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1.
A 1000 litre recirculation system of eight cylindrical rearing tanks has been tested in three 40-day periods to determine its capacity for rearing larval turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.).The larvae were fed on rotifers and Artemia nauplii, as well as mixed marine algae. Continuous artificial light of 1500–2000 lux was applied at the surface. The applied algae served a dual function; keeping rotifers and Artemia at a high nutritional level as well as effectively removing the released ammonia. The combination of upwelling water and light at the surface maximized the contact surface between larvae, food items and algae.With this system, using a stocking density of 16 larvae litre?1 in the rearing tanks, a survival total of 40% at Day 40 was achieved, giving a production of 6·4 larvae litre?1 or 3000 larvae metre?2 of the surface of the rearing tanks. 相似文献
2.
Tadao Jinbo Shigeki Dan Mitsuhiro Nakaya Masakazu Ashidate Katsuyuki Hamasaki 《Fisheries Science》2013,79(3):459-467
The effect of varying levels of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content in Artemia sp. on survival, the number of days required to reach each larval stage, and the growth and morphogenesis of larvae of the horsehair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii were examined. Artemia enriched with materials of six types [condensed Nannochloropsis sp., ethyl oleate, two enrichment levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and those of docosahexaenoic acid], and unenriched Artemia were fed to larvae. Newly hatched larvae were reared in groups of 50 individuals in two 2-l beakers until they reached the first crab stage. No significant difference was found in survival rate, growth, or morphogenesis of larvae, but fewer days tended to be required to reach the first crab stage in the group enriched with high EPA compared to the other groups. Results show that, although the amount of n-3 HUFA in unenriched Artemia might meet the demands of horsehair crab larvae for their survival, growth, and morphogenesis, Artemia should be enriched with high EPA to improve the rate of larval development. 相似文献
3.
C.C. Piccinetti F. Tulli N.E. Tokle G. Cardinaletti I. Olivotto 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2014,20(1):90-100
Considering the well‐known problems arising from the use of rotifers and Artemia as live prey in larval rearing in terms of fatty acid deficiencies, the aim of this study was to evaluate a partial or complete replacement of traditional live prey with preserved copepods during the larviculture of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Sea bream larvae were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups in triplicates: group A larvae (control) fed rotifers followed by Artemia nauplii; group B fed a combined diet (50%) of rotifers–Artemia and preserved copepods; group C fed rotifers followed by preserved copepods; and group D fed preserved copepods solely. Survival and biometric data were analysed together with major molecular biomarkers involved in growth, lipid metabolism and appetite. Moreover, fatty acid content of prey and larvae was also analysed. At the end of 40 days treatment, a stress test, on the remaining larvae, was performed to evaluate the effects of different diets on stress response. Data obtained evidenced a positive effect of cofeeding preserved copepods during sea bream larviculture. Higher survival and growth were achieved in group B (fed combined diet) larvae respect to control. In addition, preserved copepods cofeeding was able to positively modulate genes involved in fish growth, lipid metabolism, stress response and appetite regulation. 相似文献
4.
Alexandre Sachsida Garcia Christopher C Parrish & Joseph A Brown 《Aquaculture Research》2008,39(4):406-419
A feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia sp. enriched differently on early growth, survival and lipid class composition of Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua). Rotifers enrichments tested were: (1) AlgaMac 2000®, (2) AquaGrow® Advantage and (3) a combination of Pavlova sp. paste and AlgaMac 2000®. The same treatments were tested with Artemia as well as a combination of DC DHA Selco® and AlgaMac 2000® as a fourth treatment. After rotifer feeding, the larvae from treatment 3 [1.50 ± 0.11 mg dry weight (dw)] were significantly heavier than larvae from treatment 2 (1.03 ± 0.04 mg dw). After feeding Artemia, the larvae from treatment 1 were significantly heavier (12.06 ± 2.54 mg dw) than those from treatments 3 (6.5 ± 0.73 mg dw) and 4 (5.31 ± 1.01 mg dw). Treatment 3 resulted in the best survival through the 59 days of larviculture. After rotifer feeding, high larval concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) and ω6 docosapentaenoic acid (ω6DPA) could be linked to better larval growth and survival while after feeding Artemia, high larval DHA/EPA ratios (~3) and high DPA/AA ratios (>1) could be linked to better survival. 相似文献
5.
Robson Ventura Ubiratã A T da Silva Gilmar Perbiche-Neves Antonio Ostrensky Walter A Boeger & Marcio R Pie 《Aquaculture Research》2008,39(3):263-267
Predation of zoeas by megalopae of Ucides cordatus is frequently observed in the laboratory during larval rearing, a phenomenon that could considerably reduce the output of larviculture. Experiments were carried out in the present study to assess how the survivorship of larvae at the end of the larviculture is influenced by cannibalism by megalopae on the larvae of earlier stages, as well as on other megalopae. In addition, tests were performed to assess whether the adoption of different feeding protocols can decrease cannibalism rates. Experiments were carried out in plastic vials containing ocean water (salinity 25 g L?1) under controlled environmental conditions (26 °C and 16:8 h LD photoperiod). An ensemble analysis of all the developmental stages indicated that zoeal mortality rates were significantly higher in the presence of megalopae, a result that is consistent with cannibalism by megalopae. However, separate analysis for each developmental stage indicated that only zoea IV, V and VI show reduced survivorship. No cannibalism was detected among megalopae. Food supplementation using Artemia sp. at a density of 6 nauplii mL?1 proved to be successful in reducing cannibalism rates, whereas supplementation at a lower density (0.3 nauplii mL?1) failed to show such an effect. The implications of these results for the larviculture of U. cordatus are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Danilo Henrique Nass Eduardo Luiz Tavares Gonçalves Mônica Yumi Tsuzuki 《Aquaculture International》2016,24(5):1255-1261
Amphiprion clarkii, a popular marine ornamental fish, despite having an already established reproduction technology, still presents divergences regarding the feeding protocol used for its larviculture in what concerns the ideal day of transition from rotifers to Artemia. This study aimed to determine the optimum time to start supplying Artemia to larvae. Survival, growth, weight gain and metamorphosis of treatments: (T2) start of Artemia supply at the 2nd day after hatching (DAH); (T4) start at the 4th DAH; and (T6) start at the 6th DAH were evaluated. Survival rates ranged from 60 to 66 %. Fish in T2 had a number of metamorphosed fish statistically higher than T6 and began to metamorphose 1 day sooner than other treatments. The positive results obtained for T2 can be related to the premature ability of this species to capture large live food, which can provide many benefits to the larvae. It is concluded that it is possible to offer Artemia nauplii to yellowtail clownfish at 2 DAH. 相似文献
7.
Luis Fernando Beux 《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(3):184-199
ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the survival and growth of larvae (L) of pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, fed different Artemia sp. proportions: 50, 200, 350, 500, 650, 800, and 950 Artemia nauplii per larva per day, in a complete randomized design. Water salinity was 1.7%, and larviculture lasted for a period of 15 days, which was divided into three individual 5-day trials. Larvae were stocked at a density of 15 per liter and kept in the dark. The concentrations of un-ionized ammonia-N and nitrite-N were directly proportional to the increase in prey density (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed increased survival and growth rates up to 200, 350, and 500 nauplii/L/day, for the first, second, and third trials, respectively. These results indicate that larval food intake is related to ontogenetic development stage. 相似文献
8.
L. Ribeiro J.L. Zambonino-Infante C. Cahu M.T. Dinis 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2002,27(1-2):61-69
The objective of this experiment was to analyse the digestive enzyme profile of Solea senegalensis post larvae fed two diets, live Artemia sp. metanauplii and ICES diet. The experiment lasted 46 days and the ICES diet group was co-fed with a decreasing percentage of Artemia sp. for 39 days. Post larvae were fed twice a day and the amount of food supplied was determined based on the predicted maximum growth attainable. The Artemia treatment exhibited higher growth and survival rates than the ICES treatment. Trypsin, amylase, pepsin, alkaline phosphatase and leucine-alanine peptidase activities (specific activity: U mg protein?1; segmental activity: U larva?1) were measured in the post larvae digestive tract. Amylase secretion was significantly higher in the ICES treatment, while trypsin secretion was lower. Alkaline phosphatase was adversely and significantly affected by the ICES diet. Leucine-alanine peptidase specific activity was higher in the ICES treatment indicating a delay in the enterocyte maturation also evidenced by the enterocyte maturation index. Alkaline phosphatase and amylase segmental activity had a good correlation with larval growth rate, and may function as a nutritional indicator. This study suggests that compound diet can be included in the feeding sequences of sole larvae as early as 36 day post hatching (697 degree days). 相似文献
9.
Wesley Freitas da Annunciao Cortney L. Ohs Mnica Yumi Tsuzuki 《Aquaculture Research》2020,51(2):523-534
High mortality is common when culturing most marine fish larvae, especially during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. In aquaculture, many species of marine fish are not able to survive when only fed enriched rotifers and Artemia spp. nauplii. Ciliates are a potential alternative live food organism for first‐feeding larvae, because they can grow to high population densities, accept inert diets, and are natural prey organisms of marine fish larvae. The range of culture parameters to optimize population growth of the ciliate Euplotes sp. are unknown. Five experiments were conducted to determine the effects of food concentration and abiotic factors including salinity, aeration rate, temperature and photoperiod on population growth of the ciliate Euplotes sp. Results indicated the optimal ranges for population growth of Euplotes sp. was a temperature between 26 and 32°C, salinities from 20 and 35 g/L, food (Protein Selco®) concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/million ciliates, absence of or low aeration (8.5 cm3/min) and the photoperiod 0L:24D. Euplotes sp. can tolerate high ammonia and very low dissolved oxygen concentrations, and population growth can occur in these conditions for at least 7 days. 相似文献
10.
Replacement of live food with a microbound diet in feeding Litopenaeus setiferus (Burkenroad) larvae
P P Gallardo R Pedroza-Islas T García-Galano C Pascual C Rosal A Sánchez G Gaxiola 《Aquaculture Research》2002,33(9):681-691
Microbound feeds have been well accepted by shrimps and farmers in many penaeid shrimp hatcheries. The present study focused on an adequate level of replacement of Artemia nauplii and microalgae by a microbound diet for rearing Litopenaeus setiferus (Burkenroad) larvae. A microbound diet (MBD) consisting of fishmeal, squid meal, shrimp meal, yeast meal and soybean meal was used. The first experiment was designed to obtain the optimum level of MBD to complete the live feeding schedule, from Protozoea (PZIII) to Mysis (MIII). The experimental levels of the microbound diet tested were 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg MBD L?1 day?1. The next step was to determine the Artemia nauplii replacement level from PZI to MIII by MBD. These experiments were carried out either in the presence (Experiment 2) or in the absence of algae (Experiment 3). Four replacement levels were tested: 0% (4 mg MBD L?1 day?1: 1 Artemia nauplii mL?1), 40% (5.5 mg MBD L?1 day?1: 0.6 Artemia nauplii), 60% (6.5 mg MBD L?1 day?1: 0.4 Artemia nauplii) and 100% (8 mg MBD L?1 day?1: 0 Artemia nauplii). In all experiments growth, survival, development, quality index (QI) and performance index (PI), were used to determine the optimum concentration of microbound diet. Results showed that 6 mg MBD L?1 day?1 can be recommended as a complement to live food for L. setiferus larvae from PZIII to MIII. In the presence of algae, maximum growth and survival may be obtained in 40–60% (5.5–6.5 mg MBD L?1 day?1) of Artemia nauplii replacement levels. In the absence of algae, the Artemia nauplii replacement resulted in slower development, less salinity resistance, lower growth and lower survival than was obtained in larvae fed with algae. 相似文献
11.
Effects of live feed containing Panagrellus redivivus and water depth on growth of Betta splendens larvae 下载免费PDF全文
Márcia Valéria Silva do Couto Natalino da Costa Sousa Higo Andrade Abe Joel Artur Rodrigues Dias Juliana Oliveira Meneses Peterson Emmanuel Guimarães Paixão Fernanda dos Santos Cunha Fabrício Menezes Ramos Alexandre Nizio Maria Paulo Cesar Falanghe Carneiro Rodrigo Yudi Fujimoto 《Aquaculture Research》2018,49(8):2671-2675
Panagrellus redivivus is a nematode with a high protein content and low‐cost production. It is successfully used in the larviculture of shrimp, however, it has not yet been evaluated as feed for Betta splendens larvae. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate P. redivivus as feed for betta larvae maintained at different depths of water. The experiment was based on a completely randomized 3 × 2 factorial design, represented by two feed types and one alternating feeding regime plus two water depths (2.5 and 5.0 cm). The Artemia feed promoted the highest weight gain, followed by the alternating feeding regime. The single use of the nematode as live feed produced the poorest weight gain. The water depth and the feeding method influenced the specific growth rate (SGR). At a depth of 2.5 cm, the alternating feeding promoted similar SGR compared to fish fed with Artemia only. Furthermore, at the greater water depth an improvement in SGR was observed in fish fed Artemia only, but the similarity to alternating feeding regime remains. Thus, the inclusion of nematode is an appropriate and lower cost feed strategy for the betta larviculture independent of water depths. 相似文献
12.
Daniel Żarski Katarzyna Targońska Sławomir Krejszeff Maciej Kwiatkowski Krzysztof Kupren Dariusz Kucharczyk 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(6):1105-1117
Two experiments were conducted into the rearing of crucian carp larvae under controlled conditions in an experimental closed
water system. In both cases, the rearing lasted 21 days. The first experiment concerned the initial stocking density (from
50 to 600 individuals per l), whilst the second one studied the first food offered (two types of Artemia nauplii, decapsulated Artemia cysts and three types of commercial feeds) which were applied at the moment of exogenous feeding commencement. The best results
were obtained using 50 larvae per l, whilst there were no significant differences within the range 200–600 larvae per l. The
application of dry feed had a negative influence on the survival and other parameters. The highest survival rate was found
in the groups fed with freshly hatched Artemia naupli. The results obtained indicate that the rearing of crucian carp larvae may be successfully conducted in very high
stocking densities. However, the very high sensitivity of crucian carp larvae to the type of food offered during the initial
days of life should be taken into account. The data presented in this article could be very useful in crucian carp larviculture. 相似文献
13.
Effect of live algae used as green water on survival,growth, behaviour,ontogeny and bacterial profile of lobster larvae (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards) 下载免费PDF全文
Rémy Haché André Dumas David Thumbi Benjamin S Forward Martin Mallet 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(2):581-593
Green water is a technique commonly used in aquaculture, that consists of adding live algae in the water culture and its benefits have been shown for several species. Several hypotheses exist to explain the benefits of green water: increase in nutritional value; action as a probiotic; increase in contrast to reveal preys for larvae; or increase in predator behaviour of larvae. Green water produced with a mix of strains Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros muelleri (50:50, cells:cells) applied in four different ways was tested. The survival and the growth of American lobster (Homarus americanus) between stage I and stage IV post‐larvae were not affected by the addition of live algae. The lipid classes were not affected by the addition of algae and limited variation was observed in the fatty acids and bacterial profiles. Furthermore, the green water techniques had a limited effect on the behaviour of post‐larvae stage IV lobster at releasing. Behaviour was mostly affected by the age of post‐larvae. The bacteria Lewinella sp., Leucothrix sp. and Thiothrix sp. appeared to represent a common and core component of Stage IV lobster post‐larvae microflora. The results show that the algae do not increase either nutritional value or feed intake of the lobster larvae. Probiotic effect may be more important when larvae are raised in a close system where potential bacterial pathogens could have more chances to colonize the culture. Also, the dark green colour of the larval tank used in this study may have mimicked the effect of green water in the control group. Biochemical results suggest that dietary supplementation with phospholipids and DHA is needed in a lobster hatchery using frozen Artemia and our open formula Dry mix. 相似文献
14.
Survival and Growth Improvement of Palm Ruff,Seriolella violacea,Larvae Fed Artemia Nauplii Enriched with an Experimental Emulsion 下载免费PDF全文
Adens González Alfonso Silva Gonzalo Gajardo Claudio Martínez 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2017,48(2):268-279
The palm ruff, Seriolella violacea (Cojinoba), is a potential new species for Chilean aquaculture. To approach Cojinoba larviculture, an experimental Artemia enrichment emulsion, containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) = 2.5, supplemented with vitamin E, astaxanthin, and β‐glucan, was evaluated in both Artemia and Cojinoba larvae, 30–50 d.a.h. This study tested an experimental enrichment emulsion versus a commercial emulsion, with an integral approach of multicompound emulsions. After 23 h enrichment, experimental emulsion (EE)‐enriched nauplii reached DHA and EPA concentrations of 23.8 and 18.7 mg/g dry weight (dwt), respectively, while in Cojinoba larvae they were 18.4 and 19.7 mg/g dwt. Control emulsion (CE)‐enriched nauplii exhibited lower DHA and EPA (6.1 and 7.7 mg/g dwt), while only DHA decreased in the control larvae (12.6 mg/g dwt). Vitamin E was higher in EE‐enriched nauplii (29.2 mg/100 g dwt) than in the control (8.4 mg/100 g dwt). Larvae fed EE‐enriched Artemia exhibited 8% increase in survival and 19% in growth compared with the control. Astaxanthin was detected only in larvae fed EE‐enriched nauplii. The tumor necrosis factor‐α concentration was not significantly different between larvae fed EE‐ and CE‐enriched nauplii. EE looks promising as an Artemia enrichment and experimental diet to assess palm ruff larval requirements, and has a positive impact on fish larvae performance. 相似文献
15.
S. Castanho G. Califano F. Soares R. Costa L. Mata P. Pousão-Ferreira L. Ribeiro 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2017,43(4):1043-1054
Larval rearing is affected by a wide range of microorganisms that thrive in larviculture systems. Some seaweed species have metabolites capable of reducing the bacterial load. However, no studies have yet tested whether including seaweed metabolites on larval rearing systems has any effects on the larvae development. This work assessed the development of Sparus aurata larvae fed preys treated with an Asparagopsis armata product. Live prey, Brachionus spp. and Artemia sp., were immersed in a solution containing 0.5% of a commercial extract of A. armata (Ysaline 100, YSA) for 30 min, before being fed to seabream larvae (n = 4 each). In the control, the live feed was immersed in clear water. Larval parameters such as growth, survival, digestive capacity (structural-histology and functional-enzymatic activity), stress level (cortisol content), non-specific immune response (lysozyme activity), anti-bacterial activity (disc-diffusion assay) and microbiota quantification (fish larvae gut and rearing water) were monitored. Fish larvae digestive capacity, stress level and non-specific immune response were not affected by the use of YSA. The number of Vibrionaceae was significantly reduced both in water and larval gut when using YSA. Growth was enhanced for YSA treatment, but higher mortality was also observed, especially until 10 days after hatching (DAH). The mortality peak observed at 8 DAH for both treatments, but higher for YSA, indicates larval higher susceptibility at this development stage, suggesting that lower concentrations of YSA should be used until 10 DAH. The application of YSA after 10 DAH onwards promotes a safer rearing environment. 相似文献
16.
The goal of this study is to develop a larviculture protocol for Mithraculus forceps, a popular marine aquarium species. Different temperatures (25±0.5°C and 28±0.5°C), stocking densities (10, 20, 40 and 80 larvae L?1), prey densities (newly hatched Artemia of 1, 4, 7 and 12 nauplii mL?1) and metamorphosis to crab conditions (Systems A and B) were tested. The best survivorship and faster development were obtained when the larvae were reared at a density of 40 larvae L?1 for 7 days post hatching (DPH) in System A, at 28°C and fed with 7 mL?1 of newly hatched Artemia nauplii. After 7 DPH all the megalopa were moved to System B and the same temperature and prey density were maintained. At the end of the experiment, 12 DPH, survivorship of 74.1±4.8% was obtained. 相似文献
17.
Larvae of Siganus lineatus were hatched and reared through metamorphosis in a 7 000-1 tank covered with a translucent roof. The larvae were fed phytoplankton (mixed cultures), rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis), copepods (Oithona sp.), and Artemia nauplii. Thirty-five days were required for all the larvae to metamorphose; survival was 800 out of 5 000 (16%). The rearing period and rearing criteria are identical to those required for S. canaliculatus. Three important developmental stages were identified: the dark-head carnivorous stage (the gut is a simple coil), the brown-head omnivorous stage (the gut is elongated and convoluted), and the juvenile herbivorous stage (the gut is highly elongated and convoluted into a complex coil). Over-feeding on Artemia nauplii may result in deaths among brown-head and juvenile fishes; adjustment of the feeding regime when larvae begin to develop into the brown-head stage is considered important. Copepods are an excellent substitute for Artemia nauplii during this period 相似文献
18.
Thyssia Bomfim Araújo da Silva Cludia Maiza Fernandes Epifnio Francisco de Matos Dantas Thayssa Larrana Pinto da Rocha Ligia Uribe Gonalves Jony Koji Dairiki 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(3):951-956
The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival and growth of Arapaima gigas larvae reared in slightly salinized water. Pirarucu larvae (183.1 ± 41.2 mg and 3.4 ± 0.3 cm) were stocked in PVC tanks (20 L; n = 4; 40 larvae per tank) in a static system. A. gigas larvae were reared in increasing levels of salinized water (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4‰) for a period of 15 days. Fish were fed six times a day with Artemia nauplii (2,900 nauplii per larvae per meal in the beginning). The salinized water increased by at least four times the Artemia nauplii lifespan, which prolonged the time of live food supply to Arapaima larvae. Pirarucu larvae kept in freshwater presented the lowest values in weight gain, final weight and survival. Larvae reared in water with 4‰ of salinized water showed the highest final weight. Slightly salinized water enhances the growth and survival of A. gigas larvae and it can be a simple practice with low cost that can be applied in the routine of pirarucu larviculture. 相似文献
19.
Considerable progress has been achieved in the intensive culture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). However, there is little information concerning optimum live-feed enrichments for cod larvae, since many of the techniques
used during the larviculture have been borrowed from other fish species and adapted for the production of Atlantic cod. The
present study compared four different protocols for the enrichment of Artemia to be used as live feed for cod larvae. The protocols tested were: (1) AlgaMac 2000, (2) AquaGrow Advantage, (3) Pavlova sp. + AlgaMac 2000, and (4) DC DHA Selco + AlgaMac 2000. Larvae were fed differently enriched Artemia between 37 and 59 days post hatch. At the end of the experiment, larvae from treatment 1 [specific growth rate (SGR) = 10.4 ± 0.4%
day−1] grew faster than larvae from treatments 3 (SGR = 6.9 ± 0.2% day−1) and 4 (SGR = 4.9 ± 0.4% day−1, P < 0.0001). However, treatments 3 and 4 resulted in better larval survival at the end of the experimental period, estimated
to be 3 on a scale from 1 to 5, whereas the survival estimates for the two other groups were 2. The treatments affected the
fatty-acid composition of Artemia and of cod larvae. Larvae from treatment 1 had a higher percentage of AA (20:4ω6, P < 0.0001) and ω6DPA (22:5ω6, P < 0.0001) than the other larvae. Levels of DHA (22:6ω3) were similar in larvae from treatments 1 and 4, and higher than in
the other larvae (P < 0.0001). Our results suggest that Artemia containing a DHA/EPA/AA ratio of 7/2/1 result in good larval performance.
Joseph A. Brown—Deceased September 2005. 相似文献
20.
The production of juvenile turbot in research and commercial practice still involves the use of live foods for the early larvae. The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is used for the first few days followed by nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. During this live food phase, the addition of live unicellular algae to the rearing tanks improves the growth and survival of the turbot larvae.Within 10 days of the start of feeding, large differences in growth rate become apparent depending on the presence or absence of particular algae. The use of Dunaliella tertiolecta in particular results in stunted growth and high mortalities. Evidence is presented in this paper that Dunaliella tertiolecta is not toxic, and that its failure to support turbot larval growth is probably due to a deficiency of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. These compounds have been shown by other workers to be an essential dietary requirement in O-group turbot. 相似文献