共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Moore GF Tapper K Murphy S Lynch R Raisanen L Pimm C Moore L 《Public health nutrition》2007,10(6):582-589
OBJECTIVES: To examine school-level relationships between deprivation and breakfast eating behaviours (breakfast skipping and the healthfulness of foods consumed) in 9-11-year-old schoolchildren and to examine whether attitudes towards eating breakfast mediated these relationships. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: One hundred and eleven primary schools in Wales. SUBJECTS: Year 5 and 6 pupils within the 111 primary schools. Measures were completed by 4314 children. Analysis was conducted at the group (school) level, with each school representing one group. RESULTS: Deprivation was positively associated with breakfast skipping and consumption of 'unhealthy' items (i.e. sweet snacks, crisps) for breakfast. A significant negative association was found between deprivation and consumption of 'healthy' items (i.e. fruit, bread, cereal, milk). Deprivation was significantly inversely associated with attitudes towards eating breakfast. The relationships between deprivation and (1) breakfast skipping and (2) consumption of 'healthy' items for breakfast were mediated by attitudes towards eating breakfast. The hypothesis that attitudes mediated the relationship between deprivation and consumption of 'unhealthy' breakfast items was unsupported. CONCLUSIONS: Deprivation is associated with adverse breakfast eating behaviours amongst children aged 9-11 years, in terms of breakfast skipping and the quality of breakfasts consumed. Socio-economic differences in attitudes towards eating breakfast are apparent amongst this age group, and appear to relate to social gradients in breakfast eating behaviours. Research is needed to examine the causal nature of these trends and to elucidate factors underlying the development of socio-economic differences in eating-related cognitions. 相似文献
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Tseng M 《Public health nutrition》2005,8(3):221-222
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两段式冷却对牛肉食用品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为探讨两段式冷却对牛肉食用品质的影响,以20头杂交牛胴体（延边牛×西门塔尔牛）按试验设计进行两段式冷却（温度-13～-15℃、时间2 h,风速3 m/s,随后转入常规冷却间至24 h）和常规冷却处理（温度0～4℃、时间24 h）相比较,研究不同处理对牛肉食用品质的影响。表明：两段式冷却处理加快胴体温度下降速率,减缓pH值下降速率,显著降低胴体冷却质量损失,使肉的色泽鲜红,提高肉的剪切力,对背最长肌的保水性无影响。可以认为在肉牛屠宰加工流程中,单独采用两段式冷却处理能降低肉的嫩度,但随时间的增加,剪切力值会有所降低,建议应用时结合电刺激处理来同时改善肉的食用品质。 相似文献
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Burke SJ McCarthy SN O'Neill JL Hannon EM Kiely M Flynn A Gibney MJ 《Public health nutrition》2007,10(6):599-607
OBJECTIVES: To examine the influence of eating location on the quality of the diets of Irish children and to compare intakes at home with intakes at other people's homes and intakes outside the home, and to compare intakes at various locations outside the home. DESIGN: Food intake was measured using a 7-day weighed diary in 594 children from the Republic of Ireland (aged 5-12 years). Details of where the food was prepared or obtained were also recorded. RESULTS: Eighty-nine per cent of all eating occasions occurred at home; < 6% occurred at both other people's homes and outside the home (takeaway, restaurant, shop, other). The percentage of food energy from fat was above the recommended 35% at other people's homes and outside the home, specifically at takeaways and restaurants. Fibre and micronutrient intakes (per 10 MJ) were significantly higher at home than at the other locations (P < 0.05). Within the 'out' locations, fibre and micronutrient intakes were generally higher at restaurants and lower at shops. High consumers of foods outside the home had a statistically significant, but relatively small decline in nutrient intakes compared with non- or low consumers. Chips and processed potatoes, meat products, savouries, sugars and confectionery, and savoury snacks made the greatest contribution to foods consumed outside the home. CONCLUSIONS: The main focus of nutrition policies to improve the diets of Irish children should be the home environment rather than the food service sector. However, guidelines could call for better food choices outside the home to improve nutrient intakes. 相似文献
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熟制温度及切割方式对牛排食用品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为研究熟制温度以及切割方式对西餐红肉煎制牛排食用品质的影响,该文采集了12头中国西门塔尔公牛的背最长肌,研究了终点温度、切片厚度以及肌纤维走向对煎制牛排剪切力、质构剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)以及感官品质的影响。结果显示:牛排的剪切力、蒸煮损失、硬度和咀嚼性随熟制温度的升高而增加(P0.05)。终点温度为72~100℃的牛排风味和总体可接受性得分显著高于45和60℃的牛肉(P0.05)。牛排剪切力随切片厚度增加而增加(P0.05);平行肌纤维切片的剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性显著低于垂直肌纤维切片(P0.05);切片厚度和肌纤维走向只对感官嫩度有显著影响(P0.05)。因此,煎制牛排的较佳熟制温度为80℃、切片厚度为10 mm和肌纤维走向为垂直肌纤维。研究结果为牛排生产企业、西餐厅以及宾馆饭店等生产、销售和加工牛排提供参考。 相似文献
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高压处理对牛肉感官特性与食用品质的影响 总被引：13，自引：4，他引：13
通过对宰后牛肉施加250 MPa的压力处理，分析测定处理后牛肉在贮藏期间理化指标的变化，研究了高压处理对牛肉感官品质的影响。试验结果表明高压处理能明显降低牛肉的剪切力和改善牛肉的嫩度(P<0.01)，高压嫩化的效果与肌肉的部位密切相关，压力处理对背最长肌和里脊的嫩化作用最明显。压力处理后牛肉的可溶性物质含量有所增加,但在贮藏后期差异不显著(P>0.05)，压力处理对牛肉中的游离氨基酸的影响不明显(P>0.05)，这也表明压力处理对牛肉风味的贡献与自然成熟的作用相近。通过研究可以得出结论，在室温下用250 MPa的压力处理宰后热剔骨(6小时以内)真空包装的牛肉10 min，0～4℃冷藏条件下贮存2～3 d，可获得嫩度好、其它感官指标不明显低于低温吊挂成熟7～10 d的产品。 相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: Our objective in this paper is to assess diets in the European Union (EU) in relation to the recommendations of the recent World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization expert consultation and to show how diets have changed between 1961 and 2001. DATA AND METHODS: Computations make use of FAOSTAT data on food availability at country level linked to a food composition database to convert foods to nutrients. We further explore the growing similarity of diets in the EU by making use of a consumption similarity index. The index provides a single number measure of dietary overlap between countries. RESULTS: The data confirm the excessive consumption by almost all countries of saturated fats, cholesterol and sugars, and the convergence of nutrient intakes across the EU. Whereas in 1961 diets in several European countries were more similar to US diets than to those of other European countries, this is no longer the case; moreover, while EU diets have become more homogeneous, the EU as a whole and the USA have become less similar over time. CONCLUSIONS: Although the dominant cause of greater similarity in EU diets over the period studied is increased intakes in Mediterranean countries of saturated fats, cholesterol and sugar, also important are reductions in saturated fat and sugar in some Northern European countries. This suggests that healthy eating messages are finally having an impact on diets; a distinctly European diet may also be emerging. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVES: To identify dietary transition stages based on dietary patterns of adult Haitians having lived in Montreal for various lengths of time, and to assess associated dietary quality. SUBJECTS: One hundred and eighty-one Haitians aged 25-60 years were recruited by the modified random digit dialling method. DESIGN: Socio-economic, diet and lifestyle variables were documented by questionnaire. Three non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted over a 3-month period. Dietary patterns were studied using cluster analysis, and their association with proportion of lifetime in Canada and with socio-economic status (SES) was examined. Diet quality criteria were micronutrient adequacy and healthfulness based on dietary recommendations of the World Health Organization. RESULTS: Four dietary phenotypes were identified which could roughly represent stages of dietary transition or acculturation (Traditional, Pre-Western, Western and Modern). Subjects in the 'Traditional' cluster were older and had lived for a significantly lower proportion of their lifetime in Canada; they also tended to be of lower SES. Diet quality was significantly higher in the 'Traditional' than the 'Western' type, particularly with respect to healthfulness. A significantly lower proportion of subjects complying with limited intake of total fat ( < 30%) and cholesterol ( < 45%) was observed in the 'Western' compared with other diet phenotypes. Less than 15% of all subjects consumed enough dietary fibre, irrespective of diet type. CONCLUSION: Dietary transition stages could be identified on the basis of food patterns of Haitians according to the proportion of their lifetime in Canada. Encouraging the youth to retain the traditional food culture in its positive aspects would appear relevant 相似文献
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氮肥对稻米垩白及蒸煮食味品质特性的影响 总被引：84，自引：2，他引：84
利用稻米品质特性不同的 7个粳稻品种 ,研究了氮肥对稻米垩白率、理化特性及淀粉谱特性的影响。结果表明 ,随着氮肥施用量的增加 ,稻米垩白率和直链淀粉含量逐渐降低 ,胶稠度变短 ,蛋白质含量提高 ,而在稻米淀粉谱特性中除糊化开始温度略提高外 ,其余特性均降低或变小 ;在水稻全生育期施同等量的氮肥时 ,与生育前期追施氮肥相比 ,抽穗期追施氮肥 ,其稻米的垩白率和直链淀粉含量降低 ,胶稠度变短 ,蛋白质含量提高 ,但对稻米淀粉谱特性的影响很小。品质特性对氮肥的反应敏感程度品种间有差异。 相似文献
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智能电子饲喂系统下猪采食时间对行为节律和生长的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究智能电子饲喂系统猪的采食行为分布,该研究分析了种猪性能测定站（Pig Performance Testing Station,PPTS）和母猪电子饲喂系统（Electronic Sow Feeding,ESF）中猪只采食次数、采食量、采食时长的昼夜分布,结果表明,智能电子饲喂系统在应用中由于猪只轮流采食普遍存在猪群夜间采食的现象,其中ESF使约1/4的猪仅在夜间采食,说明群体等级制度也是造成猪只采食时间紊乱的重要原因。进一步探究猪只采食时间对猪行为节律和生长的影响,选用26只香猪分别采用白天饲喂和夜间饲喂以模拟智能电子饲喂系统引起的采食时间变化,发现白天饲喂使生长猪采食量提高了135.68 g/d,但两组间日增质量没有显著差异。白天饲喂使生长猪主要在白天采食、饮水和蹭痒,夜间躺卧休息;而夜间饲喂使生长猪的采食行为主要集中在19:00喂料时刻和7:00昼夜交替时刻。白天饲喂分别提高了猪采食、饮水和躺卧行为时长44.28、14.22和61.95 min/d,降低了站立行为时长48.75 min/d、走动行为时长 57.40 min/d和蹭痒行为时长20.30 min/d,改善了猪只舒适性。因此,智能电子饲喂系统会破坏部分猪采食节律,增大猪个体生长差异,该研究为智能电子饲喂系统在生猪养殖中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
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Pionnier E Chabanet C Mioche L Taylor AJ Le Quéré JL Salles C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(3):565-571
This study deals with the release kinetics of nonvolatile compounds (NVC) (leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, propanoic acid, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and phosphates) during the eating of a model cheese and the relationships to some oral (salivary and masticatory) parameters. The aroma release has previously been characterized in similar conditions [Pionnier, E.; Chabanet, C.; Mioche, L.; Le Quéré, J.-L.; Salles, C. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, xxx-xxx (1)]. Saliva samples were collected from the tongues of eight assessors at different times during and after the chewing sequence. Atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry and/or high-performance liquid chromatography analyses have been performed on these samples in order to quantify the 12 NVC released in saliva. The maximum concentration (C(max)) in saliva varied significantly according to the compound. However, there was no significant effect of the compound on the time to reach maximum concentration (T(max)). Interindividual differences were observed for most of the parameters and for all of the NVC studied. The parameters extracted from the release profiles of the NVC were closely correlated. High T(max) and AUC (area under the curve) values could be related to high chewing time and low saliva flow rates, low chewing rates, low masticatory performances, and low swallowing rates. 相似文献