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1.
Current Concepts in the Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injury 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Natasha Olby 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1999,13(5):399-407
Acute injury to the spinal cord initiates a sequence of vascular, biochemical, and inflammatory events that result in the development of secondary tissue damage. Experimental studies and clinical trials in humans have demonstrated that the extent of this secondary tissue damage can be limited by pharmacologic intervention at appropriate intervals after injury. High doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) improve the outcome of acute spinal cord injury in humans if treatment is initiated within 8 hours of injury. Starting therapy more than 8 hours after injury is detrimental to outcome. The clinical efficacy of methylprednisolone in improving the outcome of canine spinal cord injuries has not yet been demonstrated and its use by veterinarians is controversial. Many dogs are not seen by a veterinarian within the 8-hour window after injury, and these dogs frequently are treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or large doses of dexamethasone or prednisone before methylprednisolone treatment can be initiated, thus increasing the risk of severe adverse effects. Other drugs that may provide safer and more effective alternatives to methylprednisolone include thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), the 21-aminosteroids, and kappa opioid agonists. Recent studies suggest that modulation of the influx of inflammatory cells and activation of endogenous microglial cells may provide another means of improving the outcome of acute spinal cord injuries. Many drugs being developed to treat acute spinal cord injury have shown promising results when evaluated experimentally. However, any proposed therapeutic strategy should be evaluated in prospective blinded clinical trials before being adopted in clinics. 相似文献
2.
Nelson RW 《The Journal of small animal practice》2000,41(11):486-490
Five classes of oral hypoglycaemic drugs and two trace minerals used to treat diabetes mellitus in humans are reviewed and current knowledge on the use of these drugs in diabetic dogs and cats is presented. Oral sulphonylurea drugs stimulate insulin secretion and have been used successfully to treat diabetes in cats but not dogs. Preliminary studies evaluating the efficacy of the biguanide, metformin, in diabetic cats have not been promising. Pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in healthy cats, but clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of the insulin-sensitising drugs, thiazolidinediones, have not been reported. Treatment with the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, improved control of glycaemia in diabetic dogs; similar studies have not been reported in cats. Although chromium picolinate did not improve control of glycaemia in diabetic dogs, vanadium has improved control of the abnormality in diabetic cats. 相似文献
3.
Glucocorticoids are one of the two main classes of hormones, along with mineralocorticoids, which are secreted from the adrenal cortex. Since the discovery of the anti‐inflammatory properties of the natural glucocorticoid hydrocortisone, a large number of artificial glucocorticoids have been synthesized to attempt to increase efficacy and decrease side effects. These drugs are now considered one of the most commonly prescribed agents in veterinary practice. The effect of these drugs has been shown to vary significantly between species. Cats appear to tolerate glucocorticoids well, resulting in these drugs being recommended for a wide variety of conditions; however, there are few studies on the effects of glucocorticoids in cats. In this paper we review some of the available literature on glucocorticoid use in the cat. 相似文献
4.
Laurence E Galle 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2004,34(3):639-653
Ophthalmic manifestations of viral disease are commonly encountered in veterinary practice. Although the number of antiviral agents is rapidly increasing, the efficacy of many of these drugs against animal viral pathogens may not be known. Furthermore, some of these newer medications may, in fact. be toxic to animal patients. Continued research on the efficacy of these medications in treating viral diseases of veterinary importance is warranted.A thorough review of the ever-growing body of literature is imperative before instituting any new or unknown antiviral therapy.At this time, feline HSV-1 infections remain the most well understood of the ocular viral infections that veterinary practitioners may be called on to treat. Ironically, the number of antiviral agents proven to be effective in naturally occurring clinical cases of FHV-I remains quite limited. With new medications being investigated, this paucity of information on efficacious antiviral therapeutic agents will hopefully improve. 相似文献
5.
Stephanie Ann Smith 《Topics in companion animal medicine》2012,27(2):88-94
Thrombosis or thromboembolism are significant concerns in companion animals and can be associated with cardiac, metabolic, neoplastic disease processes or can be one manifestation of inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disease conditions. Options for thromboprophylaxis available for clinical use in small animal patients are very limited, with heparin (primarily unfractionated, but more recently low-molecular-weight forms) and aspirin predominating. Controlled studies evaluating the use of these drugs are few, but there is some limited evidence for efficacy in prevention of formation of thrombi. Use of the vitamin K antagonist warfarin has been described, but the narrow therapeutic window has resulted in a high rate of serious adverse events. In human patients, the efficacy of aspirin, heparins, and vitamin K antagonists is well documented in a variety of thrombotic conditions, but there are significant limitations to each of these options. These limitations have prompted the search for new alternatives, some of which are now in wide clinical use in humans. Although the use of some of the drugs discussed here has not yet been described in veterinary patients at risk for thrombosis, many of these agents have been evaluated experimentally in dogs, cats, or both. These new thromboprophylactic agents may soon be beneficial in management of small animal patients at risk for thrombosis. 相似文献
6.
Medical Management of Recurrent Seizures in Dogs and Cats 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stephen B. Lane DVM Susan E. Bunch DVM PhD 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1990,4(1):26-39
The problem of recurrent seizures is a common and challenging one in veterinary medical practice. The pathophysiology and pharmacologic suppression of focal seizure activity have been studied extensively in basic research settings, yet little is known of the genesis, modulation, and termination of generalized seizures, the most common form of seizures noted to occur in companion animals. Knowledge concerning the pharmacokinetic fate of anticonvulsant drugs currently used in veterinary medicine is adequate, though prospective clinical studies of the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of various types of seizures are lacking. This study will review the available literature regarding the pharmacology, use, and side effects of anticonvulsant drugs currently available for control of recurrent seizures in companion animals. Alternative anticonvulsant drugs will also be described. 相似文献
7.
Choice of an analgesic for gastrointestinal pain requires consideration of the cause of the pain, desired duration of pain relief, need for sedation, and potential side effects and toxicity, particularly in light of other drugs being used and effects on the gastrointestinal tract. It is imperative that close monitoring be continued to ensure that surgical lesions or worsening conditions are detected. Recent research in the field may lead to new drugs, drug combinations, and avenues of treatment that minimize the side effects of these drugs while maximizing their efficacy. 相似文献
8.
Sanchez Bruni SF Jones DG McKellar QA 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2006,29(6):443-457
Parasitic diseases are an important health concern to small animal veterinarians worldwide, and their zoonotic potential is also of relevance to human medicine. The treatment and control of such conditions relies heavily on pharmaceutical intervention using a range of antiparasitic drugs and/or their biologically active metabolites. Broad spectrum agents have been produced, although narrow and even monospecific drugs are used in some situations. Their efficacy may depend on dosage, the target pathogen(s), the host species and/or the site of infection. Optimal use of antiparasitics requires a detailed consideration of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs in specific clinical contexts. This review summarizes the present status of knowledge on the metabolism, and physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the major antiparasitic drugs currently used in small animal veterinary practice. In addition, data relevant to therapeutic dosage, efficacy and clinical indication/contraindication, particularly in relation to combination drug therapy, are included. 相似文献
9.
Rashid HB Chaudhry M Rashid H Pervez K Khan MA Mahmood AK 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(6):463-467
The present work was conducted to study the comparative efficacy of two anti-protozoan (babesicidal) drugs on the recovery and health of horses. A total of 80 horses, showing typical clinical symptoms of the disease, were selected for this study; the presence of babesiosis was confirmed through blood smear examination. These animals were divided into two groups i.e. A and B. Horses of Group A, were treated with diminazene diaceturate, while horses of Group B were treated with diminazene aceturate. Efficacy of the drugs was determined by the reversal of clinical signs and a negative blood smear examination. The efficacy of diminazene diaceturate was demonstrated to be 80% while diminazene aceturate was found to have 90% efficacy against babesiosis. 相似文献
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11.
J L Duncan E M Abbott J H Arundel M Eysker T R Klei R C Krecek E T Lyons C Reinemeyer J O D Slocombe 《Veterinary parasitology》2002,103(1-2):1-18
These guidelines have been designed to assist in the planning, operation and interpretation of studies which would serve to assess the efficacy of drugs against internal parasites of horses. Although the term anthelmintic is used in the title and text, these guidelines include studies on drug efficacy against larvae of horse bot flies, Gasterophilus spp., which are non-helminth parasites commonly occurring in the stomach of horses. The advantages, disadvantages and application of critical and controlled tests are presented. Information is also provided on selection of animals, housing, feed, dose titration, confirmatory and clinical trials, record keeping and necropsy procedures. These guidelines should assist both investigators and registration authorities in the evaluation of compounds using comparable and standard procedures with the minimum number of animals. 相似文献
12.
The present investigation was undertaken to improve regimens dosage of amoxycillin, chloramphenicol or trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in Salmonella dublin infected veal calves. The pharmacokinetics of these drugs were studied after i.v., oral, and i.m. administration (bioavailability, local irritation at the injection site, volume of distribution, and elimination half life). The most important conclusion was that amoxycillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim were suitable for oral administration to veal calves, although the bioavailability of chloramphenicol and trimethoprim was significantly less when concurrently administered with a milk replacer. In vitro, the antibacterial activities of these drugs were compared. Addition of trimethoprim to sulphadiazine lowered its MIC for S. dublin, but sulphadiazine reduced the killing rate compared to that of trimethoprim alone. In the efficacy studies the activities of several serum enzymes and the plasma concentrations of Fe, Zn, and Cu were measured, but it appeared, that these biochemical parameters were no better than the clinical parameters body temperature and body weight. Using optimal dosage regimens based on MIC values and blood levels, treatment with either of the three drugs was of equal efficacy. 相似文献
13.
J L Duncan J H Arundel J H Drudge A Malczewski J O Slocombe 《Veterinary parasitology》1988,30(1):57-72
These guidelines have been designed to assist in the planning, operation and interpretation of studies which would serve to assess the efficacy of drugs against internal parasites of horses. Although the term anthelmintic is used in the title and text, these guidelines include studies on drug efficacy against larvae of horse bot flies, Gasterophilus spp, which are non-helminth parasites commonly occurring in the stomach of horses. The advantages, disadvantages and application of critical and controlled tests are presented. Information is also provided on selection of animals, housing, feed, dose titration, confirmatory and clinical trials, record keeping and necropsy procedures. These guidelines should assist both investigators and registration authorities in the evaluation of compounds using comparable and standard procedures with the minimum number of animals. 相似文献
14.
McKellar QA Sanchez Bruni SF Jones DG 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2004,27(6):503-514
The rise in incidence of antimicrobial resistance, consumer demands and improved understanding of antimicrobial action has encouraged international agencies to review the use of antimicrobial drugs. More detailed understanding of relationships between the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antimicrobial drugs in target animal species and their action on target pathogens [pharmacodynamics (PD)] has led to greater sophistication in design of dosage schedules which improve the activity and reduce the selection pressure for resistance in antimicrobial therapy. This, in turn, may be informative in the pharmaceutical development of antimicrobial drugs and in their selection and clinical utility. PK/PD relationships between area under the concentration time curve from zero to 24 h (AUC(0-24)) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and MIC and time during which plasma concentrations exceed the MIC have been particularly useful in optimizing efficacy and minimizing resistance. Antimicrobial drugs have been classified as concentration-dependent where increasing concentrations at the locus of infection improve bacterial kill, or time-dependent where exceeding the MIC for a prolonged percentage of the inter-dosing interval correlates with improved efficacy. For the latter group increasing the absolute concentration obtained above a threshold does not improve efficacy. The PK/PD relationship for each group of antimicrobial drugs is 'bug and drug' specific, although ratios of 125 for AUC(0-24):MIC and 10 for C(max):MIC have been recommended to achieve high efficacy for concentration-dependent antimicrobial drugs, and exceeding MIC by 1-5 multiples for between 40 and 100% of the inter-dosing interval is appropriate for most time-dependent agents. Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and metronidazole are concentration-dependent and beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides and glycopeptides are time-dependent. For drugs of other classes there is limited and conflicting information on their classification. Resistance selection may be reduced for concentration-dependent antimicrobials by achieving an AUC(0-24):MIC ratio of greater than 100 or a C(max):MIC ratio of greater than 8. The relationships between time greater than MIC and resistance selection for time-dependent antimicrobials have not been well characterized. 相似文献
15.
The purpose of this international, multicentric, and non-comparative field trial was to obtain complementary data on long-term clinical and parasitological follow-up of dogs treated with marbofloxacin for canine leishmaniosis (CanL). Seventy-four dogs with clinical signs of CanL and without severe renal failure were recruited in France, Spain and Italy, and 61 of them were part of the analysis. Each dog was treated with palatable tablets of marbofloxacin at 2 mg/kg once a day for 28 days. A clinical and parasitological follow-up was performed regularly up to 12 months. Efficacy was demonstrated in 42 dogs (68.9%), within 51 days (mean value), 10 of them (23.8%) being clinically cured after 3 months. A decrease of 61% in the sum of clinical scores was observed after 3 months. Haemato-biochemical parameters improved in general, supporting the observed clinical efficacy. Relapse was observed in 20/38 dogs (52.6%) approximately 5.5 months after treatment completion. The blood parasite load generally developed in conformity with the clinical outcome, even if exceptions were not rare. Lymph nodes remained positive by culture or PCR for a long time, even in dogs for which a good clinical response was observed. Despite the incomplete parasite clearance, as is also the case with other anti-leishmanial drugs, these results nevertheless confirm the relevance of marbofloxacin as a CanL treatment. 相似文献
16.
L. Suojala L. Kaartinen S. Pyörälä 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2013,36(6):521-531
Bovine mastitis caused by Escherichia coli can range from being a subclinical infection of the mammary gland to a severe systemic disease. Cow‐dependent factors such as lactation stage and age affect the severity of coliform mastitis. Evidence for the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment for E. coli mastitis is very limited. Antimicrobial resistance is generally not a limiting factor for treatment, but it should be monitored to detect changes in resistance profiles. The only antimicrobials for which there is some scientific evidence of beneficial effects in the treatment for E. coli mastitis are fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. Both are critically important drugs, the use of which in animals destined for food should be limited to specific indications and should be based on bacteriological diagnosis. The suggested routine protocol in dairy herds could target the primary antimicrobial treatment for mastitis, specifically infections caused by gram‐positive bacteria. In E. coli mastitis with mild to moderate clinical signs, a non‐antimicrobial approach (anti‐inflammatory treatment, frequent milking and fluid therapy) should be the first option. In cases of severe E. coli mastitis, parenteral administration of fluoroquinolones, or third‐ or fourth‐generation cephalosporins, is recommended due to the risk of unlimited growth of bacteria in the mammary gland and ensuing bacteremia. Evidence for the efficacy of intramammary‐administered antimicrobial treatment for E. coli mastitis is so limited that it cannot be recommended. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs have documented the efficacy in the treatment for E. coli mastitis and are recommended for supportive treatment for clinical mastitis. 相似文献
17.
Gastroprotectants in small animal veterinary practice – a review of the evidence. Part 1: cyto‐protective drugs 
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下载免费PDF全文 Diverse drugs with presumed cytoprotective effect have been used therapeutically in small animal veterinary practice for various gastro‐intestinal conditions such as oesophagitis, gastric ulceration, gastritis or chronic gastro‐enteropathies. Their efficacy has been doubted in human medicine, raising similar questions in the veterinary field. The aim of this review was to assess the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of these drugs in dogs and cats. Through a systematic review of the literature, we identified 37 articles on the use of misoprostol, sucralfate and other gastroprotectants in dogs and cats. There was evidence to support use of misoprostol in the prevention of aspirin‐induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury in dogs, and for use of sucralfate in the prevention of acid‐induced oesophagitis in cats. However, the overall quality of evidence supporting the use of these drugs in small animal patients was poor. In contrast, there was evidence of important adverse effects, especially drug interaction and gastro‐intestinal signs. We therefore recommend prescribing these drugs with caution until further well‐conducted studies reveal a useful gastroprotectant effect. 相似文献
18.
五种抗球虫药对柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的预防效果对比试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了解聚醚类离子载体抗球虫药对柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的预防效果。我们选择了海南霉素(Hainanmycin)、马杜霉素(Maduramicin)、盐霉素(Salinomycin)、莫能霉素(Monensin)和拉沙霉素(Lasalosidum)5种抗球虫药，鸡在人工感染条件下，进行了预防对比试验。以成活率、相对增重率、抗球虫指数(ACI)等指标，进行综合判定。结果显示：海南霉素、马杜霉素、盐霉素用药组的ACI在160～180之间，分别为160．35、171．34和161．22。而莫能霉素和拉沙霉素用药组的ACI在160以下，分别为139．95和142．20。感染不用药组的ACI为100．67。说明海南霉素、马杜霉素、盐霉素对本鸡场鸡球虫株(E．tenella)具有中等抗球虫效力。而莫能霉素和拉沙霉素的抗球虫效果属于低效。 相似文献
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Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) infection resulting in clinical signs is invariably fatal despite clinical intervention. As FIP is an immune-mediated disease, treatment is mainly aimed at controlling the immune response triggered by the infection with the feline coronavirus (FCoV). Immune suppressive drugs such as prednisone or cyclophosphamide may slow disease progression but do not produce a cure. In nearly every published case report of attempted therapy for clinical FIP, glucocorticoids have been used; there are, however, no controlled studies that evaluate the effect of glucocorticoids as a therapy for FIP. Some veterinarians prescribe immune modulators to treat cats with FIP with no documented controlled evidence of efficacy. It has been suggested that these agents may benefit infected animals by restoring compromised immune function, thereby allowing the patient to control viral burden and recover from clinical signs. However, a non-specific stimulation of the immune system may be contraindicated as clinical signs develop and progress as a result of an immune-mediated response to the mutated FCoV. 相似文献