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1.
黄河三角洲退化湿地微生物群落特性研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Five different sites with a soluble salt gradient of 3.0--17.7 g kg-1 dry soil from the coast to the inland were selected, and the microbial population size, activity and diversity in the rhizospheres of five common plant species and the adjacent bulk soils (non-rhizosphere) were compared in a degraded wetland of the Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province, China to study the effects of soil environment (salinity, seasonality, depth, and rhizosphere) on microbial communities and the wetland’s ecological function, thus providing basic data for the bioremediation of degraded wetlands. There was a significant negative linear relationship between the salinity and the total number of microorganisms, overall microbial activity, or culturable microbial diversity. Salinity adversely affected the microbial community, and higher salinity levels resulted in smaller and less active microbial communities. Seasonal changes were observed in microbial activity but did not occur in the size and diversity. The microbial size, activity and diversity decreased with increasing soil depth. The size, activity and diversity of culturable microorganisms increased in the rhizospheres. All rhizospheres had positive effects on the microbial communities, and common seepweed had the highest rhizosphere effect. Three halophilic bacteria (Pseudomonas mendocina, Burkholderia glumae, and Acinetobacter johnsonii) were separated through BIOLOG identification, and common seepweed could be recommended for bioremediation of degraded wetlands in the Yellow River Delta.  相似文献   

2.
The efficiencies of free and immobilized bacterial cultures of petroleum hydrocarbon degraders were evaluated and compared in this study.Hydrocarbon-degrading microbial communities with high tolerance to and high degrading ability of crude oil were obtained from the soil contaminated with crude oil in the Yellow River Delta.Then,the microbial cells were immobilized in sodium alginate(SA)beads and sodium alginate-diatomite(SAD)beads.The biodegradation of crude oil in soil by immobilized cells was compared with that by free cells at three inoculation concentrations,1×104 colony forming units(cfu)kg-1(low concentration,L),5×104 cfu kg-1(medium concentration,M),and 1×105 cfu kg-1(high concentration,H).At 20 d after inoculation,the maximum degradation rate in the immobilized systems reached 29.8%(SAD-M),significantly higher(P<0.05)than that of the free cells(21.1%),and the SAD beads showed greater degradation than the SA beads.Moreover,both microbial populations and total microbial activity reached significantly higher level(P<0.05)in the immobilized systems than free cell systems at a same initial inoculation amount.The scanning effectronic microscope(SEM)images also confirmed the advantages of the immobilized microstructure of SAD beads.The enhanced degradation and bacterial growth in the SAD beads indicated the high potential of SAD beads as an effective option for bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated soils in the Yellow River Delta.  相似文献   

3.
The effects of precipitation reduction and nitrogen deposition increase on soil bacterial communities and functions impact soil nitrogen cycling. Seasonal changes could modify the effects of precipitation reduction and nitrogen deposition increase on bacterial communities and functions by changing soil environments and properties. Understanding soil microbial communities and the seasonal response of functions to precipitation reduction and nitrogen deposition increase may be important for the accurate prediction of changes in the soil nitrogen dynamics. Thus, a long-term field simulation experiment of nitrogen deposition increase and throughfall exclusion was established to investigate soil bacterial communities’ response to nitrogen deposition increase and/or precipitation reduction, with no nitrogen deposition increase and no precipation reduction as a control, in a temperate forest. We examined soil bacterial communities (Illumina sequencing) under different treatments during the winter, freezing-thawing cycle periods (FTCs), and growing season. The bacterial functional groups were predicted by the FAPROTAX database. The results showed that nitrogen deposition increase, precipitation reduction, the combined effect of nitrogen deposition increase and precipitation reduction, and seasonal changes significantly altered the soil bacterial community composition. Interestingly, by combining the result of a previous study in which nitrogen deposition increase increased the nitrous oxide flux in the same experimental system, the loss of soil nitrogen was increased by the decrease in denitrification and increase of nitrification bacteria under nitrogen deposition increase, while ammonification bacteria significantly increased and N-fixing bacteria significantly decreased with precipitation reduction compared to the control. In relation to seasonal changes, the aromatic-degrading, cellulolytic, and ureolytic bacteria were lowest during FTCs, which indicated that FTCs might inhibit biodegradation. Nitrification and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria increased with nitrogen deposition increase or precipitation reduction and in FTCs compared to the control or other seasons. The interaction between treatment and season significantly changed the soil bacterial communities and functions. These results highlight that nitrogen deposition increase, precipitation reduction, seasonal changes, and their interactions might directly alter bacterial communities and indirectly alter the dynamics of soil N.  相似文献   

4.
The responses of soil microbes to global warming and nitrogen enrichment can profoundly affect terrestrial ecosystem functions and the ecosystem feedbacks to climate change. However, the interactive effect of warming and nitrogen enrichment on soil microbial community is unclear. In this study, individual and interactive effects of experimental warming and nitrogen addition on the soil microbial community were investigated in a long-term field experiment in a temperate steppe of northern China. The field experiment started in 2006 and soils were sampled in 2010 and analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids to characterize the soil microbial communities. Some soil chemical properties were also determined. Five-year experimental warming significantly increased soil total microbial biomass and the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in the soils. Long-term nitrogen addition decreased soil microbial biomass at the 0-10 cm soil depth and the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soils. Little interactive effect on soil microbes was detected when experimental warming and nitrogen addition were combined. Soil microbial biomass positively correlated with soil total C and N, but basically did not relate to the soil C/N ratio and pH. Our results suggest that future global warming or nitrogen enrichment may significantly change the soil microbial communities in the temperate steppes in northern China.  相似文献   

5.
Volcanism is a primary process of land formation.It provides a model for understanding soil-forming processes and the role of pioneer bacteria and/or archaea as early colonizers in those new environments.The objective of this study was to identify the microbial communities involved in soil formation.DNA was extracted from soil samples from the Llaima volcano in Chile at sites destroyed by lava in different centuries(1640,1751,and 1957).Bacterial and archaeal 16 S r RNA genes were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)and Illumina Mi Seq sequencing.Results showed that microbial diversity increased with soil age,particularly between the 1751 and 1640 soils.For archaeal communities,Thaumarchaeota was detected in similar abundances in all soils,but Euryarchaeota was rare in the older soils.The analysis of bacterial 16 S r RNA genes showed high abundances of Chloroflexi(37%),Planctomycetes(18%),and Verrucomicrobia(10%)in the youngest soil.Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were highly abundant in the older soils(16%in 1640 and 15%in 1751 for Acidobacteria;38%in 1640 and 27%in 1751 for Proteobacteria).The microbial profiles in the youngest soils were unusual,with a high abundance of bacteria belonging to the order Ktedonobacterales(Chloroflexi)in the 1957 soil(37%)compared with the 1751(18%)and 1640(7%)soils.In this study,we show that there is a gradual establishment of the microbial community in volcanic soils following an eruption and that specific microbial groups can colonize during the early stages of recovery.  相似文献   

6.
Increasing temperatures and variability of precipitation events due to climate change will lead in the future to higher irrigation demands in agroecosystems.However,the use of secondary treated wasterwater(TWW)could have consequences for the receiving soil environment and its resident microbial communities.The objective of this study was to characterize the importance of soil properties and habitats to the response of soil bacteria and archaea to irrigation with TWW.Two agricultural soils with contrasting textures(loamy sand or silt loam)and,for each,three variants differing in soil organic carbon and nitrogen,as generated by long-term fertilization,were analyzed.For each of these six soils,prokaryotic communities from two habitats,i.e.,root-free bulk soil and the rhizosphere of developing cucumber plants in the greenhouse,were characterized.Communities were analyzed by the quantity and diversity of their polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-amplified 16S rRNA genes.To account for TWW-associated nutrient effects,potable water(PW)served as a control.Amplicon sequence analysis showed that prokaryotic communities mainly consisted of bacteria(99.8%).Upon irrigation,regardless of the water quality,prokaryotic diversity declined,p H increased,and no bacterial growth was detected in bulk soil.In contrast,the growth of cucumbers was stimulated by TWW,indicating that plants were the main beneficiaries.Moreover,strong responses were seen in the rhizosphere,suggesting an indirect effect of TWW by altered rhizodepositions.The main bacterial responders to TWW were Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,and Planctomycetes.Changes in bacterial communities due to TWW were less pronounced in all variants of the silt loam,indicating the importance of clay and soil organic carbon for buffering effects of TWW on soil bacterial communities.Hence,soil organic carbon and soil texture are important parameters that need to be considered when applying TWW in agriculture.  相似文献   

7.
挪威北部土壤微生物活性的季节变化   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
Seasonal development of soil microbial activity and bacterial biomass in sub-polar regions was investigated to determine the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors, such as organic matter content, temperature and moisture. The study was performed during spring thaw from three cultivated meadows and two non-cultivated forest sites near Alta, in northern Norway. Samples from all five sites showed increasing respiration rates directly after the spring thaw with soil respiration activity best related to soil organic matter content. However, distributions of bacteria] biomass showed fewer similarities to these two parameters. This could be explained by variations of litter exploitation through the biomass. Microbial activity started immediately after the thaw while root growth had a longer time lag. An influence of root development on soil microbes was proposed for sites where microorganisms and roots had a tight relationship caused by a more intensive root structure. Also a reduction of microbial activity due to soil compaction in the samples from a wheel track could not be observed under laboratory conditions. New methodological approaches of differential staining for live and dead organisms were applied in order to follow changes within the microbial community. Under laboratory conditions freeze and thaw cycles showed a damaging influence on parts of the soil bacteria. Additionally, different patterns for active vs. non-active bacteria were noticeable after freeze-thaw cycles.  相似文献   

8.
中国长江三角洲地区一新石器时代水稻土细菌群落   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
An ancient irrigated paddy soil from the Neolithic age was excavated at Chuodunshan Site in the Yangtze River Delta, close to Suzhou, China. The soil organic matter (SOM) content in the prehistoric rice soil is comparable to the average SOM content of present rice soils in this region, but it is about 5 times higher than that in the parent materials. As possible biomarkers to indicate the presence of the prehistoric paddy soil, the bacterial communities were investigated using the techniques of aerobic and anaerobic oligotrophic bacteria enumeration, Biolog analysis, and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The results showed that in the buried soil layers, the prehistoric paddy soil had the largest number of aerobic and anaerobic oligotrophic bacteria, up to 6.12 and 5.86 log cfu g-1 dry soil, respectively. The prehistoric paddy soil displayed better carbon utilization potential and higher functional diversity compared to the parent materials and a prehistoric loess layer. The Shannon index and richness based on DGGE profiles of bacterial 16S rRNA genes were higher in prehistoric paddy soil than those in the prehistoric loess soil. It might be concluded that the prehistoric irrigated rice cultivation accumulated the SOM in plowed soil layer, and thus increased soil bacterial populations, metabolic activity, functional diversity and genetic diversity. Bacterial communities might be considered as the sensitive indicators of the presence of the prehistoric paddy soil in China’s Yangtze River Delta.  相似文献   

9.
Hydrocarbon contamination may affect the soil microbial community, in terms of both diversity and function. A laboratory experiment was set-up, with a semi-arid control soil and the same soil but artificially contaminated with diesel oil, to follow changes in the dominant species of the microbial community in the hydrocarbon-polluted soil via proteomics. Analysis of the proteins extracted from enriched cultures growing in Luria-Bertani (LB) media showed a change in the microbial community. The majority of the proteins were related to glycolysis pathways, structural or protein synthesis. The results showed a relative increase in the complexity of the soil microbial community with hydrocarbon contamination, especially after 15 days of incubation. Species such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Synechococcus elongatus and different Clostridium sp. were adapted to contamination, not appearing in the control soil, although Bacillus sp. dominated the growing in LB in any of the treatments. We conclude that the identification of microbial species in soil extracts by culture-dependent proteomics is able to partially explain the changes in the diversity of the soil microbial community in hydrocarbon polluted semi-arid soils, but this information is much more limited than that provided by molecular methods.  相似文献   

10.
Soil drying-rewetting(DRW) events affect nutrient transformation and microbial community composition; however, little is known about the influence of drying intensity during the DRW events. Therefore, we analyzed soil nutrient composition and microbial communities with exposure to various drying intensities during an experimental drying-rewetting event, using a silt loam from a grassland of northern China, where the semi-arid climate exposes soils to a wide range of moisture conditions, and grasslands account for over 40% of the nation's land area. We also conducted a sterilization experiment to examine the contribution of soil microbes to nutrient pulses. Soil drying-rewetting decreased carbon(C) mineralization by 9%–27%. Both monosaccharide and mineral nitrogen(N) contents increased with higher drying intensities(drying to ≤ 10% gravimetric water content), with the increases being 204% and 110% with the highest drying intensity(drying to 2% gravimetric water content), respectively, whereas labile phosphorus(P)only increased(by 105%) with the highest drying intensity. Moreover, levels of microbial biomass C and N and dissolved organic N decreased with increasing drying intensity and were correlated with increases in dissolved organic C and mineral N, respectively,whereas the increases in labile P were not consistent with reductions in microbial biomass P. The sterilization experiment results indicated that microbes were primarily responsible for the C and N pulses, whereas non-microbial factors were the main contributors to the labile P pulses. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis indicated that soil microbes were highly resistant to drying-rewetting events and that drought-resistant groups were probably responsible for nutrient transformation. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that moderate soil drying during drying-rewetting events could improve the mineralization of N, but not P, and that different mechanisms were responsible for the C, N, and P pulses observed during drying-rewetting events.  相似文献   

11.
自盐渍化地区（黄河三角洲）采集4种不同石油污染程度的土壤样品,从中筛选出高效降解石油烃的4个菌系和8个单菌株。分别以原油、柴油、烷烃和多环芳烃（PAHs）为底物进行培养,测定降解菌的生物量和降解率,研究其对不同底物的耐受浓度和降解潜力。结果表明,获得的石油烃降解菌为轻度嗜盐菌;不同菌株对不同底物的耐受浓度不同,混合菌系对不同底物的降解能力强于单菌株,对单一组分底物的降解优于复杂组分的底物;单菌株I-2、3、5、7能较好地降解PAHs并且对原油的降解能力高于柴油,单菌株I-1、4、6、8能够利用烷烃且对柴油的降解能力要比原油高;降解菌对柴油和原油的最高降解率分别可达78．4％和70．7％,对正十六烷和菲的生物降解率分别高达87．7％和88．1％,表现出较强的降解能力。研究结果表明黄河三角洲盐渍化土壤中土著菌对石油烃污染土壤具有较强的牛物修复潜力。  相似文献   

12.
黄河三角洲自然保护区植被与土壤C、N、P化学计量特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
为阐明黄河三角洲自然保护区生态系统的元素含量水平和化学计量特征并判断该区域植被生长的限制因子,选择保护区5种典型植物群落翅碱蓬、碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳和白茅为研究对象,测定植物不同器官和土壤剖面中有机碳、全氮、全磷含量,分析保护区植物群落与土壤的C、N、P化学计量特征。结果显示:5种群落中典型植物各器官C和P含量规律大体一致,除白茅和柽柳外,均表现为叶根茎,白茅茎的C和P含量高于根。不同植物器官N含量则表现出一致的变化规律,均为叶茎根。各植被类型叶片N∶P值均小于12,且与根系的N∶P值接近。土壤C、N含量的平均值分别为4.78 g?kg~(-1)、0.32 g?kg~(-1),均低于全国水平。P含量的平均值为0.53 g?kg~(-1),略低于全国水平。不同土层之间土壤元素含量差异不显著。不同群落土壤C∶N∶P值不同,同一群落不同土层的土壤C∶N∶P值变异性较小。植物叶片C、N、P含量以及C∶N、C∶P与0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm土层土壤C、N含量之间均存在显著的相关关系(P0.05)。以上结果表明,黄河三角洲自然保护区不同土层土壤C、N、P含量相对稳定,总体低于全国水平,土壤N的匮乏引起了C∶N和C∶P值的变化。植物叶片和根系的C∶P值接近,说明生态系统元素循环相对稳定,同时叶片N∶P值小于12,进一步说明土壤中N的匮乏使其成为植物生长的限制因子。  相似文献   

13.
Soil salinization and sedimentation in the Yellow River Delta pose significant environmental concerns in China. This study demonstrated for the first time that the Yellow River sediment can be used as a soil amendment to remediate the salt‐affected soil. Four treatments including the control (CK), Yellow River sediment application at 70 Mg ha−1 (S70) and 140 Mg ha−1 (S140), and crop residue application at 3 Mg ha−1 (P3) were replicated in two blocks in the field. Cotton, one of the most common crops in the Yellow River Delta, was planted. Soil physical properties and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. The results indicated that mixing the Yellow River sediment, a poorly graded sand, with the clayed saline soil improved soil texture, macroporosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Mean EC of treated soils was significantly lower than for the control. Improved cotton emergence and stand establishment were observed along with a significant treatment effect on cotton yield. The effects of S140 and P3 on soil macroporosity, hydraulic conductivity, soil EC, and cotton growth were comparable. This study concluded that applying Yellow River sediment in the saline land is a technically feasible and environmentally sustainable approach for saline soil remediation in the Yellow River Delta. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油污染及其与理化性质的关系   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
基于黄河三角洲生态区内部分油田生产区石油污染土壤的调查取样,研究了土壤的石油污染特性及其与理化性质的关系。结果表明,油田区土壤受到了不同程度的石油污染,溢油处油泥含油率最高达6230mg/kg。石油污染土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量与含油率呈正相关关系,研究区TOC为0.22%～1.14%,其中老油井含量大于新油井。但值得注意的是本次研究发现部分石油污染区域土壤的TOC反而低于未污染区,这可能与碱蓬的覆盖状况有关。石油污染对土壤的全氮含量没有显著影响,所研究的石油生产区土壤总氮含量为207.74～870.20mg/kg,未受石油污染的生态核心区该值为591.02～938.28mg/kg。土壤有机碳、全氮及C/N随土壤深度的增加皆呈下降趋势,土壤各层中有机碳和全氮含量的变化趋势基本一致,呈极显著线性相关。石油烃污染导致石油污染土壤中C、N比例严重失调,因此在进行石油污染土壤修复时需要添加相应的N营养元素来增强土壤中微生物的营养来增强土壤中微生物的活性,加快其对石油的分解。  相似文献   

15.
黄河三角洲典型人工林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
为阐明黄河三角洲不同人工林类型对盐碱化土壤碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)含量及生态化学计量特征的影响,选取刺槐、臭椿、杨树、白蜡、榆树、国槐和柽柳等7种典型人工林为研究对象,运用模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价林型对土壤营养和化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:黄河三角洲地区7种林型土壤C、N含量处于全国土壤平均含量的最低水平,P含量居中等水平。各林型土壤表层C、N含量较高,P含量从上至下分布规律不同,分别呈逆向、"V"型和倒"V"型分布。臭椿林土壤C、N、P元素平均含量最高,柽柳林土壤最低,前者分别是后者的1.5、1.7和1.2倍。7种人工林土壤N∶P平均值为0.76,远远低于全球平均水平(5.9)和我国平均水平(3.9),表明该区域人工林受到严重的土壤N限制。综合评价对林地土壤营养、土壤物理性质和化学计量改良作用最好的是国槐林,改良作用最差的为白蜡林。建议在该区域优先选择国槐改良盐碱化土壤,其次为杨树和榆树。  相似文献   

16.
黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际细菌结构及多样性   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
为精确分析黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌群落定殖情况,本研究采用高通量测序方法对刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌结构及多样性进行了研究。研究表明,根际土壤细菌共有36门214属,非根际土壤细菌共有33门153属。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)细菌丰度超过15%,是根际与非根际土壤中的优势菌落。根际与非根际土壤中酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)丰度差异显著。根际土壤中红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)、溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)、热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)及非根际土壤中红游动菌属、溶杆菌属、链霉菌属、Kaistobacter细菌丰度超过4%。根际土壤中固氮菌丰度显著高于非根际土壤,解磷、解钾细菌丰度差异不显著。根际与非根际土壤细菌Chao丰富度分别为2 054、2 376,差异显著。根际与非根际土壤细菌之间的权重(Weighted Unifrac)距离在0.12~0.25之间。综上所述,黄河三角洲刺槐根际与非根际土壤细菌结构具有一定差异,多样性差异显著。  相似文献   

17.
典型黑土区坡耕地土壤微生物群落数量的空间分布研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选取土壤侵蚀较严重的黑龙江省宾县宾州河流域为研究区,通过采集流域上、中和下游6个典型坡面的坡上、坡中和坡下部土壤样品,分析了坡耕地土壤微生物群落数量在流域和坡面尺度上的分布规律,并比较了土壤微生物群落数量空间分布与土壤侵蚀空间分布的关系。结果表明,在流域尺度上,土壤微生物总数量和细菌数量均表现为:下游>中游>上游土壤真菌数量表现为:上游>下游>中游土壤放线菌数量表现为中游最大,而上游和下游数量相当。在坡面尺度上,土壤微生物总数量和细菌数量均呈现:坡中部<坡上部<坡下部,土壤真菌数量呈现:坡下部<坡中部<坡上部,土壤放线菌数量呈现:坡中部<坡下部<坡上部。研究表明,流域土壤微生物总数量和土壤细菌数量的空间分布皆与侵蚀-沉积速率的空间分布相对应,反映出侵蚀-沉积速率是影响该流域土壤微生物群落数量的主要因素。  相似文献   

18.
为了认识和评价石油开采对陇东地区土壤环境的影响,采用平板培养和多元分析法研究了不同石油污染程度下的土壤微生物群落特征及其与土壤环境因子的关系。结果显示:(1)微生物3大类群的数量以距污染源30m的样地S1-3最高,200m的S7-9次之,100m的S4-6最低;放线菌数量变化对Shannon—Wiener指数影响较大。(2)土壤有机质、含油量、含盐量、速效磷均为S1-3最高,S4-6次之,S7-9最低;土壤pH值、碱解氮及速效钾含量均以S7-9最高,S4-6次之,S1-3最低。(3)PCA结果显示TPHs含量在8种环境因子中作用最大,其含量的上升导致了土壤含盐率、有机质和速效磷的增加,进而影响到了土壤含水量、pH值、土壤细菌、放线菌、微生物总数及其他环境因子。研究表明,陇东黄土高原地区开展生物修复石油污染时,应充分开发利用土壤细菌及放线菌资源,并外源投加N,K等营养元素,从而刺激土著石油降解菌的生长,进而提高石油烃的降解效率。  相似文献   

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