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1.
In saline soils under semi-arid climate, low matric and osmotic potential are the main stressors for microbes. But little is known about the impact of water potential (sum of matric and osmotic potential) and substrate composition on microbial activity and biomass in field collected saline soils. Three sandy loam soils with electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe) 3.8, 11 and 21 dS m?1 (hereafter referred to EC3.8, EC11 and EC21) were kept at optimal water content for 14 days. After this pre-incubation, the soils were either left at optimal water content or dried to achieve water potentials of ?2.33, ?2.82, ?3.04 and ?4.04 MPa. Then, the soils were amended with 20 g?kg?1 pea or wheat residue to increase nutrient supply. Carbon dioxide emission was measured over 14 days; microbial biomass C was measured at the end of the experiment. Cumulative respiration decreased with decreasing water potential and was significantly (P?<?0.05) lower in soils at water potential ?4 MPa than in soils at optimal water content. The effect of residue type on the response of cumulative respiration was inconsistent; with residue type having no effect in the saline soils (EC11 and EC21) whereas in the non-saline soil (EC3.8), the decrease in respiration with decreasing water potential was less with wheat than with pea residue. At a given water potential, the absolute and relative (in percentage of optimal water content) cumulative respiration was lower in the saline soils than in the non-saline soil. This can be explained by the lower osmotic potential and the smaller microbial biomass in the saline soils. However, even at a similar osmotic potential, cumulative respiration was higher in the non-saline soil. It can be concluded that high salt concentrations in the soil solution strongly reduce microbial activity even if the water content is relatively high. The stronger relative decrease in microbial activity in the saline soils at a given osmotic potential compared to the non-saline soil suggests that the small biomass in saline soils is less able to tolerate low osmotic potential. Hence, drying of soil will have a stronger negative effect on microbial activity in saline than in non-saline soils.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of drying and rewetting (DRW) on C mineralization has been studied extensively but mostly in absence of freshly added residues. But in agricultural soils large amounts of residues can be present after harvest; therefore, the impact of DRW in soil after residue addition is of interest. Further, sandy soils may be ameliorated by adding clay‐rich subsoil which could change the response of microbes to DRW. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DRW on microbial activity and growth in soils that were modified by mixing clay subsoil into sandy top soil and wheat residues were added. We conducted an incubation experiment by mixing finely ground wheat residue (20 g kg–1) into top loamy sand soil with clay‐rich subsoil at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40% (w/w). At each clay addition rate, two moisture treatments were imposed: constantly moist control (CM) at 75% WHC or dry and rewet. Soil respiration was measured continuously, and microbial biomass C (MBC) was determined on day 5 (before drying), when the soil was dried, after 5 d dry, and 5 d after rewetting. In the constantly moist treatment, increasing addition rate of clay subsoil decreased cumulative respiration per g soil, but had no effect on cumulative respiration per g total organic C (TOC), indicating that the lower respiration with clay subsoil was due to the low TOC content of the sand‐clay mixes. Clay subsoil addition did not affect the MBC concentration per g TOC but reduced the concentration of K2SO4 extractable C per g TOC. In the DRW treatment, cumulative respiration per g TOC during the dry phase increased with increasing clay subsoil addition rate. Rewetting of dry soil caused a flush of respiration in all soils but cumulative respiration at the end of the experiment remained lower than in the constantly moist soils. Respiration rates after rewetting were higher than at the corresponding days in constantly moist soils only at clay subsoil addition rates of 20 to 40%. We conclude that in presence of residues, addition of clay subsoil to a sandy top soil improves microbial activity during the dry phase and upon rewetting but has little effect on microbial biomass.  相似文献   

3.
Salinization is a global land degradation issue which inhibits microbial activity and plant growth. The effect of salinity on microbial activity and biomass has been studied extensively, but little is known about the response of microbes from different soils to increasing salinity although soil salinity may fluctuate in the field, for example, depending on the quality of the irrigation water or seasonally. An incubation experiment with five soils (one non-saline, four saline with electrical conductivity (ECe) ranging from 1 to 50 dS m−1) was conducted in which the EC was increased to 37 ECe levels (from 3 to 119 dS m−1) by adding NaCl. After amendment with 2% (w/w) pea straw to provide a nutrient source, the soils were incubated at optimal water content for 15 days, microbial respiration was measured continuously and chloroform-labile C was determined every three days. Both cumulative respiration and microbial biomass (indicated by chloroform-labile C) were negatively correlated with EC. Irrespective of the original soil EC, cumulative respiration at a given adjusted EC was similar. Thus, microorganisms from previously saline soils were not more tolerant to a given adjusted EC than those in originally non-saline soil. Microbial biomass in all soils increased from day 0 to day 3, then decreased. The relative increase was greater in soils which had a lower microbial biomass on day 0 (which were more saline). Therefore the relative increase in microbial biomass appears to be a function of the biomass on day 0 rather than the EC. Hence, the results suggest that microbes from originally saline soils are not more tolerant to increases in salinity than those from originally non-saline soils. The strong increase in microbial biomass upon pea straw addition suggests that there is a subset of microbes in all soils that can respond to increased substrate availability even in highly saline environments.  相似文献   

4.
To better understand the nature of the C flush that follows the rewetting of dry soil, we chemically characterized the water soluble pools following rewetting of soil dried to several different water potentials. To assess the impact that historical soil water status has on the size of the rewetting labile soluble pool, a laboratory water stress gradient was applied to soils that were collected from drought-prone and irrigated tallgrass prairie soils. In the laboratory, soils were either incubated at −33 kPa or dried steadily over a 0.6, 1, 2, or 3 day period to −1.5, −4, −15, and −45 MPa respectively. On the 4th day, samples were wetted back to −33 kPa and immediately assayed for soluble, microbial, or respiratory pools of carbon. After extraction, samples were also assayed using NMR, GC-MS, and LC-MS to assess carbohydrate, amino acid, osmolyte and sugar pools. The greater the degree of drying before rewetting was associated with greater concentrations of microbial, soluble and respiratory pools of carbon, increasing by 50, 400 and 250%, respectively, in the most water stressed compared to continuously moist soil. Compared to drought-prone soils, the amount of soluble C released as a result of rewetting was 30 to 50% greater in soils that were irrigated for 11 years. The pool of organics was not completely characterized and only small amounts of TBDMS and TMS derived compounds accounting for 2-4% of the soluble C pool were detected. In contrast, oligosaccharides constituted approximately 20-25% of the sample C. Our results suggest that the flush of C following wetting of a dry soil is not dominated by common microbial osmolytes (e.g. proline, glycine betaine, ectoine, glycerol, mannitol, trehalose). In light of this finding more research is needed to better understand the adaptations that microbial communities utilize to respond to the rewetting of dried soil.  相似文献   

5.
Rewetting a dry soil can result in two response patterns of bacterial growth and respiration. In type 1, bacterial growth starts to increase linearly immediately upon rewetting and respiration rates are highest immediately upon rewetting. In type 2, bacterial growth starts to increase exponentially after a lag period with a secondary increase in respiration occurring at the start of the exponential increase in growth. We previously observed that the type 1 response occurred after rewetting 4-day dried soil and type 2 for 1-year dried soil. Here we studied in detail how the duration of drought related to the two types of responses of bacterial growth and respiration to rewetting. Soil was air dried for different time periods from 4 days up to 48 weeks. Upon rewetting, bacterial growth and respiration was measured repeatedly at 17 °C during one week. Drought periods of ≤2 weeks resulted in a type 1 response whereas drought periods of ≥4 weeks resulted in a type 2 response. The lag period increased with drought duration and reached a maximum of ca. 18 h. The bacterial growth response was also affected by incubation of moist soil before drying–rewetting. The lag period increased with duration of moist soil incubation before the 4-day drying–rewetting event and reached also a maximum of ca. 18 h. The exponential growth increase in the type 2 response coincided with a secondary increase in respiration, which increased in magnitude with increasing drought duration. Cumulative respiration increased with drought duration and was ca. 4 times higher after 48 weeks of drought compared to 4 days. Thus, prolonged drought affected the response type of bacterial growth and respiration to rewetting, and also increased lag period, the magnitude of the secondary increase in respiration and total C release. The effect of drought was, however, modified by the lenght of the incubation period of moist soil before drought, suggesting that soil conditions before a drying–rewetting event need consideration when evaluating microbial responses.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, the effect of drying and rewetting on native P transformations in two red brown soils with different management history was investigated. Three treatments, T1 (constantly moist), T2 (dried for 4 days and then kept dry), T3 (rewetted after 4 days drying) were used. Drying and rewetting caused a rapid increase in microbial P (Pm) and labile organic P (labile Po) within 1 day and a gradual increase in available inorganic P (Colwell). These increases were only temporarily, as Pm and labile Po decreased with time and were at the same level as in the constantly moist soil by the end of the incubation period of 21 days. The effect of drying and rewetting on P transformations strongly depended on soil organic matter content, being more pronounced in the soil with high organic matter content, compared to the soil with low soil organic matter content.  相似文献   

7.
Rewetting a dry soil has long been known to cause a burst of respiration (the “Birch Effect”). Hypothesized mechanisms for this involve: (1) release of cellular materials as a result of the rapid increase in water potential stress and (2) stimulating C-supply to microbes via physical processes. The balance of these factors is still not well understood, particularly in the contexts of multiple dry/wet cycles and of how resource and stress patterns vary through the soil profile. We evaluated the effects of multiple dry/wet cycles on surface and subsurface soils from a California annual grassland. Treatments included 4, 6, and 12 cycles that varied the length of the drying period between rewetting events. Respiration was monitored after each wetting event while extractable C and N, microbial biomass, and microbial activity were assayed initially, after the first rewetting event, and at the end of the experiment. Initially, microbial biomass and activity (respiration, dehydrogenase, and N mineralization) in subsurface soils were ca. 10% and 20% of surface soil levels. After multiple cycles, however, subsurface soil microbial biomass and activity were enhanced by up to 8-fold, even in comparison to the constantly moist treatment. By comparison, surface soil microbial biomass and activity were either moderately (i.e. 1.5 times increase) or not affected by wetting and drying. Drying and rewetting led to a cascade of responses (soluble C release, biomass growth, and enhanced activity) that mobilized and metabolized otherwise unavailable soil carbon, particularly in subsurface soils.  相似文献   

8.
Drying and rewetting cycles are known to be important for the turnover of carbon (C) in soil, but less is known about the turnover of phosphorus (P) and its relation to C cycling. In this study the effects of repeated drying-rewetting (DRW) cycles on phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) pulses and microbial biomass were investigated. Soil (Chromic Luvisol) was amended with different C substrates (glucose, cellulose, starch; 2.5 g C kg−1) to manipulate the size and community composition of the microbial biomass, thereby altering P mineralisation and immobilisation and the forms and availability of P. Subsequently, soils were either subjected to three DRW cycles (1 week dry/1 week moist) or incubated at constant water content (70% water filled pore space). Rewetting dry soil always produced an immediate pulse in respiration, between 2 and 10 times the basal rates of the moist incubated controls, but respiration pulses decreased with consecutive DRW cycles. DRW increased total CO2 production in glucose and starch amended and non-amended soils, but decreased it in cellulose amended soil. Large differences between the soils persisted when respiration was expressed per unit of microbial biomass. In all soils, a large reduction in microbial biomass (C and P) occurred after the first DRW event, and microbial C and P remained lower than in the moist control. Pulses in extractable organic C (EOC) after rewetting were related to changes in microbial C only during the first DRW cycle; EOC concentrations were similar in all soils despite large differences in microbial C and respiration rates. Up to 7 mg kg−1 of resin extractable P (Presin) was released after rewetting, representing a 35-40% increase in P availability. However, the pulse in Presin had disappeared after 7 d of moist incubation. Unlike respiration and reductions in microbial P due to DRW, pulses in Presin increased during subsequent DRW cycles, indicating that the source of the P pulse was probably not the microbial biomass. Microbial community composition as indicated by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis showed that in amended soils, DRW resulted in a reduction in fungi and an increase in Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, the microbial community in the non-amended soil was not altered by DRW. The non-selective reduction in the microbial community in the non-amended soil suggests that indigenous microbial communities may be more resilient to DRW. In conclusion, DRW cycles result in C and P pulses and alter the microbial community composition. Carbon pulses but not phosphorus pulses are related to changes in microbial biomass. The transient pulses in available P could be important for P availability in soils under Mediterranean climates.  相似文献   

9.
As saline soils dry, the salt in the remaining solution phase is concentrated and the microbes are subjected to both water and osmotic stress. However, little is known about the interactive effect of matric potential (MP) and osmotic potential (OP) on microbial activity and community structure. We conducted an experiment in which two non-saline soils, a sand and a sandy loam, were pre-incubated at optimal water content (for microbial activity) but different osmotic potentials achieved by adding NaCl. The EC of the saturated paste (ECe) ranged between 1.6 and 11.6 dS m−1 in the sand and between 0.6 and 17.7 dS m−1 in the sandy loam. After the 14-day pre-incubation, the soils were dried to different water contents: 25-35 g kg−1 in the sand and 95-200 g kg−1 in the sandy loam. Water potential (WP, the sum of osmotic + matric potential) ranged from −0.7 to −6.8 MPa in the sand and from −0.1 to −4.4 MPa in the sandy loam. After addition of ground pea straw to increase the concentration of readily available substrate, respiration was measured over 14 days and microbial community composition was assessed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) at the end of the experiment. In both soils, cumulative respiration at a given soil water content (WC) decreased with decreasing osmotic potential, but the effect of decreasing water content differed between the two soils. In the sand, cumulative respiration at the two lowest water contents (WC25 and WC28) was always significantly lower than that at the highest water content (WC35). In the sandy loam, cumulative respiration was significantly lower at the lowest water content (WC95) compared to the highest water content (WC200) only in treatments with added salt. The reduction of cumulative respiration at a given WP was similar in the two soils with a 50% reduction compared to the control (optimal water content, no salt added) at WP −3 MPa. In the sand at WP <−2 MPa, the reduction in fungal fatty acids was greater than that of bacterial fatty acids whereas in the sandy loam, the response of bacteria and fungi to decreasing WP was similar. In both soils, microbial biomass decreased by 35-50% as WP decreased to about −2 MPa but then remained stable with further decreases of WP. Microbial community composition changed with WP in both soils. Our results suggest that there are two strategies by which microbes respond to water potential. A decrease in WP up to −2 MPa kills a proportion of the microbial community, but the remaining microbes adapt and maintain their activity per unit biomass. At lower WP however, the adaptation mechanisms are not sufficient and although the microbes survive, their activity per unit biomass is reduced.  相似文献   

10.
Saline soils are wide-spread and characterised by poor plant growth and low microbial activity but salinity fluctuates seasonally or with irrigation water quality. Therefore it is important to understand the response of soil microbial communities to changes in soil salinity. We carried out an experiment to test the hypothesis that microbial communities from soils with medium to high salinity respond differently to salinity than microbes from non-saline soils or soils with low salinity. We prepared a microbial inoculum from field soils of different salinity (EC1:5 0.3, 1.1, 2.7, 4.6 and 6.0 dS m−1). This inoculum was added to quartz sand adjusted to EC1:5 0.3, 1.1, 2.9, 4.6, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m−1 and amended with finely ground wheat straw and basal nutrients. The sand mix was incubated at 80% water holding capacity for 27 days. Soil respiration was measured continuously, microbial community composition (based on phospholipid fatty acid analysis) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were determined at the start and the end of the incubation. Irrespective of inoculum EC, cumulative respiration decreased with increasing adjusted EC with no differences among inocula. The POC concentration was always lowest at adjusted EC 0.3 and highest at EC 8.0. Up to adjusted EC 4.6, the POC concentration was lower with inoculum EC 0.3 than with the inocula of higher EC. The inocula had distinct microbial community composition at all adjusted ECs, but the changes induced by the adjusted EC were similar in all inocula. The results are contrast to our hypothesis because increasing salinity decreased soil respiration of all inocula to a similar extent. In fact, the lower POC concentration with inoculum from the non-saline soil up to an adjusted EC of 4.6 suggests that the microbial communities from the non-saline soil are able to decompose the added wheat straw under low to moderate salinity to a greater extent than those from saline soils. On the other hand, even microbes from highly saline soils can respond quickly with an increase in activity if the salinity is reduced, e.g. after heavy rainfall which leaches the salts out of the top soil.  相似文献   

11.
The impact of intensified drought and rewetting on C cycling in peatlands is debated. We conducted drying/rewetting (DW) experiments with intact monoliths of a temperate fen over a period of 10 months. One treatment with original vegetation (DW-V) and one defoliated treatment (DW-D) were rewetted after an experimental drought of 50 days; another treatment was kept permanently wet (W-V). Soil water content was determined by the TDR technique, C fluxes from chamber measurements and gas profiles in the soils, and respiration from mass balancing CO2 and CH4 fluxes in the peat using hourly to weekly data. Zones of high root associated respiration were determined from a 13C labeling experiment. Autotrophic respiration contributed from 55 to 65% to an average ecosystem respiration (ER) of 92 (DW-D), 211 (DW-V), and 267 mmol m?2 d?1 (W-V). Photosynthesis ranged from 0 (DW-D) to 450 mmol m?2 d?1 (W-V), and strongly declined for about 30 days after rewetting (DW-V), while ER remained constant during the drying and rewetting event. Drying raised air-filled porosity in the soil to 2–13%, temporarily increased respiration to estimated anaerobic and aerobic rates of up to 550 and 1000 nmol cm?3 d?1, and delayed methane production and emission by weeks to months. Root associated respiration was concentrated in the uppermost peat layer. In spite of clear relative changes in respiration during and after drought, the impact on carbon exchange with the atmosphere was small. We attribute this finding to the importance of respiration in the uppermost and soil layer, which remained moist and aerated, and the insensitivity of autotrophic respiration to drought. We expect a similar dynamics to occur in other temperate wetland soils in which soil respiration is concentrated near the peatland surface, such as rich minerotrophic fens.  相似文献   

12.
Methane oxidation in aerated soils is a significant sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). Salt-affected soils are extensively present and constitute about 7% of total land surface. However, our knowledge about CH4 turnover between the atmosphere and the saline soils is very limited. In order to evaluate the potential of CH4 consumption in saline soils, CH4 fluxes were measured in intact cores of the slightly (ECe = 3.2 mS cm−1), moderately (ECe = 7.1 mS cm−1) and extremely (ECe = 50.7 mS cm−1 and 112.6 mS cm−1) saline soils from the Yellow River Delta, China. CH4 uptake of cores from the slightly saline soil ranged from 14 to 24 μg CH4-C m−2 h−1, comparable to those in the non-saline forest soils with similar texture. CH4 uptake of cores from the moderately saline soil was only about 6% of that in the slightly saline soil. CH4 uptake was too low to be measurable in the extremely saline soil. Compared with the non-saline soil, CH4 uptake in the saline soils was much less sensitive to salt, suggesting the higher salt-tolerance of CH4 oxidizers in the saline soil. The result also indicated an underestimate in CH4 uptake for the naturally-occurring saline soils by adding salt to non-saline soils. These results should be useful to study the global CH4 budget and to explore the physiological and ecological characteristics of methanotrophic bacteria in the salt-affected soils.  相似文献   

13.
Little is known about the effect of drying and rewetting (DRW) on phosphorus (P) pools in the detritusphere, the soil adjacent to plant residues. Two plant residues differing in their potential to release P during decomposition were used: mature barley straw, C/P 255 or young faba bean, C/P 38. Residues were placed between two PVC caps filled with soil at 50% water-holding capacity with open ends covered by fine mesh onto which the residues were placed. The open ends of the two PVC caps were pressed together with residues in between. For the unamended controls, no residues were placed between the meshes. After 2 weeks incubation, the soil was separated from the residues and then either dried and kept dry for 2 weeks followed by rapid rewetting to 50% water-holding capacity (WHC) rewetting (RW) or maintained at 50% of WHC constantly moist (CM). Bioavailable P pools (readily available P pools: CaCl2- and anion exchange-P; P bound to soil particles: citrate- and HCl-P; acid phosphomonoesterase- and microbial-P) were measured in dry soil and 1, 7, and 14 days after rewetting. Rewetting of dry soils induced a respiration flush on the first day after which respiration rates declined to those in CM. Compared to the unamended soil, the flush was about 75% higher with barley and more than twofold higher with faba bean. P pools were 3–20-fold higher with faba bean than with barley or in the control. At the end of the dry period, most P pools were higher in dry soil compared to CM. Rewetting had little effect on P pools 1, 7, and 14 days after rewetting compared to CM. To investigate if rewetting induced a short pulse of available P, a second experiment was carried out. As in the first experiment, faba bean detritusphere soil and control were generated and then dried or kept at 50% WHC for 2 weeks. Before rewetting, anion exchange membranes (AEM) were placed in the soil which were removed one, 2 or 4 days after rewetting. The P concentration on the AEM was more than threefold higher with faba bean than the control. One day after rewetting, the P concentration on the AEM with faba bean was about threefold higher in RW than in CM, but did not differ between RW and CM in the control. Four days after rewetting, nearly all P pools with faba bean were 10–30% lower in RW than in CM, except citrate-P which was about 5% higher in RW. We conclude that rewetting induces a short pulse of available P if the P pool concentration is high as in the detritusphere of faba bean. If P is removed from the soil (by binding to AEM or uptake by plants), rewetting can induce depletion of P pools compared to CM.  相似文献   

14.
Three incubation experiments were carried out with a non-saline soil (electrical conductivity in a saturation paste (ECe) 1 dS m?1) to which NaCl was added to achieve ECe 10 and 30 dS m?1; pea straw was added at 20 g kg?1 as a nutrient source. Experiment 1 showed that cumulative respiration was highest in soil EC 1 and lowest in soil EC 30. The optimal water content for respiration was 60–70 % of WHC in all soils. There were two periods (days 1–7 and days 8–17) in Experiment 2. In the treatments with the same water content in both periods [optimal (O-O) and medium (M-M)], respiration rates decreased over time and were lower in M-M than in O-O. Cumulative respiration at medium water content did not differ between slow (L-SM) or rapid rewetting (L-RM) from low to medium water content. There were two periods in Experiment 3 with the water content in the first period 50, 40 or 30 % of WHC adjusted from 60 % during pre-incubation either slowly or rapidly. The water content in the second period was maintained or adjusted slowly to 30–60 %. Cumulative respiration differed between water contents but was not consistently different between rapid and slow drying in the first period. We conclude that the response of microbial activity to a certain water content is influenced by the previous water content whereas the speed at which the water content is adjusted had little effect on respiration at target water content.  相似文献   

15.
On sunny summer days, the top 10 cm of soil in southern Australia are heated to temperatures between 50 and 80 °C for a few hours a day, often for several successive days. These extreme temperature events are likely to have profound effects on the microbiota in these soils, but we do not know how this recurrent heat exposure influences microbial dynamics and associated nutrient cycling. In this study, an air-dry soil from southern Australia was exposed to one or two diurnal heating events with maximum temperature of 50 or 70 °C. The control was left at ambient temperature (Amb). All soils were rapidly rewet. Soil respiration was measured for 7 days after rewetting; microbial biomass C, available N and P were determined before rewetting and 1 and 7 days after rewetting. After heating and before rewetting compared to Amb, microbial biomass C (MBC) was 50–80% lower, but available P was 25% higher in heated soils. Available N differed little between Amb and heated soils. Rewetting resulted in a flush of respiration in Amb and soils heated once, but there was no respiration flush in soils heated twice. Cumulative respiration compared to Amb was about 10% higher in soils heated once and about 25% lower in soils heated twice. In Amb, MBC 1 day after rewetting was similar as before rewetting. But in heated soils, MBC increased from before rewetting to 1 day after rewetting about fourfold. Compared to Amb, available N 1 day after rewetting was 20–30% higher in soils heated to 70 °C. Seven days after rewetting, available N was 10% higher than Amb only in soils heated twice to 70 °C. It can be concluded that diurnal heating kills a large proportion of the microbial biomass and influences soil respiration and nutrient availability after rewetting of soils. The effect of heating depends on both maximum temperature and number of events.  相似文献   

16.
Although metabolic activity of soil organisms is determined by water accessibility, little attention was given to rewetting with different water potentials. Rapid water potential increase induced a respiration pulse in organic layers in laboratory experiments and significant effects could be observed when soil below −6300 hPa was rewetted.  相似文献   

17.
Periods of prolonged summer drought are likely to be expected for this century, with possibly strong effects on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils. Drought generally reduces mineralization rates, but the possibility of excess mineralization pulses during rewetting raises the question about the net effect of drying-rewetting events. In this experiment, we measured C and N mineralization in undisturbed soil columns that were either kept under continuously moist conditions (control) or that were subjected to drying-rewetting. We had three treatments (D1-D3) with different drying intensity (increasing from D1 to D3) but uniform rewetting intensity (4 mm d−1). Soil columns were taken from a Norway spruce forest in Bavaria, Germany. The CO2 fluxes from control and treatment groups were identical before drying. Over the 80 d drought period, total CO2 emissions from D1, D2, and D3 were only 72, 52 and 43% of that from the control, respectively. Rewetting resulted in a fast increase of CO2 fluxes to approx. the same level as in the control. Rewetting could not restore soil moisture of the dry soil to the level of the control, presumably because of preferential flow and water repellency of soil organic matter. No significant excess C mineralization during the 40 d rewetting period was observed. Adding up total CO2 fluxes during drought and rewetting period, the treatments D1, D2, and D3 emitted only 88, 71 and 67% of the CO2 emitted by the control. Measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) did only show minor differences between control and treatment columns, indicating that no significant accumulation of DOC took place during the drought period. Radiocarbon signature of emitted CO2 indicated that C mineralization was reduced with decreasing water availability and no new substrate became bioavailable. Net N mineralization over the course of the whole experiment was reduced by drought to 77, 65 or 52% of the control. Net nitrification was virtually zero during drought whereas net ammonification continued at reduced levels. In summary, we found that drying-rewetting generally reduced C and N mineralization in this soil and that the total reduction increased with drought intensity.  相似文献   

18.
Drying–rewetting (DRW) cycles are important for soil organic matter turnover; however, few studies have considered the short-term effects on nutrient availability. The pulses in soil respiration, extractable C, P and N pools were quantified after a single DRW cycle (ten sampling times over 49 h). Soil was pre-incubated with or without glucose (2.5 g kg−1) for 10 days to induce differences in the size and activity of the microflora and then either subjected to a single DRW cycle (7-day drying period) or kept constantly moist. A resin extractable P (Presin) method was used and compared to extraction of dissolved organic (DOP) and inorganic P (DIP) with a salt solution. The pulse in soil respiration, extractable organic C (EOC), Presin, DOP and DIP was immediate and greatest in the first 2 h. The Presin pulse was two to three times that measured by solution extraction (DIP). Also, Presin quantified temporal changes in P not apparent in DIP, indicating the advantage of anion-exchange membranes in quantifying short-term changes in P availability. The Presin pulse was smaller in the soil incubated with glucose showing that P pulses will be quantitatively smaller in a soil with an active microbial biomass. In contrast to P, pre-incubation with glucose did not alter EOC concentration or the pulse in EOC after rewetting. The Presin pulse had disappeared by 49 h after DRW despite continued elevated rates of respiration. The sustained increase in DIP following DRW may have implications for plant availability or environmental losses.  相似文献   

19.
Development of soil structure and the dynamics of water stable aggregates (WSA) in many soils are known to be closely related to the cycling of soil organic matter. In some fine and medium textured soils particulate organic matter (POM) has been found to act as a nucleus for macroaggregate formation. However, this role of POM in aggregate formation has not been demonstrated in soils dominated by smectitic clay minerals. This study explored aggregation processes in a Vertisol from a semi-arid region in Northeastern Mexico in relation to the addition of 14C-labeled maize residues and application of wetting and drying cycles during 105 days of incubation. Fractionation of the WSA formed showed that labeled residues were preferentially accumulated in large macroaggregates (>2000 μm). Treatments with addition of organic residues had three to four times more intra-aggregate particulate organic matter (iPOM) in large macroaggregates than the control after 14 days of incubation. Residue-derived carbon accounted for 53% and 41% of the total carbon stored in the iPOM fraction in amended treatments with and without wetting and drying cycles, respectively. Conversely, residue-derived carbon represented <20% of the total carbon in the iPOM fraction from small macroaggregates (250-2000 μm) and microaggregates (53-250 μm). Results also showed that the amount and concentration of carbon per large macroaggregate did not differ between the large macroaggregates formed under wetting and drying and those formed in continuous moist conditions. However, due to formation of higher number of large macroaggregates per kg of soil, more carbon could be stored in amended soils under wetting and drying than in constantly wet soil: 1.4, 1.8 and 2.7 times more 14C kg−1 soil after 14, 58 and 105 incubation days, respectively. The results in this study suggest that wetting and drying enhanced protection of the added maize residues inside large macroaggregates by forming more aggregates, rather than by increasing the amount of POM entrapped per aggregate. Therefore, after the addition of organic residues, this soil could accumulate more C than continuous moist soil through the influence that wetting and drying has on soil aggregation.  相似文献   

20.
The individual effects of salinity and sodicity on organic matter dynamics are well known but less is known about their interactive effects. We conducted a laboratory incubation experiment to assess soil respiration and dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics in response to salinity and sodicity in two soils of different texture. Two non-saline non-sodic soils (a sand and a sandy clay loam) were leached 3–4 times with solutions containing different concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 to reach almost identical electrical conductivity (EC1:5) in both soils (EC1:5 0.5, 1.3, 2.5 and 4.0 dS m?1 in the sand and EC1:5 0.7, 1.4, 2.5 and 4.0 dS m?1 in the sandy clay loam) combined with two sodium absorption ratios: SAR < 3 and 20. Finely ground wheat straw residue was added (20 g kg?1) as substrate to stimulate microbial activity. Cumulative respiration was more strongly affected by EC than by SAR. It decreased by 8% at EC 1.3 and by 60% at EC 4.0 in the sand, whereas EC had no effect on respiration in the sandy clay loam. The apparent differential sensitivity to EC in the two soils can be explained by their different water content and therefore, different osmotic potential at the same EC. At almost similar osmotic potential: ?2.92 MPa in sand (at EC 1.3) and ?2.76 MPa in the sandy clay loam (at EC 4.0) the relative decrease in respiration was similar (8–9%). Sodicity had little effect on cumulative respiration in the soils, but DOC, DON and specific ultra-violet absorbance (SUVA) were significantly higher at SAR 20 than at SAR < 3 in combination with low EC in both soils (EC 0.5 in the sand and EC 0.7 and 1.4 in the sandy clay loam). Therefore, high SAR in combination with low EC is likely to increase the risk of DOC and DON leaching in the salt-affected soils, which may lead to further soil degradation.  相似文献   

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