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1.
Diurnal rhythm in heat production (HE), oxidation of carbohydrate (OXCHO) and fat (OXF) was calculated from daily measurements of gas exchange in 12 pigs [20-40 kg live weight, (LW)] during 6 days of near ad libitum feeding, followed by 4 days of starvation and 4 days of re-feeding. All measurements, divided in five times intervals from 12.00 to 8.00, showed the highest values of HE, reflecting the animals' energy requirements, between 12.00 and 16.00 gradually declining to the lowest values between 4.00 and 8.00. The values measured in the interval 4.00-8.00 were considered as a basal metabolic rate (BMR), being in all measurements 25% lower than during 12.00-4.00. The lowest BMR was measured on the fourth day of starvation (21.7 kJ/h.kg(0.75)). By transition from feeding to starvation, OXCHO declined gradually, but was for 16 h able to cover the energy requirement with no contribution from OXF. The decline in OXCHO proceeded for 40 h and reached zero between 4.00 and 8.00 on the first day of starvation with the energy requirement being covered by OXF. The HE during starvation was 25-30% lower than during feeding caused by absence of feed-induced thermogenesis and by the transition from OXCHO to OXF. Immediately after re-feeding dietary carbohydrates were oxidized, however, there was still a substantial OXF, proceeding until the next feeding. From the second day of re-feeding the contribution of substrates to the total HE was re-established with no OXF and the same level of HE as during feeding.  相似文献   

2.
A model combining data from gas exchange measurements with nutrient balances, demonstrating energy transfer between the pools of protein, carbohydrate and fat and their partition in the body, is described. Data from energy metabolism experiments with growing pigs and laying hens is incorporated into the model in order to illustrate methods of calculations and interpretations of the model. The experiments with pigs were carried out with growing pigs (20–100 kg) measured alternately on high (ad libitum) and low (near maintenance) feed levels on diets with low or high fat concentration. When energy intake from digested carbohydrate covered the requirements for growth, heat from oxidation of carbohydrate contributed 85–90% to the total heat production, while there was no net oxidation of fat. When the intake of digested carbohydrate was not sufficient to cover requirements, fat was mobilized from the body and oxidized. Energy from oxidation of carbohydrate was in all measurements below the energy in the carbohydrate pool, indicating transfer of energy from carbohydrate to fat metabolism in the process of de novo lipogeneis. The experiments with hens were carried out with 62 hens during the laying period from 26 to 47 weeks of age. The hens originated from two strains (A and B); they were kept in battery cages either individually or 3 hens/cage and fed ad libitum with an identical commercial diet. The partition of the protein pool between oxidation and retention was not influenced by the housing system. However, the genetic origin of hens effected protein utilization with relatively lower oxidation and higher retention in Strain B. The main part of the carbohydrate pool was oxidized (45–60%), but the hens kept individually oxidized more carbohydrate than those kept 3 hens/cage. Further, there were significant differences between the strains. Generally, about half of the fat pool originated from de novo lipogenesis from carbohydrate, indicating the importance of this process for fat retention in eggs. Fat oxidation depended on the energy supply from carbohydrate, hence with higher use of carbohydrate for oxidation in Strain B less fat was oxidized and more was used for fat synthesis. The presented results indicate that by combining results from gas exchange measurements with nitrogen and energy balances it is possible to evaluate the contribution of nutrients to the oxidative processes and the energy transfer between substrate pools.  相似文献   

3.
Data from previous series of trials were reevaluated in order to quantify the net nutrient oxidation and lipogenesis by combining data from balance experiments and indirect calorimetry measurements. The experiments were carried out with eight castrated males of Danish Landrace measured individually from 30 to 100 kg BW. All pigs were fed alternately on high feeding level, near ad libitum and on low feeding level, near maintenance. Oxidation of carbohydrate (OXCHO) and fat (OXF) was calculated from gas exchange measurements. On high feeding level the contribution from OXCHO and OXF to the total heat production was 55 and 30%, respectively, at 30 kg BW and fairly constant from 60 kg BW with OXCHO around 80% and no net OXF. At low feeding level the contribution from OXCHO and OXF was 28 and 63%, respectively, at 30 kg BW, increasing to 52% for OXCHO and decreasing to 37% for OXF at 95 kg BW. The lipogenesis on high feeding level increased from 2.4 to 11.9 MJ/d, while on low feeding level it increased from 2.5 to 3.6 MJ/d at 30 to 95 kg BW. The intake of carbohydrate was too low to cover energy requirement by OXCHO on low feeding level and in the first periods on high feeding level and OXF occurred. In spite of a deficit of carbohydrate for oxidation a part of carbohydrate (2.6 MJ/d, approximately 150 g/d) was used for fat synthesis, indicating an importance of lipogenesis in growing pigs.  相似文献   

4.
High‐fat (HF) or high‐carbohydrate (HC) diets (30% fat, 18.9% carbohydrate; HF and 10% fat, 46.3% carbohydrate; HC) and lengths of adaptation were investigated in cats (Felis catus; 10 ± 2 months, 3.6 ± 0.3 kg). Cats randomly received each treatment for 14 days in a crossover design with a 14‐day washout period between each diet. Three 22‐h indirect calorimetry studies were conducted after acute (day 0), semichronic (day 4) and chronic (day 13) dietary exposure. Blood samples were collected after a 24‐h fast on days 1, 5 and 14. When cats consumed the HC and HF diet, oxidation of the restricted nutrient exceeded intake while oxidation of the nutrient in excess matched intake. Mean max energy expenditure (EE) of cats consuming the HF and HC diet were 107 and 102 kcal/kg0.67/day and occurred at a mean of 4 and 12 h post‐feeding respectively. Maximal fat (0.90 g/h) and carbohydrate (carbohydrate; 1.42 g/h) oxidation were attained at 26 min and 10.4 h post‐feeding respectively. The changes observed in macronutrient oxidation and EE suggest that cats adapt whole‐body nutrient metabolism in response to changes in dietary macronutrient content, but may require longer than 14 day to adapt to a macronutrient that is present at a lower concentration in the diet.  相似文献   

5.
试验旨在探讨低温环境对生长猪气体能量代谢的影响。选用12头(30±0.5)kg健康的杜×长×大三元杂交去势公猪,随机分为对照组(23℃)和试验组(13℃),每组6个重复,每个重复1头,预试期3d,试验期19d。在预试期,对照组和试验组猪舍温度由18℃以每小时1℃缓慢调至23℃和13℃。试验利用间接呼吸测热法与消化代谢试验相结合对生长猪进行气体能量测定。结果表明:试验组CO_2产生量和O_2消耗量分别较对照组极显著增加23.25%和26.23%(P0.01);试验组代谢体重CO_2产生量和代谢体重O_2消耗量较对照组分别极显著增加28.66%和31.67%(P0.01);试验组平均每天产热量和代谢产热量较对照组分别极显著增加25.52%和31.08%(P0.01)。综上所述,生长猪在低温环境的气体能量代谢显著增加,CO_2产生量和O_2消耗量均显著增加。  相似文献   

6.

This study investigated the effect of various feeding levels from weaning (day 28) to day 170 of age on growth, muscularity and technological meat quality in female pigs. From day 28 to day 90 of age (growing period) and from day 90 to day 170 of age (finishing period), the pigs were fed either ad libitum (A) or restrictively (R) in a 2 2 2 factorial design with treatments named AA, AR, RA and RR. In the growing period, the growth rate of A pigs was 35% higher than that of R pigs. In the finishing period, the growth rate was dependent on the feed intake in the growing period, i.e. pigs fed restrictively in the growing period had 6-8% higher growth rate in the finishing period (RA and RR) than pigs fed ad libitum in the growing period (AA and AR). Furthermore, despite RA pigs being 11 kg lighter at day 90 of age they produced as much muscle tissue at slaughter as did AA pigs, but less subcutaneous fat, which resulted in a 5% higher meat content of the carcass. The increased muscle growth of RA pigs in the finishing period (compensatory growth) was probably accomplished by increased satellite cell proliferation (muscle DNA accumulation) and increased capacity for protein synthesis, as indicated by a higher RNA concentration. Feeding level did not affect the lightness of meat, the ultimate pH or the drip loss. However, a change in feeding level at day 90 of age (RA and AR) led to a reduction in meat redness. The present data suggest that feed restriction in the growing period results in compensatory growth of muscle tissue in the finishing period if ad libitum feeding was applied during this period, accomplished by increased satellite cell proliferation and increased capacity for protein synthesis, without significantly affecting the technological meat quality.  相似文献   

7.
1. Growing 33-d-old broiler fowl were exposed to air temperatures of 35 to 40 degrees C for a period of 4 h each day for 5 d. 2. The birds were fed on diets providing widely differing proportions and intakes of energy as protein, carbohydrate and fat. 3. Three lighting and feeding treatments were superimposed on the 4-h heat stress period. The treatments were: LF (control) lights and food throughout, NL (no light) extinguished throughout the hot period, NF (no food) food withdrawn 2 h before the hot period and replaced immediately after it. 4. Diet had no significant effect on rate of increase of rectal temperature (TR) during heat stress. 5. The NL and NF treatments significantly reduced the rate of increase of TR and the TR attained after 4 h of heat exposure.  相似文献   

8.
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of a beta-glucanase-protease enzyme blend product (EBP) on fecal digestibility (FD), apparent ileal digestibility (AID), standardized ileal digestibility, and digestibility in the hindgut of growing pigs. Twelve ileal-cannulated, growing barrows (38.2 +/- 0.5 kg) were housed in individual metabolism crates, blocked by previous feed intake into 3 groups with 4 pigs each, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments within a square (group) of 3 replications of 4 x 4 Latin square design. Treatments were basal diet (Basal), Basal + 0.05% of EBP (0.05% EBP), Basal + 0.10% of EBP (0.10% EBP), and hydrolyzed casein for measurement of endogenous amino acids. The Basal diet consisted of corn and soybean meal and was calculated to have 3.36 Mcal of ME/kg and 1.1% of total lysine, as-fed basis. Feed intake of each replicate of the Latin square during the first period was 85% of the minimum feed intake of the 4 pigs during the preliminary period and was equalized within each square. The feeding level was increased by 100 g/d in each subsequent period. Each of the experimental periods was 14 d, including 4 d of dietary adaptation, 5 d of fecal collection, 3 d of transition period, and 2 d of ileal collection. Ileal effluents were collected continuously for the same 12-h interval each day. Pigs fed the EBP demonstrated increased (P < 0.05) FD of DM, OM, energy, CP, nonfiber carbohydrate, total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, acid-hydrolyzed fat, ash, Ca, and P compared with pigs fed Basal. The AID of NDF and hemicellulose was increased (P < 0.05) by supplying the EBP either at 0.05 or 0.10% in the diets, but AID of DM and energy was not increased. The AID of acid-hydrolyzed fat tended to be greater (P = 0.051) for the pigs fed the EBP than for those fed Basal. Ileal digestibility of most amino acids was not affected by treatment, but the EBP reduced the apparent and standardized digestibility of methionine, alanine, and serine (P < 0.05). The difference between FD and AID of hemicellulose was lower (P < 0.05) for the pigs fed the EBP than for those fed Basal. These results demonstrated that the EBP fed to growing pigs improved the FD of DM, OM, energy, CP, nonfiber carbohydrate, total dietary fiber, acid-hydrolyzed fat, Ca, and P, and the AID of NDF and hemi-cellulose, but the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids was not improved by supplying the EBP in corn-soybean meal-based diets of growing pigs.  相似文献   

9.
本试验旨在研究多营养源饲粮对生长育肥猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及肉品质的影响,探索使用非常规饲料原料配制饲粮的可能性。试验选取日龄相近、体重在(41.06±1.43)kg的"杜长大"生长猪48头,随机分配到2个组,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(对照组)和多营养源饲粮(试验组),每组12个重复,每个重复2头猪。生长阶段试验期为42 d,育肥阶段待猪体重达120 kg时,每个组选择5头猪进行屠宰并测定肉品质。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组试验猪平均日采食量提高了7.76%(P0.05),平均日增重、料重比和能量摄入量均无显著差异(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,试验组钙、磷、能量、粗蛋白质、粗灰分和干物质的表观消化率显著降低(P0.05),粗脂肪的表观消化率无显著差异(P0.05);3)与对照组相比,饲喂多营养源饲粮显著提高了试验猪血清谷丙转氨酶的活性(P0.05),但对其余血清生化指标均无显著影响(P0.05);4)与对照组相比,饲喂多营养源饲粮对猪肉品质及背最长肌肌内脂肪和蛋白质含量无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可知:在本试验条件下,饲喂以非常规饲料原料为主的多营养源饲粮降低了生长育肥猪营养物质表观消化率,但对其生长性能和肉品质无负面影响。  相似文献   

10.
The effects of dietary energy source and feed withdrawal on muscle glycolytic potential (GP) and blood acid-base responses to handling were investigated in slaughter-weight pigs (initial BW 94.7 ± 1.01 kg). Crossbred pigs (n = 96; 48 barrows, 48 gilts) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: l) diet [control, high fat (10% supplemental fat), low-digestible carbohydrate (20% total starch), and high-fat/low-digestible carbohydrate (10% supplemental fat and 20% total starch)]; 2) feed withdrawal (0 and 36 h); and 3) sex (barrow and gilt). Diets were fed for 28 d before the feed withdrawal treatment was applied, at the end of which all pigs were individually moved through a 12.20-m-long × 0.91-m-wide passageway for 16 laps (195 m total distance), with the assistance of an electric goad (2 times per lap). Longissimus muscle biopsies were collected at the beginning of the feeding and feed withdrawal periods and immediately after and 4 h after the handling procedure. Venous blood was collected 2 h before and immediately after the handling procedure to measure acid-base responses. At the end of the feeding period, pigs fed the control and high-fat diets were heavier (P < 0.001) than those on the low-digestible carbohydrate and the high-fat/low-digestible carbohydrate diets (129.8, 130.9, 114.0, and 122.1 kg, respectively; SEM 1.91). Diet, feed withdrawal, and sex did not affect (P > 0.05) blood acid-base responses to handling. Muscle GP at the end of the feeding period and 4 h posthandling was least (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the high-fat diet and similar for the other 3 diet treatments. Pigs subjected to 36 h compared with 0 h of feed withdrawal had less GP (P < 0.05) immediately after and 4 h after the handling procedure. There was an interaction between diet and feed withdrawal treatments for changes in GP from the start of feed withdrawal to 4 h posthandling. The reduction in GP was greater (P < 0.05) for fasted than for fed pigs receiving the control and high-fat diets, but was similar (P > 0.05) for fasted and fed pigs receiving the 2 low-digestible carbohydrate diets. In conclusion, neither dietary energy source nor fasting affected blood acid-base responses to handling; however, fasting-induced changes in LM GP were diet dependent.  相似文献   

11.
Starvation, primarily during the first week postpartum, is the direct or indirect cause of at least one-half of preweaning mortalities in healthy herds. Causes of starvation originate from characteristics of the dam, of the litter and of individual piglets. A major cause of starvation is congenital weakness associated with birth weights less than 1000 g. Increasing energy during late gestation shows inconsistent effects on birth weight; some dietary component energy sources appear to improve stamina of newborn and(or) energy content of sow's milk with favorable effects on survival. Total or partial supplemental nutrient intake supplied by caretakers, automated feeding devices or transfer of piglets to foster dams are the primary means of providing enhanced nutrient intake opportunity. Nutrient intake from non-dam sources ranges from temporary tube-feeding, administered by caretakers to excessively small or weak pigs, to self-feeding by pigs from simple or sophisticated dispensers of sow milk substitutes. Transfer of piglets to foster dams as a nutrient intake source is most successful when characteristics such as size of dam, size of teats, stage of lactation and temperament are in harmony with characteristics affecting pigs' needs. If other dams are not available, sows 2 to 3 wk into lactation can serve as foster dams for large and strong newborn piglets after resident litters are removed. Planning for availability of appropriate foster dams, based on prior or projected prolificacy and other sow and litter traits, should be done at time of assembling each mating group. Research results show that, on a weight-to-weight basis, pigs requiring artificial or foster dam rearing perform similarly to other pigs and thus justify management to secure their survival.  相似文献   

12.
The objectives of this experiment were: (i) to determine the net energy (NE) of soybean oil (SBO) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry (IC); and (ii) to evaluate the effects of inclusion rate of SBO on heat production, oxidative status and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows were allotted to three diets based on completely randomized design with six replicate pigs (period) per diet. Diets included a corn‐soybean meal basal diet and two test diets containing 5% or 10% SBO at the expense of corn and soybean meal. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 14 days, including 7 days to adapt to feed, metabolism crate and environmental conditions. On day 8, pigs were transferred to the open‐circuit respiration chambers for measurement of daily O2 consumption and CO2 and CH4 production. During this time, pigs were fed one of the three diets at 2.4 MJ metabolizable energy/kg body weight (BW)0.6/day. Total feces and urine were collected and daily total heat production (THP) was measured from days 9 to 13 and fasted on day 14 to evaluate their fasting heat production (FHP). The results show that trends of decreased apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (linear, P = 0.09) and acid detergent fiber (linear, P = 0.07) were observed as the content of dietary lipids increased. The average THP for the three diets were 1326, 1208 and 1193 kJ/kg BW0.6/day, respectively. The FHP of pigs averaged 843 kJ/kg BW0.6/day and was not affected by diet characteristics. A reduction of the respiratory quotients in the fed state as the inclusion level of SBO increased was observed. In conclusion, the NE values of SBO we determined by indirect calorimetry were 33.45 and 34.05 MJ/kg dry matter under two inclusion levels. THP could be largely reduced when SBO is added in the feed, but the THP of SBO included at 5% in a corn‐soybean meal diet is not different from the THP of SBO included at 10%.  相似文献   

13.
Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of protein source (48% CP soybean meal or casein) and carbohydrate source (25% dextrose or 25% lactose) on digestibility and digesta flow rate in early-weaned pigs. Diets contained 10% crude soybean oil and were formulated to contain 3.5 g lysine, 2.3 g Ca and 2.0 g P per 1,000 kcal DE of diet. In Trial 1, nutrient digestibility was greater for older than for younger pigs. Apparent digestibilities for energy, DM, CP and fat were lower (P less than .08) for younger and older pigs fed soybean meal rather than casein. Digestibility of soluble carbohydrates was less (P less than .02) for younger pigs fed soybean meal rather than casein as a protein source. Fat digestibility was lower (P less than .05) in younger pigs fed dextrose than in pigs fed lactose. A protein X carbohydrate source interaction (P less than .01) existed for fat digestibility by older pigs. In Trial 2, pigs were euthanatized, and digestibilities anterior to the ileum and the colon (pre-ileal and pre-cecal) were determined. At the ileum, fat digestibility was lower (P less than .05) for pigs fed soybean meal, whereas CP digestibility was lower (P less than .05) for pigs fed either soybean meal or dextrose. A protein X carbohydrate interaction was observed for ileal digestibilities of DM (P less than .06) and total carbohydrates (P less than .03) with lowest values obtained for the soybean meal plus dextrose diet. For casein diets, digestibility values were similar between the two carbohydrate sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

14.
本试验旨在研究营养性复合添加剂饲喂模式对生长猪免疫功能和猪瘟抗体效价的影响。选用体重(40.5±2.3)kg的健康"杜×长×大"生长猪24头,按体重相近、性别一致原则随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验第7天接种猪瘟疫苗,疫苗接种前7 d为试验前期,疫苗接种后28 d为试验后期,试验期共35 d。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在试验前期、后期和全期在基础饲粮中添加0.1%营养性复合添加剂。结果表明:与对照组相比,全期饲喂营养性复合添加剂显著提高试验第21天生长猪血清猪瘟抗体滴度(P0.05);全期组试验第28天生长猪血清猪瘟抗体滴度显著高于对照组和前期组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,后期组和全期组显著降低了试验第21天生长猪全血CD3+数量(P0.05);全期组试验第35天全血CD3+数量显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,全期组显著提高了试验第21天和第35天生长猪血清免疫球蛋白含量(P0.05);前期组或全期组显著提高了生长猪血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力(P0.05),而全期组显著降低了血清丙二醛含量(P0.05)。综上所述,营养性复合添加剂的不同饲喂模式对生长猪猪瘟抗体水平、免疫球蛋白含量和机体抗氧化能力的影响有差异,其中全期饲喂效果最佳。  相似文献   

15.
本试验旨在探究不同饲喂模式对猪生长性能、养分消化率和肠道微生物组成的影响。选择120头平均初始体重(26.0±0.4)kg的生长猪(公、母各半),按体重和性别随机分为自由采食组(FA)和限制饲喂频率组(每天饲喂3次,M3),每个处理10个重复,每个重复6头猪,试验期共28 d。结果表明:M3组平均日采食量和耗料增重比均显著低于FA组(P<0.05);饲喂模式的改变对养分表观全肠道消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);M3组血浆尿素氮和游离脂肪酸水平显著低于FA组(P<0.05),而胰岛素水平显著高于FA组(P<0.05);饲喂模式对猪粪便微生物组成有一定影响,在门水平上,M3组拟杆菌门丰度显著低于FA组(P<0.05),柔膜菌门和疣微菌门丰度显著高于FA组(P<0.05);在属水平上,M3组Prevotellaceae_UCG-003、Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010、Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group、Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group和Coprostanoligenes_group的丰度显著高于FA组(P <0.05),而Selenomonas、Roseburia、Prevotella_2、Prevotella_7、Prevotella_9、Anaerovibrio和Alloprevotella的丰度显著低于FA组(P<0.05)。综上,饲喂模式对生长猪养分消化率无显著影响,限制饲喂频率可改变肠道微生物组成并改善生长猪饲料报酬。  相似文献   

16.
The effects of two sources of dietary fiber (DF) on behavior and heat production (HP) in group-housed growing pigs were studied. Twenty clusters of 14 barrows (50 kg) were fed one of 10 diets. Diets differed mainly in type and content of fermentable DF (fDF) and in content of digestible starch. Five diets contained solvent-extracted coconut meal (SECM) and five diets contained soybean hulls (SBH) as the main fDF source. On an as-fed basis, pigs received 3.5, 13.2, 23.0, 32.7, or 42.4 g x kg(-0.75) x d(-1) of SECM or SBH. A total of 280 crossbred growing pigs were used, divided into clusters of 14 pigs each. Pigs were group-housed and fed at 2.5 times the assumed maintenance energy requirements. All clusters were fed similar amounts of NE, ileal-digestible protein and amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Consequently, DMI differed among diets because NE content decreased with increasing DF content. After a 32-d preliminary period, HP was measured per cluster during a 7-d experimental period in environmentally controlled respiration chambers. Behavior of the pigs was recorded using time-lapse video recordings during two different days within the experimental period. Intake of digestible starch and fDF was different (P < 0.001) among diets, whereas intake of digestible CP was similar among diets. On average, pigs spent 153 min standing, 42 min sitting, 202 min lying on their chest, and 1,043 min lying on their flanks each day. Pigs fed SECM diets spent, on average, less time (P < 0.05) lying on their chest than pigs fed SBH diets. Total time spent on physical activity (i.e., standing plus sitting, 195 min/d) was not affected by diet. Total HP and resting HP were affected by diet and were on average lower (P < 0.01) for pigs fed SECM diets than for pigs fed SBH diets. Activity-related heat production (AHP) averaged 65 kJ x kg(-0.75) x d(-1) and was not affected by diet. There was a linear relationship (P < 0.001) between fDF intake and HP, but there was no relationship between fDF intake and AHP. During different parts of the day, fDF intake also affected HP. The saving effect of physical activity on the NE values of fDF from SECM and SBH were 0.56 and 0.84 kJ/g of fDF intake, respectively. Neither of these saving effects was significantly different from zero. We conclude that fDF from SECM and SBH did not affect energy expended on physical activity by growing pigs, and that the NE value of fDF from SECM and SBH was not affected by changes in physical activity.  相似文献   

17.
Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of restricted feeding during the growing (up to 60 kg) and finishing period (from 60 kg to slaughter weight) on the overall performance and composition of pigs. In the first experiment 246 pigs were kept four to a pen. Feeding during the growing as well as the finishing period was either ad libitum (Ha) or restricted to four hours a day (L4), giving four experimental treatments: HaHa, HaL4, L4Ha and L4L4. In the second experiment 96 pigs, 24 × 4 littermates, were fattened individually. One littermate was fed ad libitum during the growing as well as the finishing period (HaHa). The other littermates were fed a percentage of the actual intake of the ad libitum-fed littermate. The regimes during the growing period were 72% (L72) or 85% (L85) and during the finishing period 100% (H100) or ad libitum (Ha), for the three littermates combined to L72H100, L72Ha and L85H100.The results showed compensatory effects in both experiments. Overall feed conversion ratio in Experiment 1 was improved for L4Ha pigs compared to HaHa pigs, while daily gain was equal. In Experiment 2 overall feed conversion ratio was best for L72H100 pigs, but daily gain was highest for HaHa pigs. The differences between experiments are probably related to differences in intake capacity and growth potential of the pigs used. These results show possible benefits of restricted feeding during the growing period for the overall performance. Special attention should be paid to the severity and length of the restrictive period.  相似文献   

18.
Use of carbohydrate and fat as energy source by obese and lean swine   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Genetically obese and lean pigs were fed isonitrogenous-isoenergetic (digestible energy) amounts of a high or low fat diet from 25 kg body weight. Obese pigs gained less and required more feed per unit gain than lean pigs. Lean pigs were more muscular with less fat than obese pigs. Obese pigs utilized more dietary amino acids for energy (greater plasma urea N) than did lean pigs. Weight gain was similar at all intermediate periods in obese pigs fed the two diets. However, gain tended (P less than or equal to .10) to be greater and the ratio of dietary energy intake to gain tended (P less than or equal to .10) to be less in obese pigs fed high compared with low fat diets. Similar results were observed in lean pigs fed the two diets. The high fat diet produced more carcass adipose tissue deposition in both strains after 20 wk of feeding (detectable by ultrasound at 14, but not at 7 wk). Adipose tissue lipogenic rate (glucose incorporation) was similarly depressed by fat feeding in both obese and lean pigs. Obese and lean pigs both utilized dietary carbohydrate and fat differentially but there was no indication of genetic divergence regarding this utilization. In both strains of pigs, energy from the fat-enriched diet was preferentially partitioned into carcass adipose tissue.  相似文献   

19.
To study the effects of feeding fermented cereals or just fermentation end‐products on performance and energy metabolism, 18 restrictedly fed groups of eight pigs each were assigned to one of three dietary treatments: (i) a liquid control diet (C) containing 40% of a mixture of barley and wheat; or (ii) a liquid diet (F) containing 40% fermented barley and wheat; or (iii) a liquid diet as C with the addition of some important fermentation end‐products (FP; organic acids and ethanol) in concentrations similar to those in the fermented F‐diet. Energy and nitrogen balances, heat production, and performance traits were measured during two consecutive periods (days 1–5 and days 6–14). There was a considerable increase in average dry matter intake that tended (p = 0.06) to be higher in the FP‐group than in the other groups. Apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, ash, nitrogen and energy during period 2 were not affected (p > 0.1). Averaged over both periods, none of the energy metabolism parameters were affected by the diets (p > 0.1). However, there were diet × period interactions for metabolizable energy‐intake (p = 0.07), energy retention (p < 0.05), the respiratory quotient (RQ; p < 0.01) and activity‐related heat production (HACT, p = 0.05). Additionally, there were some differences between the diets in the average hourly patterns in RQ and HACT. In conclusion, restricted feeding of either 40% fermented cereals nor their fermentation end‐products affected performance and energy metabolism traits in weanling pigs. Nevertheless, lower postprandial activity‐related heat production by pigs given the fermented cereals suggest a stimulating effect of fermented cereals on short term satiety that was not seen in pigs given fermentation end‐products only.  相似文献   

20.
Introduction Indirect calorimetry based on measurements of gas exchange has been used successfully during the last century in order to estimate energetic values of feedstuffs and animals’ requirement for nutrients and energy. Recently, measurements of gas exchange have been used to calculate nutrient oxidation and lipogenesis in the intact body of man (T horbek et al. 1994), pigs (C hwalibog et al. 1992; C hwalibog and T horbek 1995), calves (C hwalibog et al. 1996; C hwalibog et al. 1997a), mink (T auson et al. 1997) and rats (C hwalibog et al. 1998). In the present paper a similar approach has been used to quantify nutrient metabolism in laying hens in accordance with a calculation method first proposed by C hwalibog et al. (1992) and later modified as outlined in Fig. 1. According to this biological model digested protein (DP) which is equal to PROT – group is utilized for retention in eggs (OP), ovary and body (OBP), whereas deaminated amino acids are oxidized (OXP) with concomitant excretion of energy with nitrogenous substances in urine (UEN) and contribution of energy (GLUC) to carbohydrate metabolism. Digested carbohydrate (DCHO) together with GLUC constitute the CHO – group, which is retained in eggs (OCHO), oxidized (OXCHO) and used for lipogenesis (LIPO). Digested fat (DFAT) and lipids from lipogenesis constitute the FAT – group, which is incorporated into eggs (OF), ovary + body (OBF) and oxidized (OXF). Both CHO and FAT metabolism contribute with energy containing products excreted with urine (UEN-free). The energy from OXP, OXCHO and OXF make up the total heat production (HE). The validity of the method will be discussed later. The aim of this study was to demonstrate how data from gas exchange measurements in combination with nitrogen and energy balances can be applied in order to calculate nutrient oxidation and the quantities of substrates used for retention and lipogenesis processes, and furthermore, to elucidate differences in nutrient oxidation and lipogenesis in relation to different housing conditions and genotypes of laying hens.  相似文献   

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