The aim of this study was to establish heart rate as a measure of energy expenditure in large active kennel dogs (28 ± 3 kg bw). Therefore, the heart rate (HR)–oxygen consumption () relationship was analysed in Foxhound‐Boxer‐Ingelheim‐Labrador cross‐breds (FBI dogs) at rest and graded levels of exercise on a treadmill up to 60–65% of maximal aerobic capacity. To test for effects of training, HR and were measured in female dogs, before and after a training period, and after an adjacent training pause to test for reversibility of potential effects. Least squares regression was applied to describe the relationship between HR and . The applied training had no statistically significant effect on the HR– regression. A general regression line from all data collected was prepared to establish a general predictive equation for energy expenditure from HR in FBI dogs. The regression equation established in this study enables fast estimation of energy requirement for running activity. The equation is valid for large dogs weighing around 30 kg that run at ground level up to 15 km/h with a heart rate maximum of 190 bpm irrespective of the training level. 相似文献
Supplementing ruminants with nitrate reduces their enteric methane (CH4) emissions; however, the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation achieved can be partially offset by small emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a more potent GHG. Sheep were dosed intraruminally with 15 to investigate whether dietary is a precursor of N2O and/or di‐nitrogen gas (N2), and to quantify the amounts of recovered as N2O and N2 in gas emissions from sheep adapted or not adapted to dietary . Ruminally cannulated sheep were adapted to a hay diet supplemented with (n = 3; 10 g /kg DM) or urea (n = 3; 5.3 g urea/kg DM). On the day of the experiment all sheep were dosed intraruminally with 15 and quickly moved into gas‐tight chambers to enable recovery of 15N in N2O and N2 to be measured. Measurements of gases accumulating in the chambers were made over 10 successive 50 min periods; this enabled the amount of N2O produced, and the recovery of 15‐N in N2O and N2 to be determined over a total of 10 hr. Only 0.04% of labelled ‐N was recovered as N2O, and this was not dependent (p > .05) on whether or not the animals had been adapted to dietary . Approximatively 3% of 15‐N was recovered as 15N2, which was also not dependent (p > .05) on whether sheep had been adapted to . Because the kinetics of rumen ammonia (NH3) were uncertain, the recovery of 15N from in rumen NH3 could not accurately be quantified, but our results suggest that approximately 76% of dietary was converted to NH3 in the rumen. We conclude that the small amount of recovered in N2 was evidence of denitrification, previously thought not to occur in the rumen. 相似文献
Terry, R. L., McDonnell, S. M., van Eps, A. W., Soma, L. R., Liu, Y., Uboh, C. E., Moate, P. J., Driessen, B. Pharmacokinetic profile and behavioral effects of gabapentin in the horse. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 485–494. Gabapentin is being used in horses although its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, pharmacodynamic (PD) effects and safety in the equine are not fully investigated. Therefore, we characterized PKs and cardiovascular and behavioral effects of gabapentin in horses. Gabapentin (20 mg/kg) was administered i.v. or p.o. to six horses using a randomized crossover design. Plasma gabapentin concentrations were measured in samples collected 0–48 h postadministration employing liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Blood pressures, ECG, and sedation scores were recorded before and for 12 h after gabapentin dosage. Nineteen quantitative measures of behaviors were evaluated. After i.v. gabapentin, the decline in plasma drug concentration over time was best described by a 3‐compartment mammillary model. Terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2γ) was 8.5 (7.1–13.3) h. After p.o. gabapentin terminal elimination half‐life () was 7.7 (6.7–11.9) h. The mean oral bioavailability of gabapentin (±SD) was 16.2 ± 2.8% indicating relatively poor absorption of gabapentin following oral administration in horses. Gabapentin caused a significant increase in sedation scores for 1 h after i.v. dose only (P <0.05). Among behaviors, drinking frequency was greater and standing rest duration was lower with i.v. gabapentin (P <0.05). Horses tolerated both i.v. and p.o. gabapentin doses well. There were no significant differences in and . Oral administration yielded much lower plasma concentrations because of low bioavailability. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to quantify the number and size of connexin43 (Cx43) gap junctions in the circular and longitudinal layers of myometrium of the non‐pregnant pig. We developed a novel approach to measure the mean surface area (), numerical density (Nv) and surface density (Sv) of gap junctions using confocal microscopy and stereological analysis. Immunolabelled Cx43 gap junctions were measured in the subendometrial and deep regions of the circular layer and in the longitudinal layer of the myometrium of pre‐pubertal pig and mature pig at pre‐ovulatory and secretory stages of the oestrous cycle. In the circular subendometrial region, all investigated stereological parameters of Cx43 gap junctions (, Nv and Sv) were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than those of the circular deep region and the longitudinal layer in all three groups of animals. These results indicate the large‐scale heterogeneity of the number and size of Cx43 gap junctions across the myometrium in non‐pregnant pig and emphasize the existence of functional diversity among myometrial cells. 相似文献
Insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) is a protein that binds the majority of insulin‐like growth factors in circulation for regulation of its action on growth and metabolism of the animals. Animals belonging to Hariana, Holstein‐Friesian (HF) and their crossbreds (HF × Hariana) were studied using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism and nucleotide sequencing of the IGFBP‐3 gene. A 651‐bp fragment of the IGFBP‐3 gene spanning over a part of exon 2, complete intron 2, exon 3 and a part of intron 3 was amplified and digested with HaeIII restriction enzyme. Three patterns of restriction fragments were observed in HF and crossbred cattle revealing polymorphism in both the populations. The frequency of AA, AB and BB genotypes was 0.65, 0.32 and 0.03 in crossbreds and 0.29, 0.65 and 0.06 in HF respectively. The allelic frequency of the A and B allele was 0.81 and 0.19 in crossbreds and 0.62 and 0.38 in HF cattle respectively. Only one restriction pattern (AA genotype) was observed in all the animals of Hariana breed of Bos indicus showing the absence of polymorphism. Nucleotide sequencing revealed a C → A mutation in the intron 2 region of the IGFBP‐3 gene as the cause of the polymorphism. Least squares analysis revealed a significant effect (p < 0.05) of genotypes on birth weight and body weight (weight at 12, 18 and 24 months of age) of the animals. Animals of AB genotype showed higher birth weight and body weight than the animals possessing AA genotype. 相似文献
The cover image, by Riccardo Finotello et al., is based on the Original Article Canine pancreatic islet cell tumours secreting insulin‐like growth factor type 2 (IGF‐II): a rare entity, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12085 .
The cover image, by Shunsuke Noguchi et al., is based on the Original Article Analysis of microRNA‐203 function in CREB/MITF/RAB27a pathway: comparison between canine and human melanoma cells, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12118 .
The cover image, by Giuliano Bettini et al., is based on the Original Article Cytological grading of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12090 .
Between January 1993 and May 2000, 95 136 artificial insemination (AI) records of 445 Bavarian boars were recorded by three Bavarian AI stations. The analysis of the non‐return rate (NRR) was based on AI matings performed by AI technicians. The animal models applied for estimation of variance components for NRR included the fixed effects of AI station, breed of boar, first and subsequent insemination, type of insemination, duration of breeding period of the sow, and AI technician. Herd–year–season and permanent environment of the sow as well as the paternal additive genetic effects were taken into account as random effects. The estimation procedures employed for the described model were both linear and non‐linear. Genetic variances for the NRR (33‐55‐77 days after insemination) were small. Estimates of paternal heritability for NRR were low with (NRR33), (NRR55) as well as (NRR77) using the non‐linear model, and (NRR33), (NRR55) as well as (NRR77) employing the linear model. Due to the low heritabilities genetic progress on mating success for AI boars may be only possible, if sufficiently large numbers of observations are available. 相似文献
The cover image, by E. Treggiari et al., is based on the Original Article Clinical outcome, PDGFRß and KIT expression in feline histiocytic disorders: a multicentre study, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12142 .
The cover image, by D. Azakami et al., is based on the Original Article The canine prostate cancer cell line CHP‐1 shows over‐expression of the co‐chaperone small glutamine‐rich tetratricopeptide repeat‐containing protein α, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12199 .
The cover image, by S. R. Lai et al., is based on the Original Article In vitro anti‐tubulin effects of mebendazole and fenbendazole on canine glioma cells, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12288
The cover image, by M. E. Gray et al., is based on the Original Article Dual targeting of EGFR and ERBB2 pathways produces a synergistic effect on cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12230 .
The availability of genomic information demands proper evaluation on how the kind (phenotypic versus genomic) and the amount of information influences the interplay of heritability (h2), genetic correlation () and economic weighting of traits with regard to the standard deviation of the index (σI). As σI is directly proportional to response to selection, it was the chosen parameter for comparing the indices. Three selection indices incorporating conventional and genomic information for a two trait (i and j) breeding goal were compared. Information sources were chosen corresponding to pig breeding applications. Index I incorporating an own performance in trait j served as reference scenario. In index II, additional information in both traits was contributed by a varying number of full‐sibs (2, 7, 50). In index III, the conventional own performance in trait j was combined with genomic information for both traits. The number of animals in the reference population (NP = 1000, 5000, 10 000) and thus the accuracy of GBVs were varied. With more information included in the index, σI became more independent of , and relative economic weighting. This applied for index II (more full‐sibs) and for index III (more accurate GBVs). Standard deviations of index II with seven full‐sibs and index III with NP = 1000 were similar when both traits had the same heritability. If the heritability of trait j was reduced ( = 0.1), σI of index III with NP = 1000 was clearly higher than for index II with seven full‐sibs. When enhancing the relative economic weight of trait j, the decrease in σI of the conventional full‐sib index was much stronger than for index III. Our results imply that NP = 1000 can be considered a minimum size for a reference population in pig breeding. These conclusions also hold for comparing the accuracies of the indices. 相似文献
The concept of feeding anionic salts in late gestation is widely used to prevent milk fever in dairy cows. While the effects of these diets on renal Ca excretion and tissue responsiveness towards parathyroid hormone have clearly been demonstrated, data on a potential impact on gastrointestinal Ca absorption are conflicting. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of feeding a diet negative in dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) on ruminal mineral concentrations, fermentation products, electrophysiological properties of rumen epithelia and Ca flux rates. For this purpose, sheep were kept for 3 weeks on diets that were either positive or negative in DCAD. The induction of a compensated hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis could be demonstrated by increased plasma Cl and enhanced concentrations of ionised Ca, while plasma concentrations of and base excess were decreased with the low DCAD diet. Neither transmural potential differences nor fermentation products were affected, but ruminal concentrations of Cl and Mg as well as the relation of ionised to total Ca were increased. Ussing chamber experiments revealed alterations of electrophysiological parameters and an increase in the electroneutral component of Ca flux rates from the mucosal to the serosal side of rumen epithelium. As plasma calcitriol concentrations were not affected, it can be concluded that the administration of anionic salts results in a vitamin D‐independent stimulation of ruminal Ca transport. 相似文献
The cover image, by K. Sakai et al., is based on the Original Article Association of tumour‐infiltrating regulatory T cells with adverse outcomes in dogs with malignant tumours, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12383 .
The cover image, by S. Dressel et al., is based on the Original Article Novel hyperthermia applicator system allows adaptive treatment planning: Preliminary clinical results in tumour‐bearing animals, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12340
The cover image, by Alexandra Keller et al., is based on the Original Article The JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in canine mastocytoma, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12311
The dominance genetic effects for reproductive and calf growth abilities in the practical Japanese Black populations were examined using average information (AI) algorithm restricted maximum likelihood (REML) under animal models. The reproductive traits were observed in Japanese Black cattle maintained at Tottori and Okinawa prefectures, and growth traits of calves were observed in cattle at Okinawa. The average of dominance relationships in Tottori ranged from 0.2 to 0.4%, while the level in Okinawa was lower and sparse compared with Tottori. The proportions of the dominance variances to sum of additive and dominance variances () were all 0.02 for reproductive traits in Tottori. In contrast, the proportion was 0.02–0.64 in Okinawa regardless of the level of dominance relationships. These proportions suggested that the dominance might affect the expression of calving interval, days open and gestation length in Okinawa, where breeding units were spread over many islands. Although the dominance variances could not estimate birthweight, w as 0.34 for calf market weight and 0.27 for average daily gain from birth to calf market in Okinawa. These values also suggested that the dominance might affect the early growth of calves. In the near future, genetic relationships will become more complicated with continuation of the current selection and mating systems. Therefore, genetic evaluation accounting for dominance effects would be necessary for particular traits and populations. 相似文献
Flow cytometry is a useful tool that provides an accurate, objective and rapid evaluation of semen quality. The use of this technique could significantly improve the quality of buffalo semen samples used in artificial insemination. This study was carried out to evaluate, by flow cytometry, frozen–thawed buffalo spermatozoa quality parameters such as sperm viability by SYBR‐14/propidium iodide staining; mitochondrial function by JC‐1 potentiometric probe; sperm chromatin stability (SCSA) by acridine orange; and acrosome reaction (AR) by FITC‐PNA staining. Semen samples from five Italian Mediterranean buffalo bulls were used. Sperm viability was not different between bulls and ranged from 33.4% to 43.6%. A consistent rate (55.1 ± 10.8%) of sperm cells showed high mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψhigh), with no significant differences between subjects. Sperm chromatin structure assay differed significantly between the five buffalo bulls; moreover, data showed high stability within each buffalo. DNA fragmentation indexes (DFI), such as %‐DFI, ‐DFI, SD‐DFI, were 11.2 ± 8.6, 153.3 ± 24.6 and 81.6 ± 21.2, respectively. Regarding AR, the percentage of acrosome‐reacted live (ARL) and acrosome‐reacted dead (ARD) spermatozoa was 0.3 ± 0.2 and 15.3 ± 5.5, respectively. This functional parameter differed significantly between buffalo bulls and showed high stability. Following to Ca2+ ionophore A23187 for 3 h, AR significantly differed between subjects and was characterized by an increase in both ARL (10.8%) and ARD population (22.0%). This study indicates that flow cytometry could be a useful tool for a quick multiparametric evaluation of sperm quality in buffalo. In particular, SCSA and AR resulted in sperm functional parameters sensitive enough for the diagnosis of frozen‐thawed semen fertilizing potential. 相似文献
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