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1.
Spatial α-diversity patterns of diverse insect taxa in Northern China: Lessons for biodiversity conservation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jan C. Axmacher Yunhui Liu Changliu Wang Liangtao Li Zhenrong Yu 《Biological conservation》2011,(9):2362-2368
Current approaches in terrestrial biodiversity conservation focus predominantly on plants and vertebrates. While these groups account for less than 4% of the estimated global species richness, it is commonly argued that especially the species richness in higher plants is a suitable indicator of overall biodiversity. We tested this assumption, investigating species richness and equitability patterns in three highly species-rich insect families and their links with the vegetation and other environmental factors. Vegetation surveys were combined with pitfall and light trapping to establish the α-diversity of ground beetles, geometrid moths and arctiid moths on 48 plots at varying altitudes between Beijing and the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Soil pH and nutrient status were also recorded. The α-diversity patterns in the three insect families were non-congruent, and links with phytodiversity were weak. The spatial α-diversity patterns in each of the three insect families were significantly correlated with the species density of individual plant families. These links varied between the three insect taxa and were mostly negative in moths. Furthermore, geometrid moth diversity decreased with increasing elevation and decreasing soil pH. Strongly diverging α-diversity patterns across different insect taxa illustrate that it is impossible to find a simple surrogate representing cross-taxon diversity for these highly diverse groups. Furthermore, phytodiversity and vegetation composition appear to play a limited role in governing insect diversity patterns. These results underline the significant risk that current plant-focused approaches in terrestrial biodiversity conservation are inadequate in addressing the conservation needs of the vast majority of species on earth. 相似文献
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为给黄前流域人工林综合治理的进一步实施提供科学依据,对流域内4种人工林群落的植物区系组成和地理成分进行分析,并采用常规生物多样性的调查方法对其物种多样性特征进行了定量研究。结果表明:1)该流域的植物区系比较丰富,占泰山植物区系物种总数的13.02%;2)4种人工林灌木层和草本层的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wienner指数和均匀度指数差异显著,物种丰富度指数差异不显著,草本层发育明显好于灌木层;3)各人工林尚处于演替初期阶段,混交林下多以阴生性植物为主,其他林下植被发育常以禾本科等阳生性植物为主;4)不同人工林物种总体多样性特征分析表明,板栗林总体物种丰富度最低,均匀度指数最大,多样性指数较低,而赤松+元宝槭混交林总体物种丰富度最大,多样性指数也最大,均匀度指数较低,群落总体多样性混交人工林较大而单一林分较小,混交人工林更有利于林下植被的发育和更新。 相似文献
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An increasing number of invasive species are changing ecosystems around the world. Road verges have commonly become the first footholds of non-native species in the new environments. Regularly mown road verges also offer habitats for meadow flora and fauna, which in Europe have suffered from the radical decline of semi-natural biotopes due to the agricultural modernization. We studied impacts of an invasive plant Lupinus polyphyllus on the plant and Lepidoptera species composition along road verges. The plant species composition was studied on 15 sites (with 1 m2 quadrats) and butterflies and diurnal moths along 15 transects (with weekly censuses) in SE Finland, each site and transect representing equally lupine invaded verge and an adjacent non-lupine verge. The species richness and diversity of flora and the cover and species richness of low growing (<20 cm) species, in particular, was lower in lupine verges compared to non-lupine verges. Also, the abundance of butterflies was lower in lupine verges. As the lupine cover approached 100%, fewer butterflies were observed in lupine transects compared to the adjacent non-lupine transects and a higher proportion of individuals were flying. Our results suggest that the changes in plant species assemblages and lower plant species richness in lupine invaded areas had “bottom-up” effects on higher trophic levels. Further studies on the control of lupine are urgently needed, but meanwhile we suggest regular mowing before the lupines have shed their seeds, together with the removal of the cuttings, to be the best management option. 相似文献
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In order to describe the effect of complementary artificial light supply on the nutrient status of tomato seedlings, fluorescent lamps were compared to each other. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were measured (mg g?1 dry matter). Blue, red and far-red relationships were established. The N, P and K higher concentration and uptake have been found under high efficiency fluorescent lamps. Phosphorus uptake increasing was observed at high levels of irradiation. Potassium concentration is significantly higher under compact fluorescent lamps. The relationship between ratios and N, P and K extractions were used as indicators of limitation for plant. The ratio N/P and N/K present a low relation with N extraction. The ratio N/P presents a significant correlation with P extraction, also the ratios N/K and P/K with K extraction. Significant differences in constant of lineal equation have been found in P/K ratio and K extraction. 相似文献
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The Chaco Serrano Woodland from central Argentina has been dramatically reduced during the past 30 years, and is currently confined to several isolates of different size. In this study, we evaluated the effects of forest size, isolation and edge formation on plant species richness. Furthermore, we tested whether plants species with particular ecological traits were differentially affected by habitat fragmentation. Habitat area showed the highest explanatory value for plant species richness in stepwise multiple regressions. The effect of area was most pronounced for rare species, suggesting that large forests are necessary to preserve species with low local or regional abundance. Differences between edge and interior of Chaco Serrano were more pronounced for native and shrub species richness. The analysis of individual species cover revealed that native and biotically pollinated plants were less abundant in woodland edges. Our results showed that forest transformation into smaller remnants has lead to an impoverishment of plant communities, with particular subsets of species defined by ecological traits (rarity, origin and pollination mode) being more susceptible. 相似文献
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Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a severe pest of apples, pears, and walnuts worldwide, and new approaches for precise monitoring and management would be beneficial. Ninety-two pome fruit volatiles were formulated in 23 distinct blends, of which a single 4-component blend of 10-carbon esters showed the only significant attraction of moths in field bioassays conducted in both walnut and apple orchards. A single constituent of this blend, ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate--the "pear ester", was the major contributing attractant. The pear ester attracted both male and female moths in combined numbers that were comparable to the attractiveness of conspecific sex pheromone. Structure-activity tests were conducted in a series of orchard trials to determine the specificity of attraction of codling moths to the pear ester kairomone. No analogue 10-carbon alcohols, aldehydes, acetates, or other esters elicited significant moth capture responses. Tests with various analogue esters with alcohol chain length moiety substitutions of the (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoic acid elicited differential capture responses, with the ethyl exceeding the propyl, methyl, butyl, and hexyl analogues. The (E,Z) geometric isomers of this series of (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoic acid esters far exceeded the attractiveness of the (E,E) isomers. The pear ester is a potent attractant of both males and females, and codling moths are highly discriminating and specific in their structure-activity-based attraction to this pear-derived kairomone. These specificity attributes should allow this host plant kairomone to contribute to new abilities for female monitoring and the potential of development of novel and highly selective control practices that should decrease the current dependence on the use of broad-spectrum insecticides. 相似文献
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人类航天必须解决的基本问题之一，是如何最大限度地利用太阳能光照系统种植作物，大功率的人工光源在其照射作物的同时，还会产生热辐射，能源消耗大。太阳能是目前人类唯一可在太空中获得的外部补充能源。介绍了目前美国用于航天的太阳光收集、输送和分配系统的研究工作，认为该系统的合理利用将有助于降低宇航中作物生长对人工光源的需求。 相似文献
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Identifying the factors responsible for the diversity of responses of biota to industrial pollution is crucial for predicting the fates of polluted ecosystems. A meta-analysis based on 49 field studies conducted around 47 point polluters demonstrated that the individual (growth and reproduction) and community (abundance and species richness) characteristics of bryophytes in polluted habitats are reduced to about a half of the values observed in unpolluted sites. Non-ferrous smelters cause a stronger reduction in species richness and larger changes in species composition than other types of polluters. The magnitudes of the effects of pollution on the abundances of individual bryophyte species are not linked with their taxonomic position, life form or Ellenberg indicator values for light, moisture and nitrogen. The variation in species?? responses to pollution is mostly explained by differences in their reproductive characteristics; bryophyte species that possess special forms of vegetative reproduction and those that produce abundant sporophytes are more successful in polluted habitats. Ranking of bryophyte species according to their sensitivity to pollution is independent of the type of the polluter. Changes in bryophyte cover follow changes in tree cover, but not changes in the cover of the vascular field layer in the same pollution gradients. Pollution impacts cause stronger adverse effects on bryophytes in warmer climates. 相似文献
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Pejman Tahmasebi Kohyani Beatrijs Bossuyt Maurice Hoffmann 《Biological conservation》2008,141(6):1687-1694
In nature management, the introduction of large herbivores into human-influenced grasslands is thought to be effective to maintain or enhance plant diversity. In order to test the validity of this assumption, we studied the effect of grazing by large herbivores on plant species richness and community heterogeneity across a soil acidity gradient at different spatial scales in dry coastal dune grasslands in western Belgium and north-western France. The effect of grazing on plant richness varied with scale and soil acidity. Grazing had a predominantly positive effect on plant species richness in all habitats at the small scale (0.25 × 0.25 m). However, at site scale (8 × 8 m) it had only positive effects in grasslands with higher soil pH (6-7.4). Similarly, grazing resulted in a homogenization of grassland vegetation at lower pH, while heterogeneity increased with grazing on soil with higher pH. In general, grazing increased the number of rare species, independent of soil pH. The results confirm that the impact of grazing on plant diversity depends on the scale considered and that the effects further depend on soil acidity which was correlated to biomass production at the given soil pH range in this study. Although grazing seems an appropriate management tool to maintain and even enhance plant biodiversity under many circumstances, it may negatively affect plant species richness, where soil resources limit plant biomass production. 相似文献
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Ian N. Drinnan 《Biological conservation》2005,124(3):339-349
Fragmentation of habitat is recognised as the number one threat to biodiversity and as such has attracted considerable research. However, much of this research has been conducted in forestry and agricultural environments, with little research in urban areas. In this study, field surveys were conducted measuring the impact of fragmentation on bird, frog, plant and fungi species richness, within the fragmented urban landscape of southern Sydney. Of all fragmentation parameters examined, remnant area was the best and most significant predictor of species richness for all taxa studied. Remnant size thresholds, below which biodiversity declined rapidly, were observed at approximately 4 ha for bird and frog species richness and approximately 2 ha for plant and fungal species richness. A further threshold appears to exist at approximately 50 ha for the dominance of forest interior species. Further relationships were also observed for perimeter:area ratio, indicating the influence of various edge effects on all taxa. Isolation effects were observed in the form of an inverse linear relationship between distance to other large reserves and species richness for fungi, birds and frogs. Corridor connectivity also produced an overall positive relationship for birds, frogs and plants. It is concluded that the identification of fragmentation thresholds and relationships provides an important management tool for the design of networks aimed at conserving biodiversity in fragmented urban environments. 相似文献
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Yunqing Luo Shujie Zhao Jingyao Tang He Zhu Wei Cui 《Journal of plant nutrition》2020,43(19):2876-2884
Abstract Fast urbanization and population increase resulted in the demand for ornamental seedling supply in a high efficiency under the culture of continuous artificial lighting. Light emitting diode (LED) can be considered as the replacement of high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps by providing lights with specific wavelengths for plant growth at low energy cost. In this study, nutrient use efficiency was detected in Podocarpus macrophyllus seedlings under lighting spectra generated by white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (red (R)/green (G)/blue (B)=8.4:75:16.6) and high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps (R/G/B/=4.3:69.3:26.5). Compared to seedlings under the HPS spectrum, those under white LED spectrum had better growth, greater biomass accumulation, higher photosynthesis and gas exchange. In contrast, LED-spectrum treated seedlings had greater nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents than HPS-spectrum treated ones. The LED spectrum promoted nutrient use index for both N and P in seedlings compared to the HPS spectrum. The LED spectrum induced steady-state uptake of P but resulted in the dilution of N. In conclusion, white LED can be considered to replace the usage of HPS lamps for the culture of tree seedlings due to the spectrum effect on N utilization, P uptake and the use efficiencies of N and P. 相似文献
13.
干旱荒漠区封育沙地植被群落特征变化研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以天然植被围栏封育和人工种植+围栏封育措施下沙地植物群落为对象,以无封护的流动沙地做对照,研究了不同恢复措施对沙地群落物种组成及结构变化的影响.结果表明,(1)封育15 a后,人工种植+围栏封育区侵入物种的丰富度随演替的进展已达12种,其中猪毛菜7.562株/m~2,碟果虫实3.233株/m~2,雾冰藜3.017株/m~2,沙米1.615株/m~2,狗尾草1.112株/m~2.种类组成及生活型结构在向天然植被围栏封育区植物群落靠近,但两者间仍表现出较大差异.(2)在类型组成上,两种封育措施区差异主要表现在优势科及各科种类数量上.(3)在综合多样性特征上,两种措施区草被层的Shannon指数和丰富度指数存在显著差异,而其余各指数两者差异均不显著,但天然植被围栏封育区灌木层的生态优势度指数较高.(4)群落的相似性指数表明,两种封育措施间的植物群落差距较大,且2种封育措施下的植物群落与植被呈零星状分布的无封护措施的流动沙地相比,生态差距均十分显著,这表明封育可明显促进沙地植被的多样性恢复,其中人工种植对沙地植物群落物种多样性恢复的作用是相对缓慢而渐进的. 相似文献
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The conservation of hyperdiverse taxa such as arthropods may prove frustrating for land managers who lack the taxonomic expertise to perform species-level identifications. Therefore, interest has turned towards selecting indicator taxa that can be monitored as surrogates for detecting changes in entire communities. In this study, we examined whether several moth families or subfamilies were significant indicators of lepidopteran species richness and habitat disturbance in Eastern deciduous forests of North America. We screened moth families to identify assemblages that are easily sampled and primarily comprised of species that can be identified by non-experts. Using existing field data collected over 3 years, we tested four taxa that met our initial requirements with regard to their performance as an indicator of total observed lepidopteran species richness and levels of forest disturbance. We determined that the Arctiidae and Notodontidae hold promise as potential indicator taxa in Eastern deciduous forests. The Arctiidae functioned best as an indicator of moth species richness, while the Notodontidae performed best as a coarse-scale disturbance indicator. Additional research will be required, however, before species within either family have practical significance as tools for assessing forest condition. 相似文献
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元阳梯田全福庄流域水源涵养林的植物多样性分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
元阳梯田已有1 200多年的历史,水源涵养林的存在对于梯田的延续具有重要的价值。为得到元阳梯田水源涵养林的植物多样性分布特征,对元阳梯田全福庄流域4种主要植被类型水源涵养林下的植物物种数量特征、物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度等多样性规律进行了标准样地调查。结果表明,研究区共有植物155种,隶属66科,其中,山茶科、禾本科、蓼科植物占有绝对优势,不同植被类型森林群落的优势种不同;物种丰富度大小为:次生常绿阔叶林>杂木林>次生落叶阔叶林>人工水冬瓜林;物种多样性特征表现为,乔木层:次生常绿阔叶林>次生落叶阔叶林>杂木林>人工水冬瓜林;灌木层:次生常绿阔叶林>杂木林>次生落叶阔叶林,人工水冬瓜林无灌木层分布;草本层:次生落叶阔叶林>人工水冬瓜林>次生常绿阔叶林>杂木林。植被分布的物种丰富度和均匀度对物种多样性存在交叉影响。 相似文献
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为了研究土地利用方式对酸性红壤丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)群落的影响，调查了酸性红壤4种土地利用方式 (草地、玉米、花生和大豆) 下非根际和根际土壤AMF群落多样性和组成结构。结果表明：土地利用方式显著影响了AMF群落优势属球囊霉属(Glomus)和巨孢囊霉属(Paraglomus)的相对丰度，但是根际作用影响不明显。土地利用方式而非根际作用显著影响了AMF群落香农指数和物种丰富度，其中大豆地表现出最低的香农指数和物种丰富度。土地利用方式和根际作用都显著影响AMF群落组成结构，但是土地利用方式的作用强度明显高于根际作用。球囊霉属主要解释了不同土地利用方式之间的AMF群落组成差异。土壤pH是影响土壤AMF群落结构的最关键因子。因此，土地利用方式比根际作用表现出对酸性红壤AMF群落更大的影响，展现了土地利用变化在影响土壤AMF群落方面的重要作用。 相似文献
17.
The effects of grazing on the richness of understorey plant communities are predicted to vary along gradients of resources and tree cover. In temperate Australia livestock management has involved phosphorus addition and tree removal but little research has examined how the effects of grazing on plant species richness may vary with these management regimes. Patterns of understorey plant species richness were examined in 519, 0.09 ha quadrats in grazed pastures and remnant grassy forests and woodlands in southern Australia. Sheep grazing was the primary land use and sites varied widely in grazing frequency and density, tree cover and phosphorus fertiliser history. Using an information theoretic approach the available data provides strong evidence that the effect of grazing on total species richness varies according to available phosphorus and tree cover. Intermittent grazing and no grazing were associated with high total and native plant richness, but only at low phosphorus concentrations. Phosphorus was strongly negatively correlated with richness, particularly at low grazing frequency. Total species richness was positively correlated with tree cover except under frequent grazing at high stocking rates, suggesting that heavy grazing eliminates spatial and temporal heterogeneity imposed by trees. Native plant species richness was negatively correlated with a history of cultivation, positively correlated with tree cover and varied according to landscape position and geological substrate. Frequent high density grazing, particularly when associated with clearing, cultivation and fertiliser addition, was associated with the persistence of very few native plant species. In contrast, the richness of exotic plant species was relatively invariant and performance of the best model was low. While several studies have highlighted the importance of the grazed and cleared matrix for the conservation of native plant species, this benefit may be limited in landscapes where intensive grazing management systems dominate. Strong evidence for interactions between grazing, phosphorus and tree cover suggest that failure to consider other land use practices associated with grazing management systems could lead to erroneous conclusions regarding vegetation responses to livestock grazing. 相似文献
18.
Mikania micrantha, a creeper and climber, has invaded forests and agricultural areas in the Western Ghats. A quantification of the effect of
Mikania on species richness and factors that contribute to its success would help to understand the invasion success of Mikania in the Western Ghats of India. This study investigated its impact on species richness and factors that contribute to its
invasion success. Impact of Mikania on species richness was studied in areas invaded by Mikania and not yet invaded by Mikania by quadrat (1 × 1 m2) method. Growth experiments were carried out with Mikania rhizosphere soil and soil treated with Mikania leaf leachate. Chemical characteristics such as electrical conductivity, organic matter, extractable P, total organic N and
water-soluble phenolics, and microbial respiration of soil invaded by Mikania and not yet invaded by Mikania were measured. We observed lower species richness in areas invaded by Mikania compared to areas not yet invaded by Mikania. Seedling growth was suppressed in Mikania rhizosphere soil or soil treated with higher levels of Mikania leaf leachate. Higher levels of organic matter, total organic N and water-soluble phenolics, and lower microbial activity
were observed in Mikania rhizosphere soil. Soil treated with Mikania leaf leachate has higher amounts of water-soluble phenolics. Mikania invasion appears to reduce plant species richness in the Western Ghats, and discourage seedling growth of certain plant species.
Factors that are likely to contribute to Mikania success are its ability to pre-empt light and alter soil chemistry and biochemistry in ways that benefit the species. 相似文献
19.
Ben Gooden Kris French Peter J. Turner Paul O. Downey 《Biological conservation》2009,142(11):2631-2641
Alien plant invaders significantly threaten native community diversity, although it is poorly understood whether invasion initiates a linear or non-linear loss of resident species. Where low abundances of an invader have little impact on native species diversity, then a threshold level may exist, above which native communities rapidly decline. Our aim was to assess the broadscale effects of an alien thicket-forming shrub, lantana (Lantana camara L.), on wet sclerophyll forest in southeastern Australia. Vascular plant species richness, abundance and composition were measured and compared along a gradient of lantana invasion. There was a strong negative non-linear relationship between native species richness and lantana cover, indicative of an impact threshold. Native species richness remained stable below 75% lantana cover, but declined rapidly above this threshold level, leading to compositional change. Thus, sparse lantana infestations had evidently little effect on the resident community, with impacts elicited at an advanced stage of invasion. The impact of lantana was pervasive, with all major structural groups (i.e. ferns, herbs, shrubs, trees and vines) exhibiting significant species losses; however, the rate of species loss was relatively greater for tree and shrub species, signalling a shift in vegetation structure from tall open forest to low, dense lantana-dominated shrubland. Potentially, broadscale conservation of species diversity could be achieved by maintaining lantana infestations below the 75% cover impact threshold at sites containing regionally common species that are also widely represented in non-invaded vegetation. This would enable targeted invader eradication at sites of high conservation value (i.e. those containing regionally rare species or endangered ecological communities). 相似文献
20.
Increasing plant species richness generally enhances plant biomass production, which may enhance accumulation of carbon (C) in soil. However, the net change in soil C also depends on the effect of plant diversity on C loss through decomposition of organic matter. Plant diversity can affect organic matter decomposition via changes in litter species diversity and composition, and via alteration of abiotic and/or biotic attributes of the soil (soil legacy effect). Previous studies examined the two effects on decomposition rates separately, and do therefore not elucidate the relative importance of the two effects, and their potential interaction. Here we separated the effects of litter mixing and litter identity from the soil legacy effect by conducting a factorial laboratory experiment where two fresh single root litters and their mixture were mixed with soils previously cultivated with single plant species or mixtures of two or four species. We found no evidence for litter-mixing effects. In contrast, root litter-induced CO2 production was greater in soils from high diversity plots than in soils from monocultures, regardless of the type of root litter added. Soil microbial PLFA biomass and composition at the onset of the experiment was unaffected by plant species richness, whereas soil potential nitrogen (N) mineralization rate increased with plant species richness. Our results indicate that the soil legacy effect may be explained by changes in soil N availability. There was no effect of plant species richness on decomposition of a recalcitrant substrate (compost). This suggests that the soil legacy effect predominantly acted on the decomposition of labile organic matter. We thus demonstrated that plant species richness enhances root litter-induced soil respiration via a soil legacy effect but not via a litter-mixing effect. This implies that the positive impacts of species richness on soil C sequestration may be weakened by accelerated organic matter decomposition. 相似文献