anesthesia. Diode laser was used to perforate, deflate and coagulate the cysts. RESULTS: Postoperatively, all eyes were free of discomfort or significant inflammation and minimal or no topical or systemic anti-inflammatory therapy was required. Abnormal behavior improved or resolved in all cases. In all cats, IOP 24 h after photocoagulation was lower than the postdilation IOP. Cysts did not recur, but new cysts were discovered in several cases. CONCLUSION: Semiconductor diode laser coagulation of anterior uveal cysts is safe, effective and noninvasive.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To document the presenting ocular signs and the clinical course of Golden Retriever dogs with a progressive anterior uveitis, often associated with the histologic presence of iridociliary cysts. Animals studied Seventy-five Golden Retriever dogs (142 affected eyes) referred to a private practice referral ophthalmology clinic between 1994 and 1999. Procedures Complete ophthalmic evaluation with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, applanation tonometry, and gonioscopy. Hematology, serum biochemical evaluations, and serologic titers for endemic infectious agents were also used in selected cases. RESULTS: The age range of affected dogs was 4.5-14.5 years, with a mean age of 8.6 +/- 2.1 years. The majority of the dogs (n = 66) were affected in both eyes at first presentation. The sex distribution included 4 intact males, 32 neutered males, and 39 spayed females. Hematology, serum biochemical evaluations, and serologic titers for endemic infectious agents failed to demonstrate any underlying disorder. The ophthalmic hallmark of this syndrome was the appearance of pigment on the anterior lens capsule, often in a radial orientation. This capsular pigment was seen both with and without associated uveal cysts. Although single to multiple iridociliary cysts were noted clinically in only 13.3% of the cases, cysts were common on histopathology of advanced glaucomatous, blind eyes. Fibrin was observed in the anterior chamber of 37% of the cases, and often was a precursor for glaucoma. Cataract formation (37%) and glaucoma (46%) were frequent sequelae to the uveitis. Posterior synechiae formation occurred in 50% of the cases. Histopathologic analysis of four enucleated eyes and the eviscerated specimens from 14 glaucomatous eyes demonstrated thin-walled iridociliary epithelial cysts in 3/4 and 12/14 cases, respectively. Microscopically, little to no uveal inflammatory infiltration was commonly noted. Conclusion The overall prognosis for this progressive uveitis in Golden Retriever dogs is guarded, with 46% of the eyes becoming blind due to glaucoma. Iridociliary cysts in Golden Retriever dogs may lead to the development of glaucoma in this breed.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine factors contributing to glaucoma after lens extraction via phacoemulsification in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 22 dogs (29 eyes) with glaucoma and 21 dogs (30 eyes) without glaucoma after phacoemulsification. PROCEDURE: Medical record review. RESULTS: Eyes at increased risk for glaucoma included those of Boston Terriers, those with uveal or retinal abnormalities before surgery, and those with intraoperative intraocular hemorrhage. Significant differences between groups were not detected for incidence of preoperative lens-induced uveitis, presence of an intraocular lens, or frequency of an acute postoperative increase in intraocular pressure. Glaucoma developed (mean +/- SD) 12.8+/-14.1 months (median, 10 months; range, 0.25 to 55 months) after surgery. Eighteen of 29 (62%) eyes with potential for vision after onset of glaucoma retained vision for a mean of 16.5+/-12.8 months (median, 10.8 months; range, 1.5 to 37 months) after glaucoma was diagnosed. Most of these eyes still had vision at the conclusion of the study period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Risk factors identified by this study will aid in preoperative counseling of clients and refining selection criteria for candidates for phacoemulsification. Careful follow-up for the remainder of the dog's life after surgery may improve long-term success rates by permitting early intervention before intraocular pressure increases substantially and vision is irreversibly lost. Surgery for cataracts may still be worthwhile in dogs with increased risk of glaucoma, especially if elderly, because of the lengthy period to onset of glaucoma after surgery and the beneficial effects of treatment after glaucoma develops.  相似文献   

4.
The clinical features of brachycephalic airway obstructive disease in 11 brachycephalic dogs are described in this study. The respiratory strategy was assessed before (n=11) and after (n=6) surgery using barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP), with the relationship between BWBP variables and the severity of the clinical signs assessed by the use of a respiratory score based on clinical, radiographic and endoscopic findings. Partial collapse of the left main bronchus was a common finding not previously described as part of the brachycephalic airway obstructive disease syndrome. Epiglottic cysts, laryngeal granulomas and nasopharyngeal turbinates in English Bulldogs were other previously unreported findings. No significant correlation between the respiratory score and any of the BWBP variables was detected. Compared to healthy dogs, brachycephalic dogs had a significantly lower Te/Ti ratio (expiratory time over inspiratory time), peak inspiratory flow (PIF) per kg bodyweight (BW), significantly higher peak expiratory flow (PEF) per kgBW, PEF/PIF, and enhanced pause. These variations are compatible with upper airway obstructions primarily in the extrathoracic airways. Following surgery, a significant decrease in PEF/PIF was detected. The study showed that BWBP could be used to characterise the respiratory strategy in brachycephalic dogs before and after surgery.  相似文献   

5.
Objective— To report clinical and diagnostic imaging features, and outcome after surgical treatment of ventral intraspinal cysts in dogs.
Study Design— Retrospective study.
Animals— Dogs (n=7) with ventral intraspinal cysts.
Methods— Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and surgical findings of 7 dogs and histologic findings (1 dog) with intraspinal cysts associated with the intervertebral disc were reviewed.
Results— Ventral intraspinal cyst is characterized by: (1) clinical signs indistinguishable from those of typical disc herniation; (2) an extradural, round to oval, mass lesion with low T1 and high T2 signal intensity on MRI, compatible with a liquid-containing cyst; (3) cyst is in close proximity to the intervertebral disc; and (4) MRI signs of disc degeneration. Although the exact cause is unknown, underlying minor disc injury may predispose to cyst formation.
Conclusion— Intraspinal cysts have clinical signs identical to those of disc herniation. Given the close proximity of the cyst to the corresponding disc and the similarity of MRI findings to discal cysts in humans, we propose the term "canine discal cyst" to describe this observation.
Clinical Relevance— Discal cysts should be considered in the differential choices for cystic extradural compressing lesions.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To report synovial cysts associated with cauda equina syndrome in 2 dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical cases. ANIMALS: Two German Shepherd dogs. METHODS: After magnetic resonance imaging detection, cysts were surgically removed via dorsal laminectomy. RESULTS: Six and 8 months after surgery, both dogs were free of clinical signs and no pain was elicited on lumbosacral joint manipulation. CONCLUSION: Although described in dogs, cysts at the lumbosacral joint might cause compression of the cauda equina nerve roots. Radical excision of the cyst capsule can result in resolution of clinical signs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Synovial cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with cauda equina compression syndrome when lumbosacral degenerative joint disease is present.  相似文献   

7.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 7-year-old Siberian Husky-type dog with heterochromia irides was evaluated because of signs of pain associated with the right eye. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Unilateral panuveitis, iris bombé, and secondary glaucoma were detected in the right eye. Tear production was low bilaterally. Facial and truncal poliosis and vitiligo were also evident; skin biopsy specimens were obtained from the nasal planum. Uveodermatologic syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of histopathologic findings of a lichenoid interface dermatitis and pigmentary incontinence within the dermis. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on skin samples retrospectively, and findings were inconclusive. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Treatment involved topical (ocular) and oral administration of corticosteroids, oral administration of azathioprine, and topical (ocular) administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a lacrimostimulant. The secondary glaucoma was refractory to treatment, and the right eye was enucleated. Uveodermatologic syndrome was confirmed via histologic examination of ocular tissues. The left eye remained free of inflammation 16 months after the initial diagnosis. The periocular skin and skin of the nose partially regained pigment, but the hair did not. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Some breeds in which uveodermatologic syndrome has been reported (eg, Siberian Huskies, Old English Sheepdogs, Australian Shepherds, and Shetland Sheepdogs) often have heterochromia irides. This case highlights the fact that dogs with asymmetric uveal pigmentation may have unilateral ocular changes; therefore, uveodermatologic syndrome should not be excluded as a differential diagnosis on the basis of unilateral clinical signs.  相似文献   

8.
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are inherited neurodegenerative diseases characterized by accumulations of autofluorescent lipopigments within cells of the nervous system. Nine related American Bulldogs demonstrated dysmetria in all limbs and paraparesis. Nonambulatory tetraparesis was observed only in the later stages of the disease. The clinical signs developed between 1 and 3 years of age and were slowly progressive over several years, which is inconsistent with most reports in other breeds. Results from blood tests for 8 different lysosomal storage diseases on 4 affected and 6 related but unaffected dogs were negative. Four affected dogs were euthanized and histopathologic examinations showed diffuse accumulations of periodic acid-Schiff-positive inclusions in neurons and axonal spheroids along the entire neuraxis and retinae. The most severe lesions were in the brainstem proprioceptive nuclei and spinal cord, consistent with clinical signs. The storage material was autofluorescent and immunohistochemically positive for products of lipid peroxidation. Ultrastructural analysis was consistent with NCL. Pedigree analysis supports an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance. NCL has not been previously reported in the American Bulldog and these findings suggest a variant form of the canine disease.  相似文献   

9.
Three dogs were presented for investigation of spinal disease and were diagnosed with extradural spinal juxtafacet cysts of synovial origin. Two dogs that were presented with clinical signs consistent with pain in the lumbosacral region associated with bilateral hindlimb paresis were diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging. Both cysts were solitary and associated with the L6-7 dorsal articulations; both the dogs had a transitional vertebra in the lumbosacral region. A third dog that was presented with progressive paraparesis localised to T3-L3 spinal cord segments and compression of the spinal cord at T13-L1 was diagnosed using myelography. A solitary multiloculated cyst was found at surgery. Decompressive surgery resulted in resolution of the clinical signs in all three dogs. Immunohistological findings indicated that one to two layers of vimentin-positive cells consistent with synovial origin lined the cysts.  相似文献   

10.
Background: Ectopic ureters (EUs) associated with varying combinations of urinary incontinence, hydronephrosis, and urinary tract infection have been identified in related North American Entlebucher Mountain Dogs. Objectives: To characterize the disease phenotype in affected dogs and evaluate possible modes of inheritance. Animals: Twenty client‐owned Entlebucher Mountain Dogs. Nine dogs had clinical signs of urinary tract disease. Methods: Prospective case series in which 17 dogs were evaluated with excretory urography, ultrasonography, and urethrocystoscopy. Three additional dogs were evaluated by necropsy alone. Clinical and pedigree histories from 165 North American Entlebuchers were compiled for analysis. Results: Eleven female and 2 male dogs were found to have EUs. Six females and 1 male were continent. Bilateral intravesicular ectopic ureters (IVEUs) were identified in 9 dogs, bilateral extravesicular ectopic ureters (EVEUs) in 3 dogs, and 1 dog had IVEU and EVEU. Hydronephrosis was identified in 5 dogs, 3 of which had bilateral IVEUs. Two necropsied dogs had bilateral hydronephrosis with presumed ureterovesical junction obstruction associated with chronic granulation tissue or lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Twenty‐six dogs with EUs were identified in the pedigree. Because of incomplete penetrance, mode of inheritance could not be determined. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Ureteral ectopia is common in North American Entlebucher Mountain Dogs and clinical signs alone could not reliably predict disease phenotype. EVEUs were associated with urinary incontinence and occasionally hydronephrosis. IVEUs were clinically silent or associated with hydronephrosis. Further analyses are necessary to confirm and characterize the hereditary nature of the disorder.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the immediately antecedent cause of secondary glaucoma and the prevalence of secondary glaucoma with anterior uveitis or lens dislocation in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 156 dogs with secondary glaucoma. PROCEDURES: Cause of glaucoma was determined from records. Breed, age, sex, and neuter status of all dogs with secondary glaucoma were compared with the general hospital population. The prevalence of secondary glaucoma in dogs with a primary diagnosis of lens dislocation or anterior uveitis during the same period was determined. RESULTS: Secondary glaucoma was diagnosed in 156 of 2,257 (6.9%) dogs examined because of ophthalmic disease and was bilateral in 33 (21.2%) of those dogs. In 31 (94%) bilaterally affected dogs, the antecedent cause was the same in both eyes. Common causes of secondary glaucoma were non-surgical anterior uveitis (44.9%), anterior uveitis associated with prior phacoemulsification (15.8%), and lens dislocation (15.2%). Parson Russell Terriers, Poodles, Boston Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and Australian Cattle Dogs had diagnoses of secondary glaucoma more often than expected, compared with the reference population. Age, sex, neuter status, and laterality were not associated with secondary glaucoma. The prevalence of secondary glaucoma in dogs with lens dislocation or uveitis was 15% or 17%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Glaucoma develops secondary to many intraocular diseases, particularly uveitis and lens dislocation. Diagnosis of these diseases should prompt frequent monitoring of intraocular pressure, regardless of signalment.  相似文献   

12.
Multiple congenital or developmental anomalies associated with the central nervous system have been reported in English Bulldogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to identify and describe the prevalence and MRI characteristics of these anomalies and their association with presence and degree of cerebral ventriculomegaly. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of 50 English Bulldogs were evaluated. Forty‐eight dogs had some degree of cerebral ventriculomegaly, 27 of which had an otherwise normal brain. Presence of lateral ventriculomegaly was not significantly associated with presence of another intracranial lesion. Appearance of the septum pellucidum was variable, ranging from intact to incomplete or completely absent. The corpus callosum was subjectively thinned in all but three dogs, two of which had normal lateral ventricles. Fusion of the rostral colliculi was not found in any dog. A persistent craniopharyngeal canal was identified in one dog. Aqueductal stenosis caused by fusion of the rostral colliculi was not identified in any dog. Findings indicated that cerebral ventriculomegaly is a common finding in English Bulldogs with or without other intracranial lesions, aqueductal stenosis caused by fusion of the rostral colliculi is unlikely to be a common etiology leading to obstructive hydrocephalus, and a large craniopharyngeal canal is a rare finding that has unknown clinical significance at this time.  相似文献   

13.
ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterize the clinical and histopathological features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in English Bulldogs, American Bulldogs, and Bulldog-type mixed breed dogs and assess affected Bulldogs for a striatin gene mutation previously reported in Boxers with ARVC.AnimalsSeventy-one Bulldogs fit the inclusion criteria. Genetic analysis was performed on five dogs. Cardiac post-mortem evaluations were performed on two dogs.MethodsMedical records from a single veterinary cardiology group (CVCA) were retrospectively evaluated. Tissue and blood samples were submitted for histopathological analysis and genetic testing in select patients.ResultsPresenting complaints included syncope (38%), arrhythmia (81.7%), or murmur (34.2%) documented on examination. On presentation, congestive heart failure (CHF) was diagnosed in 22 (31%) dogs, and 58 (81.7%) had ventricular arrhythmias. On bivariable analyses, the two-dimensional (2D) left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA:Ao) was the only prognostic variable significantly associated with survival time. Dogs with 2D LA:Ao below the mean (1.41) had longer median survival to all-cause mortality (12 months; 95% confidence interval [CI] six–15 months) than those with 2D LA:Ao above the mean (four months; 95% CI two–six months; p=0.0384). Most dogs (54%) died from cardiac disease, with 42.1% experiencing sudden death. The median time from diagnosis to cardiac death was four months.ConclusionsArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy affects Bulldogs with both arrhythmogenic and dilated-type phenotypes. Despite variable arrhythmia severity and predominantly right-sided involvement in many dogs, an increase in left atrial size was the only significant predictor of mortality in this sample of dogs.  相似文献   

14.
Objective To immunohistochemically evaluate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 (VEGFR1) and ‐2 (VEGFR2) in ocular tissue of healthy dogs and dogs affected with primary glaucoma, uveitic glaucoma, and intraocular neoplasia. Sample population Enucleated globes from five dogs with primary glaucoma, five dogs with uveitic glaucoma, six dogs with intraocular neoplasms and three ophthalmically normal control dogs. Procedure Ocular tissues were obtained from enucleated globes of clinical cases or immediately following euthanasia for control dogs. Tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically for VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 via standard techniques and vascular tissue was qualitatively evaluated. Vascular endothelial VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression patterns are reported for normal and diseased ocular tissues. In addition, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression patterns are reported for all normal ocular tissues. Results A constitutive expression pattern was detected for VEGFR1 by ocular vascular endothelial cells as well as nonvascular cells in the cornea, uvea, lens, and retina. VEGFR2 demonstrated limited expression in normal ocular tissue, but was widely expressed in vascular endothelium of diseased eyes, particularly in pre‐iridal fibrovascular membranes. Conclusions The results of this study suggest a role for VEGF receptors in both physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis in canine ocular tissue. Manipulation of this pathway may be a rational consideration for therapeutic intervention in canine ocular disease exhibiting pathologic neovascularization.  相似文献   

15.
Our aim was to characterize the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of canine disc extrusion accompanied by epidural hemorrhage or inflammation. We correlated the imaging characteristics of this type of disc extrusion in 46 dogs and compared these features with clinical signs and pathologic findings. Data from 50 control dogs with MR imaging features of a disc extrusion with no associated hemorrhage or inflammation, characterized by a T2‐hypointense extradural mass, were used for comparison of the relative location of the two types of lesions and prognosis. Disc extrusion causing epidural hemorrhage or inflammation is more common in the caudal aspect of the lumbar spine than disc extrusions that do not cause signs of hemorrhage or inflammation (P<0.05) in MR images. In dogs with disc extrusion and associated epidural hemorrhage or inflammation, there was no association between MR imaging features and signalment, the presence or absence of hemorrhage, or pathologic findings. The appearance of the lesion created by disc extrusion with epidural hemorrhage and inflammation encompasses a wide variety of imaging features, likely related to the duration of the hemorrhage and associated inflammatory changes. In 10 of 46 dogs these secondary changes masked identification of the disc extrusion itself in the MR images. An awareness of the variety of MR imaging features of disc extrusion accompanied by extradural hemorrhage or inflammation is important to avoid making an incorrect diagnosis and to facilitate a proper surgical approach. The prognosis of dogs with disc extrusion accompanied by hemorrhage or inflammation does not appear to be different than for dogs with disc extrusion and without imaging signs of epidural hemorrhage or inflammation.  相似文献   

16.
Coccidiosis Caused by Isospora ohioensis-like Organisms in Three Dogs   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
Three dogs with atypical coccidiosis are described. The age and clinical signs were not those normally associated with coccidiosis described in the literature. The ages of the three dogs were twenty-two months, five months and twelve weeks respectively. The clinical signs were recurrent mild to severe diarrhea, depressed growth and poor body condition. Repeated fecal examinations were needed to diagnose the disease. Sulfamethazine and amprolium were used successfully in treating the condition in all cases.  相似文献   

17.
Congenital vertebral malformations are common findings on diagnostic imaging of the vertebral column in “screw‐tailed” brachycephalic dogs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and anatomical characteristics of lumbosacral congenital vertebral malformations in French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs presenting for problems unrelated to spinal disease, as well as possible associations with the degree of tail malformation, lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniation, or spondylosis deformans. In this retrospective cross‐sectional study, CT scans of vertebrae L6 to S3 and of the coccygeal vertebrae were reviewed for type of congenital vertebral malformations (hemivertebrae, block vertebrae, lumbosacral transitional vertebrae, and spina bifida), lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniation, lumbosacral spondylosis deformans, and degree of tail malformation. In 76 (51.0%) of the 149 included dogs (53 French Bulldogs, 37 English Bulldogs, and 59 Pugs) at least one type of congenital vertebral malformations was found, with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae being the most common (34.2%). There was a significantly higher prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (54.2%) and lower prevalence of hemivertebrae (1.7%) in Pugs compared to English (13.5% and 24.3%, respectively) and French Bulldogs (26.4% and 32.0%, respectively). Tail malformation was significantly more severe in dogs with evidence of hemivertebrae. Congenital vertebral malformations are a common finding in the lumbosacral vertebral column of French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs. These anatomical variances need to be considered when interpreting diagnostic studies and when planning for neurosurgical and neurodiagnostic procedures. Furthermore, this study suggests a possible association between the degree of tail malformation and lumbosacral hemivertebrae.  相似文献   

18.
Histologic examination was made of 1,419 globes from domestic animals (964 dogs, 374 cats, 41 horses, and 40 cattle) with ocular disease; pre-iridal membranes (rubeosis iridis) were found in 98. The membranes originated as endothelial budding from the anterior iridal stroma and seemed to mature into fibrous or fibrovascular membranes that were often followed by hyphema or, occasionally, glaucoma. Pre-existent disease in the 98 affected globes included chronic endophthalmitis (27/98), chronic glaucoma (24/98), anterior uveal melanoma (15/98), ciliary body adenoma (14/98), neoplasms metastatic to the eye (8/98), and chronic retinal detachment (6/98). In terms of likelihood of occurrence, pre-iridal membranes seen in 21% (6/21) of globes with retinal detachment, 19% (14/75) of those with ciliary body adenomas, 14% (24/167) of those with chronic glaucoma, and 10% (15/158) of those with anterior uveal melanoma. They were detected with greatest relative frequency in horses (9/41) followed by dogs (83/964), cats (5/374) and cattle (1/40). These membranes, which are rarely detected by clinical examination, probably form in response to angiogenic factors released by ischemic retina, by neoplasms, or by leukocytes involved in ocular inflammation.  相似文献   

19.
An eleven‐year‐old, female spayed Boxer dog was diagnosed with a uveal schwannoma (formerly known as the spindle cell tumor of the blue‐eyed dog or SCTBED) despite having a uniformly brown iris. The patient presented to emergency for ocular discomfort, and the right globe was subsequently enucleated due to glaucoma and submitted for histopathology. Upon histopathologic evaluation, a uveal schwannoma was diagnosed and confirmed with immunohistochemical staining. Complete metastatic evaluation 1 and 6 months after initial presentation did not reveal evidence of metastasis, and the dog remains systemically healthy. This case represents a unique variant of uveal schwannoma and is relevant because although the vast majority of these tumors occur in blue‐eyed dogs, clinicians should not completely rule out this tumor as a differential based on the iris color.  相似文献   

20.
Feline glaucomas     
Cats are usually presented at a very late stage in the course of glaucoma when the eye is already blind. Secondary glaucoma because of another underlying ocular lesion is the most common form of glaucoma in the cat and is frequently associated with chronic anterior uveitis or intraocular neoplasia. Chronic stages of glaucoma in the cat are characterized by buphthalmus, anterior lens luxation, and exposure keratitis secondary to the enlarged globe. Ophthalmoscopic signs of glaucomatous retinal degeneration are only noticed in very advanced stages. Treatment of glaucoma in cats is usually aimed to keep the eye comfortable and within a normal intraocular pressure range. However, many antiglaucoma medications that are successfully used in humans and dogs are not very well tolerated by cats and, therefore, the selection of recommended drugs is limited in this species.  相似文献   

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