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1.
采用室内模拟试验研究了低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸、酒石酸)对红壤磷酸单酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,低浓度有机酸(<1μmol g-1)对磷酸单酯酶活性有促进作用,且促进作用大小依次为柠檬酸≈草酸>苹果酸>酒石酸;而高浓度有机酸(>5μmol g-1)则为抑制作用,且抑制作用大小依次为柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸>酒石酸。当体系pH趋向酶促反应最佳pH时,磷酸单酯酶活性增强;反之,当体系pH远离酶促反应最佳pH时,磷酸单酯酶活性减弱。有机酸根一方面通过羧基的辅助作用提高磷酸单酯酶活性;另一方面通过释放土壤A l3+、Fe3+等金属离子,对土壤磷酸单酯酶活性有一定的抑制作用。 相似文献
2.
通过田间试验,进行了玉米秸秆与厩肥、N肥和P肥配合施入农田后土壤中水解类酶活性变化的研究.结果表明:在小麦生长期内,秸秆配合氮磷肥处理的蔗糖酶活性最高60.09±2.74 mg GLU/(g·24 h),比对照处理高出28.09±1.79%,脲酶也以秸秆配合氮磷肥处理最高2.86±0.10 mg NH3-N/(g·24 h),是对照处理的1.04±0.03倍,秸秆配合氮肥处理的碱性磷酸酶活性最高4.01±0.05 mg酚/(g·24 h),比对照高出0.28±0.05 mg酚/(g·24 h),秸秆还田处理的3种酶活性都高于对照,配合施用的有机肥和氮磷肥则在小麦的不同生长期、不同酶活性间表现出不同的作用.脲酶活性与蔗糖酶活性、土壤温度都呈极显著相关,蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶和土壤温度之间相关性不显著. 相似文献
3.
以典型黑土区天然次生林土壤为研究对象,通过0~200cm土层范围内过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶等指标的测定、计算和分析,旨在对未经开垦干扰黑土土壤酶活性特征进行研究,结果表明:未受干扰黑土土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性随土层深度的增加而降低,分别在6.88~10.71ml/(g土·20min)、7.37~45.92μg/(g土·24h)、3.06~3.59ml/(g土·24h)、0.28~2.28mg/(g土·24h)、3.65~9.77mg/(g土·24h)之间变化,其中过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶及蔗糖酶在60~80cm土层时显著高于其上下两层。研究结果可为探讨黑土质量的演变规律提供理论依据,也可为植被恢复效果评价提供参考。 相似文献
4.
太湖地区典型水稻土FDA水解酶活性的剖面分布特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文主要对太湖地区12个典型水稻土剖面的荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性及其它相关酶活性进行了分析。耕作层的FDA水解酶活性最高,随土层加深活性明显下降,其中部分土壤在犁底层已经很难检测到其活性。部分样点的酶活性在剖面中呈明显的梯度下降趋势。高产水稻土壤表层FDA水解酶活性差异较大,在50～100g/(g.h)范围内,多数为60～80g/(g.h)。土壤酶活性最高与最低间的差异达到近一倍左右。同时FDA水解酶活性与-葡糖苷酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性之间有极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与碱性磷酸酶呈显著相关(P0.05);与土壤养分指标如全氮、全磷、速效氮、有机碳之间有极显著相关性,与土壤pH呈显著负相关(P0.01)关系。 相似文献
5.
盐池沙地不同土壤水分条件下沙柳的光响应研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在半干旱的盐池沙区,运用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,测定了3 a生沙柳在不同水分条件下叶片光合和蒸腾作用的光响应特性.结果表明;0～2 000μmol/(m2·s)PAR范围内,沙柳在土壤水分为2%,4%,8%,12%时的光饱和点分别为1 340,1 520,1 550和1 633 μmol/(m2·s),随土壤含水量的增大而增大;Tr随PAR的增高不断增大;最大Pn分别为8.7,9.1,9.47和19.52 μmol/(m2·s);维持较高的Pn,即净光合速率达到最大的80%时,最低光照强度均在500μmol/(m2·s)以上;既保证较高的光能利用效率又维持较高的水分利用效率的光强600～1 500 μmol/(m2·s).沙柳平均Pn随着土壤含水量的增大而增大,而平均WUE在土壤含水量为8%时达到最大值,因此,沙柳的光能利用效率和水分利用效率都比较好的SWC应该为8%左右. 相似文献
6.
甘宁黄土高原地区重要水土保持植物共生固氮资源及特性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
甘肃省黄土高原区不同生态条件下栽培和野生豆科植物根瘤菌资源及共生固氮特性的调查结果表明 ,从 112份 2 4属 5 3种根瘤样品中分离获得 87株根瘤菌。它们与豆科植物共生结瘤 6 3 .5 %为有效根瘤。不同种根瘤固氮活性差异较大 ,一般比较低 ,小于 1μmol/(g·h)占 35 %。大于 10 μmol/(g·h)仅占6 %。根据研究结果对这些豆科植物在水土保持中的作用及意义进行了讨论。 相似文献
7.
一氯苯对土壤酶活性影响的模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了不同浓度一氯苯对塿土和红壤中三大水解酶(脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶)活性的影响。结果表明,一氯苯可明显激活土壤脲酶活性,抑制转化酶和磷酸酶活性。在5.53～110.58gkg-1的一氯苯浓度范围内,三种酶活性的范围分别为20.81～162.00μgg-1h-1,64.60～582.10μgg-1h-1和5.80～89.75μgg-1h-1。相对于对照,脲酶活性增加了1.11%～118%,而转化酶和磷酸酶分别降低了0.740%～25.4%和2.02%～35.6%,反映出三种酶均可揭示土壤受一氯苯污染的程度。通过方程U=B/(1+Ax)拟合可知一氯苯对磷酸酶表现为完全抑制作用,并由此得到塿土和红壤受一氯苯轻度污染时的酶活性生态剂量ED10分别为33.9gkg-1和16.7gkg-1。 相似文献
8.
根际pH对玉米利用磷酸单酯和双酯盐的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
【目的】土壤有机磷在土壤全磷中占有很大比重,是植物潜在的有效磷源,但必须通过磷酸酶的水解作用释放出无机磷才能被植物利用。土壤中有机磷的主要形式为磷酸单酯和磷酸双酯。本研究中,我们探讨了无菌条件下不同形态的氮源引起的根际pH变化如何影响植物对这两种有机磷的活化利用。【方法】采用琼脂无菌培养体系种植玉米,向玉米植株供应两种形态的氮源和磷源, 氮源为硝态氮和铵态氮,磷源为植酸钙和卵磷脂,植酸钙属于磷酸单酯盐,卵磷脂属于磷酸双酯盐。不同的供氮形态会导致根际pH变化,进而研究根际pH变化对磷酸单酯盐和磷酸双酯盐的活化利用所产生的影响。【结果】当给玉米供应铵态氮时,根际pH从5.5降至4.0; 供应硝态氮时,根际pH升至6.6。测定玉米根际的琼脂中根系分泌的磷酸单酯酶和磷酸双酯酶活性发现,磷酸单酯酶活性在pH 6.0~7.0之间最高,磷酸双酯酶活性在pH 7.0~8.0之间达到最高。无论以植酸钙还是卵磷脂为有机磷源,相对于铵态氮处理,硝态氮处理能够使根际保持较高的磷酸单酯酶或磷酸双酯酶活性。有机磷的水解过程由磷酸酶活性和底物有效性两个因素控制,而植酸钙的水解受根际pH影响很大,在一定pH范围内,植酸钙的溶解度随根际pH值降低而升高,有效态磷浓度的增加,使得磷酸酶的底物有效性提高。在供应铵态氮时,根际pH值降低,玉米对植酸钙的利用效率高于硝态氮处理,尽管供硝态氮时磷酸单酯酶活性更高。同时,在供应铵态氮条件下,植株对植酸钙的利用率要显著高于卵磷脂,原因在于虽然磷酸双酯酶和磷酸单酯酶活性较低,由于植酸钙的溶解度较大,它的底物有效性更高。因此,植酸钙处理中植株的磷含量更高。相反,在供应硝态氮时,植酸钙溶解度减小而两种磷酸酶活性较高,卵磷脂处理中植株的磷含量更高。【结论】土壤中有机磷的水解过程由磷酸酶活性和有机磷底物有效性两个因素控制,酶活性与根际pH密切相关。本研究说明土壤有机磷的活化必须首先转化为溶解于水溶液中的状态,才能作为磷酸酶的底物被催化水解。我国长期施用化肥导致北方土壤大范围酸化,这种酸化无疑对土壤固有或随有机物料进入农田的有机磷的活化利用是具有重要贡献的,应该在北方土壤养分管理中应加以考虑。 相似文献
9.
通过野鸭湖湿地一年实验研究了芦苇根际土壤中各组分有机磷含量随植物生长的变化规律,分析了不同有机磷组分与磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶活性间的关系。结果表明:有机磷含量分布为活性有机磷(L-OP)中活性有机磷(ML-OP)中稳定性有机磷(MR-OP)高稳定性有机磷(HR-OP),各组分含量均随芦苇生长先降低后升高。在芦苇对养分需求最大的旺盛生长期,L-OP、ML-OP含量达到最低值,分别为2.46、3.27 mg/kg;在此阶段,MR-OP、HR-OP含量也有所降低。在有机磷矿化过程中,HR-OP一定程度上可转化为ML-OP,ML-OP与MR-OP主要转化为L-OP。磷酸单酯酶与磷酸二酯酶活性均随芦苇生长先降低后升高,在其旺盛生长期达到最低值,分别为Ph OH 0.37 mg/(g·h)和PN 62?g/(g·h)。磷酸酶活性均与L-OP、ML-OP、HR-OP含量呈极显著或显著正相关,活性磷含量的高低对磷酸酶活性有明显的影响作用,两种磷酸酶在一定程度上也可水解转化稳定性高的有机磷组分。衰亡期的芦苇,其衰败的老根及脱落物可间接促进磷酸酶活性。 相似文献
10.
稻草还土对红壤氮磷积累及有效性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《土壤通报》2014,(4):919-924
增加土壤氮、磷养分的库容及其有效性是培肥退化丘陵红壤、提升红壤旱地地力和促进区域农业可持续发展的关键。本文利用田间定位试验,研究稻草还土对亚热带丘陵红壤氮、磷积累与有效性的影响及其作用机制。连续8年稻草还土,土壤全量氮、磷分别增加36.1%和28.6%,提取态氮、磷增加0.98和2.90倍,微生物量氮、磷增加1.42和2.80倍,脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性增加151.1%和48.3%。与施用化肥相比,稻草还土显著增加土壤全氮、提取态磷/全磷、微生物量氮和磷、微生物量氮/全氮、微生物量磷/全磷、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,而降低提取态氮/全氮。土壤提取态氮与微生物量氮、脲酶活性以及提取态磷与微生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶活性均呈极显著正相关关系。因此,稻草还土是快速增加亚热带丘陵红壤氮、磷库容和提升土壤氮、磷有效性的有效措施。 相似文献
11.
We addressed the mechanistic basis for a negative correlation between soil pH and phosphomonoesterase activity, often found in various soils. Also in the present study, a significant negative correlation was observed between soil pH and phosphomonoesterase activity measured at pH 6.5 in Japanese acidic forest soils (3 Inceptisols, 3 non-allophanic Andisols, and 2 allophanic Andisols). A hypothesis that higher activity of phosphomonoesterase in acid forest soils results from increased synthesis of phosphomonoesterase by microorganisms in response to P limitation was tested. Soils with lower pH showed a lower optimum pH for phosphomonoesterase activity and greater activity at the optimum pH than other soils. To assess nutrient limitations of the soil microbial community, the effects of addition of C, N, or P on phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase activities, which is an intracellular enzyme and the activity of which reflects overall microbial activity, were examined in the soil samples. Addition of P increased dehydrogenase activity in some forest soils. Also, microorganisms in some soils were co-limited by C, N, and P. Response ratios (RR) of phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase activities in P-amended soil to their activity in non-amended soil were used to evaluate the response of soil microorganisms to P limitation. The ratio of RR-dehydrogenase to RR-phosphomonoesterase was strongly correlated with phosphomonoesterase activity at the optimum pH (P < 0.01). The results indicate that P limitation accounts for higher phosphomonoesterase activity in the more acid forest soils. 相似文献
12.
We investigated different types of phosphatase activity (phosphomono-, phosphodi-, phosphotriesterase, inorganic pyrophosphatase) in five forest soils in Vorarlberg, Austria. Phosphatase activity was determined both in soils and in soil extracts prepared with different solutions (distilled water, 0.1M sodium pyrophosphate at pH 7, 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer/1M KCl at pH 6.5, and a modified universal buffer at pH 4, 6.5, 9, and 11). High phosphomonoesterase activity in these soils indicated a severe deficiency in available P. Acidic phosphomonoesterase prevailed over alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity. Phosphodiesterase was highest in the least acidic soil but no general trend towards an optimum pH was recognized. Phosphotriesterase activity was observed in only two of the five soils and favoured an alkaline optimum pH; this activity was not detected in strongly acid soils. Inorganic pyrophosphatase activity was high in soils with no phosphotriesterase. Phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities were much lower in soil extracts than in soils. 相似文献
13.
Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of long-term management practices on level and distribution of soil P and enzyme activities involved in P transformations in soil. Treatments included manure, P, NP, NPK, and NPK plus lime. Cattle manure was applied every 4 years at 269 kg N ha-1 for over a century and chemical fertilizers were applied every year at 67 kg N, 14.6 kg P, and 28 kg K ha-1 for over 69 years. Total soil P increase in soils ranged from 4.5 to 10.3 kg P ha-1 year-1 with the highest increase detected in the P-treated and the lowest in the manure-treated plot. Approximately 77-86% of the applied inorganic fertilizer-P in the past 69-71 years was recovered either in the harvested grain or remained in the top 30 cm of soil, while only 32% of the applied manure-P was recovered. Microbial biomass C and activities of alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and dehydrogenase were significantly higher in the soil treated with cattle manure. Acid phosphomonoesterase activity, however, was significantly higher in soils treated with chemical fertilizers. Results from this study suggested that manure-P is relatively more mobile than inorganic fertilizer-P. Long-term application of cattle manure promoted microbiological activities and P cycling, but did not result in P accumulation to levels close to those in inorganic P fertilizer-treated soils. 相似文献
14.
M. A. Adams 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1992,14(3):200-204
Summary Karri forest soils contain negligible concentrations of labile-P, low concentrations of total P and more P in organic forms than inorganic. The ratio of organic P to inorganic P was lowest (1:2) in recently burnt surface soils and greatest (7:1) at depth in soil that had been undisturbed for long periods of time. Phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities (to 10 cm depth, phosphomonoesterase 700–1300; phosphodiesterase 2000–2400 g nitrophenol released h-1 g-1 fresh weight) were comparable to those in other, organically rich forest soils. The optimum pH for phosphatase activities were within 1–2 units of soil pH (6) and little reduction in activity was observed over the pH range 4–8. Phosphatase activity was reduced by air-drying (up to 20-fold reduction) and was almost entirely absent in soils that were heat-affected as a result of logging/burning operations. Neither phosphomonoesterase nor phosphodiesterase were directly related to soil P fractions or total P. A reduction in P demand is postulated as the cause of reduced phosphatase activity and the increased concentration of organic P with increasing soil depth. 相似文献
15.
不同施肥条件下红壤旱地磷素形态及有效性分析 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
磷素是红壤地区农业生产的最重要的限制因素，因此红壤磷素形态与转化问题的研究，对红壤地区农业生产具有重要意义。用Hedley方法对不同施肥条件下红壤旱地土壤磷素形态进行了研究，结果表明：施磷肥能明显增加红壤各形态无机磷含量和大多数形态有机磷含量；红壤中，对植物最有效的树脂磷和碳酸氢钠磷含量很少，铁铝结合态磷和残留磷含量很多；对有效磷（Bray磷）贡献最大的磷素形态是碳酸氢钠无机磷、铁铝结合态无机磷和存在于土壤团聚体内表面的有机磷。这对于了解不同施肥条件对红壤旱地磷素有效性的影响、探索磷素消长规律、指导红壤旱地磷素管理等都有一定的理论和实践意义。 相似文献
16.
为有效测定土壤中土霉素残留量,建立了固相萃取－高效液相色谱法提取以及测定潮土、红壤、紫色土中土霉素残留量的方法。土壤中土霉素残留经提取缓冲溶液进行有效提取,经过DVB固相萃取小柱纯化、无水甲醇洗脱和氮气流浓缩后,经HPLC测定。对提取缓冲液、流动相以及流动相pH值、有机相与无机相的比例以及流速等测定条件进行优化研究。结果表明：提取液为Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine,流动相为乙腈∶0.01mol/L磷酸二氢钠（pH值2.5,V∶V=10∶90）,温度25℃,流速1.2ml/min,检测波长350nm对3种不同性质的土壤中土霉素残留量的测定最为合适。应用本方法进行土壤中土霉素残留量的测定,土霉素含量与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数（n=9）分别为红壤0.997,紫色土0.995,潮土0.987;检出限分别为红壤0.11mg/kg,紫色土0.17mg/kg,潮土0.09mg/kg;回收率(n=18)分别为红壤80.7%~128.8%,紫色土70.5%~100.0%,潮土61.5%~103.9%;相对标准偏差(RSD, n=18)分别为红壤7.1%~28.2%,紫色土11.9%~38.1%,潮土4.1%~17.0％。本方法简便、准确,适合于测定不同土壤中土霉素残留量,结果可靠。 相似文献
17.
P deficiency is a major obstacle for crop production in subtropical red soils in South China, and the hydrolysis of organic P (Po) is of great significance in these soils due to the immobilization of P by Fe and Al. Cover cropping in orchards and symbiotic microbial inoculation are considered to improve soil quality, including P status, however, their effects on the hydrolysis of Po is little known. In this study, five soil managements were established in a guava orchard in South China for two and a half years, including clean culture (CC), cover cropping with Paspalum natatu (PN), PN with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation (PNA), cover cropping with Stylosanthes guianensis (SG), SG with rhizobial inoculation (SGR). Soil chemical, biochemical and microbial properties were analyzed. Results indicate that soil pH and SOM content tended to increase following cover cropping alone or with microbial inoculation. Po content was significantly elevated in PNA. Po fractionation revealed that cover cropping alone or with microbial inoculation significantly affected the contents of moderately labile Po (MLPo) and moderately resistant Po (FAPo). Enzyme assay indicated that cover cropping with microbial inoculation increased the activities of acidic phosphomonoesterase (ACP), neutral phosphomonoesterase (NP) and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP), with ALP the most sensitive, although ACP activity dominated in red soils. Correlation analysis suggested a significantly positive relationship between ALP activity and MLPo or FAPo. PCR-DGGE profile of the alp-harboring bacterial community showed that cover cropping with S. guianensis and mycorrhizal inoculation to P. natatu promoted the bacterial diversity and/or species richness. For almost all the measured parameters, PN and SG were comparable, however, PNA was superior to SGR, indicating the stronger additive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus than that of rhizobia. Cat-PCA indicated that MLPo was the most influential factor on phosphomonoesterase. In general, this study suggests that, in subtropical orchards with red soil, cover cropping with microbial inoculation can improve the Po hydrolysis via the promoted alp-harboring bacterial community and then ALP activity. Our results also suggest that the combination of P. natatu and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus is better than S. guianensis and rhizobia, which possesses practical significance for sustainable production in these orchards. 相似文献
18.
D. López-Hernández M. Niño P. Nannipieri J. C. Fardeau 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1989,7(2):134-137
Summary The relationship between phosphatase activity and soil was studied in 14 mounds and adjacent control soils of plant debris-feeding termites from a Venezuelan savanna. The soils were assayed for acid phosphatase activity with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate and for the effect of inorganic P (300 g P g–1). The proportion of organic matter in the mounds was four times that found in topsoils, indicating strong selection by the termites for organic-rich soil fractions. A comparison of phosphatase activities found no difference between mounds and adjacent soils. It seems possible that the expected increase of enzyme activity in mounds, due to a higher C content, was counteracted by enzyme inhibition due to higher levels of available inorganic P in the mounds. Addition of inorganic P to soil and mound material reduced enzyme activities by 10%–45%, but after a 2-day incubation period differences between the treated soil and the control tended to disappear. 相似文献
19.
Asit Mandal Tapan J. Purakayastha Ashok K. Patra 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2014,50(8):1247-1252
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of phytoextraction by Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) on microbial activity and biomass in arsenic-contaminated soil (naturally occurring arsenic-contaminated soils of West Bengal, India). P. vittata was grown for two successive growing cycles (4 months each) with two phosphate sources (di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and single superphosphate (SSP)). After phytoextraction by P. vittata, the rhizosphere soils were analyzed for microbial biomass C (MBC), C mineralization (Cmin), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), phosphomonoesterase activities, and aryl sulphatase activity. All enzyme activities increased after two successive growing cycles of P. vittata as compared to one growing cycle and unplanted control. The arsenic (As) phytoextraction by this fern also increased the MBC by 34 %, Cmin by 63 %, DHA by 38 %, acid phosphomonoesterase activity by 30 %, alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity by 6 %, and aryl-sulphatase activity by 33 % with two successive growing cycles over unplanted control. The di-ammonium phosphate was better as compared to single super phosphate for enhancing microbiological and biochemical parameters except phosphomonoesterase activities. 相似文献
20.
Dasheng?Sun Qingfang?Bi Kejie?Li Peibin?Dai Yan?Yu Weiwei?Zhou Ting?Lv Xipeng?Liu Jun?Zhu Qichun?Zhang Chongwei?Jin Lingli?Lu Xianyong?Lin
Little is known about the effects of temperature and drying–rewetting on soil phosphorus (P) fractions and microbial community composition in regard to different fertilizer sources. Soil P dynamics and microbial community properties were evaluated in a soil not fertilized or fertilized with KH2PO4 or swine manure at two temperatures (10 and 25 °C) and two soil water regimes (continuously moist and drying–rewetting cycles) in laboratory microcosm assays. The P source was the dominant factor determining the sizes of labile P fractions and microbial community properties. Manure fertilization increased the content of labile P, microbial biomass, alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity, and fatty acid contents, whereas KH2PO4 fertilization increased the content of labile inorganic P and microbial P. Water regimes, second to fertilization in importance, affected more labile P pools, microbial biomass, alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity, and fatty acid contents than temperature. Drying–rewetting cycles increased labile P pools, decreased microbial biomass and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity, and shaped the composition of microbial communities towards those with greater percentages of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly at 25 °C in manure-fertilized soils. Microbial C and P dynamics responded differentially to drying–rewetting cycles in manure-fertilized soils but not in KH2PO4-fertilized soils, suggesting their decoupling because of P sources and water regimes. Phosphorus sources, temperature, and water regimes interactively affected the labile organic P pool in the middle of incubation. Overall, P sources and water availability had greater effects on P dynamics and microbial community properties than temperature. 相似文献